View source for Applied science

{{short description|Practical application of scientific knowledge}}
{{Science|expanded=Branches}}
{{Research}}

'''Applied science''' is the use of the [[scientific method]] and knowledge obtained via conclusions from the method to attain practical goals. It includes a broad range of disciplines such as [[engineering]] and [[medicine]]. Applied science is often contrasted with [[basic science]], which is focused on advancing scientific theories and laws that explain and predict natural or other phenomena.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bunge |first=M. |title=Technology as Applied Science |date=1974 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2 |work=Contributions to a Philosophy of Technology: Studies in the Structure of Thinking in the Technological Sciences |pages=19–39 |editor-last=Rapp |editor-first=Friedrich |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-94-010-2182-1_2 |isbn=978-94-010-2182-1 |s2cid=110332727 |access-date=2023-02-07}}</ref>

Applied science can also apply [[formal science]], such as [[statistics]] and [[probability theory]], as in [[epidemiology]]. [[Genetic epidemiology]] is an applied science applying both biological and statistical methods. Applied science can also apply [[social science]], such as application of [[psychology]] in [[applied psychology]], [[criminology]], and [[law]].

==Historical context==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2023}}{{Tone|section|date=October 2023}}
Historians{{Who|date=October 2023}} would want to see how applied science has evolved over time. In particular, how societies started applying scientific principles to practical problems, and how this practice changed over centuries. Exploring historical examples of applied science, such as the development of engineering techniques in ancient civilisations or the emergence of modern medical practices, would be valuable.

==Applied research==
Applied research is the practical application of [[science]]. It accesses and uses accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific [[State (polity)|state-]], [[Commerce|business-]], or [[customer|client-]]driven purpose. In contrast to engineering, applied research does not include analyses or optimization of business, economics, and costs. Applied research can be better understood in any area when contrasting it with, basic, or pure, research. Basic geography research strives to create new theories and methods that aid in the explanation of the processes that shape the spatial structure of physical or human environments. Rather, applied research utilizes the already existing geographical theories and methods to comprehend and address particular empirical issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hugh Potter |first1=Roberto |last2=Humiston |first2=Gail |date=2015 |title=Crime and Criminal Justice: Applied Research from Routine Monitoring to Evidence-Based Practices |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/applied-research |access-date=November 6, 2022 |website=Science Direct}}</ref> Applied research usually has specific commercial objectives related to products, procedures, or services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basic vs. Applied Research|url=https://www.utep.edu/couri/about-ug-research/basic-vs-applied-research.html|access-date=2020-10-31|website=www.utep.edu|archive-date=2020-11-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107212551/https://www.utep.edu/couri/about-ug-research/basic-vs-applied-research.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The comparison of pure research and applied research provides a basic framework and direction for businesses to follow.

Applied research deals with solving practical problems<ref>{{cite web|title=a definition of applied research|url=http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/research-main.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818065432/http://www.lbl.gov/Education/ELSI/research-main.html|archive-date=August 18, 2011|access-date=August 17, 2011}}{{Link note}}</ref> and generally employs [[empirical]] methodologies. Because applied research resides in the messy real world, strict research protocols may need to be relaxed. For example, it may be impossible to use a [[random sample]]. Thus, transparency in the [[methodology]] is crucial. Implications for interpretation of results brought about by relaxing an otherwise strict canon of methodology should also be considered.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Coombs|first1=Crispin|date=2017|title=Coherence and transparency: some advice for qualitative researchers|journal=Production|volume=27|doi=10.1590/0103-6513.006817|issn=0103-6513|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Moreover, this type of research method applies natural sciences to human conditions:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Research vs. Applied Research: What's the Difference |url=https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/basic-research-vs-applied-research#:~:text=Applied%20research%20is%20a%20type,in%20an%20area%20of%20study |access-date=October 30, 2022 |website=Indeed}}</ref>
* Action Research: aids firms in identifying workable solutions to issues influencing them.
* Evaluation Research: researchers examine available data to assist clients in making wise judgements.
* Industrial Research: create new goods/services that will satisfy the demands of a target market. (Industrial development would be scaling up production of the new goods/services for mass consumption to satisfy the economic demand of the customers while maximizing the ratio of the good/service output rate to resource input rate, the ratio of good/service revenue to material & energy costs, and the good/service quality. Industrial development would be considered engineering. Industrial development would fall outside the scope of applied research.)

Since applied research has a provisional close-to-the-problem and close-to-the-data orientation, it may also use a more provisional [[conceptual framework]] such as working hypotheses or pillar questions.<ref>{{cite book|author1-link =Patricia M. Shields|last1=Shields|first1= Patricia|last2= Rangarjan|first2= N.|date= 2013 |title = A Playbook for Research Methods: Integrating Conceptual Frameworks and Project Management|location= Stillwater, OK|publisher= New Forums Press|chapter= 5: Exploration – Working Hypotheses|pages= 109–158|isbn = 9781581072471}}</ref><ref>The following are examples of applied research using working hypotheses 1) Swift, James T. 2010. [https://digital.library.txstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10877/3671/fulltext.pdf?sequence=1 "Exploring Capital Metro's Sexual Harassment Training Using Dr. Bengt-Ake Lundvall's Taxonomy of Knowledge Principles]". ''Applied Research Projects'', Texas State University. 2) Gillfillan, Abigail. 2008. [https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3775 "Using Geographic Information Systems to Develop and Analyze Land-Use Policies]". ''Applied Research Projects'', Texas State University. 3) Thornton, Wayne 2000. [https://digital.library.txstate.edu/handle/10877/3757 "A Descriptive and Exploratory Study of the Ethics Program at Austin State Hospital: The Common Elements of the Program and Managers' Beliefs About the Purpose and Usefulness of the Program]". ''Applied Research Projects'', Texas State University.</ref> The [[OECD]]'s [[Frascati Manual]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Frascati Manual Page 30 |url=http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/free/9202081e.pdf |access-date=August 17, 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007161800/http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/free/9202081e.pdf |archive-date=October 7, 2011 }}</ref> describes applied research as one of the three forms of research, along with [[basic research]] & [[research and development|experimental development]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK24660/|title=The Concept of Basic Research|last=National Research Council (US) Committee to Update Science|first=Medicine|date=2004|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|language=en}}</ref>

Due to its practical focus, applied research information will be found in the literature associated with individual disciplines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Open J-gate journals|url=http://www.openj-gate.com/|access-date=August 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902091520/http://www.openj-gate.com/|archive-date=2011-09-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Branches==
{{Outline|Outline of applied science#Branches of applied science}}

Applied science works as a system that branches into other fields of work that go more in depth of the system. Applied research is a method of problem solving and also practical in areas of science such as its presence in applied psychology. Applied psychology uses human behavior to grab information to be able locate a main focus in an area that can contribute to finding a resolution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 22, 2019 |title=APA Strengthens Commitment to Applied Psychology. |url=https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2019/02/applied-psychology |access-date=November 6, 2022 |website=American Psychological Association.}}</ref> More specific, this study is applied in the area of criminal psychology. With the knowledge obtained of applied research, studies are conducted on criminals alongside their behavior to apprehend them.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Wisdom |first1=C S |last2=Toch |first2=H |title=Contribution of Psychology to Criminal Justice Education |url=https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/contribution-psychology-criminal-justice-education |access-date=November 1, 2022 |website=US. Department of Justice}}</ref> Moreover, the research extends to criminal investigations. Under this category, research methods demonstrate an understanding of the scientific method and social research designs used in criminological research. These reach more branches along the procedure towards the investigations, alongside laws, policy, and criminological theory.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

Engineering fields include [[thermodynamics]], [[heat transfer]], [[fluid mechanics]], [[statics]], [[Dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]], [[mechanics of materials]], [[kinematics]], [[electromagnetism]], [[materials science]], [[earth sciences]], [[engineering physics]]. These fields are also within the scope of basic science.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

[[Medical sciences]], for instance [[medical microbiology]], [[Medication|pharmaceutical research]] and [[clinical virology]], are applied sciences that apply [[biology]] and [[chemistry]] toward medicine. Pharmaceutical development would fall within the scope of engineering.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

==In education==
In Canada, the Netherlands and other places the [[Bachelor of Applied Science]] (BASc) is sometimes equivalent to the [[Bachelor of Engineering]], and is classified as a professional degree. This is based on the age of the school where applied science used to include boiler making, surveying and engineering. There are also Bachelor of Applied Science degrees in Child Studies. The BASc tends to focus more on the application of the engineering sciences. In Australia and New Zealand, this degree is awarded in various fields of study and is considered a highly specialized professional degree.

In [[Education in the United Kingdom|the United Kingdom's educational system]], Applied Science refers to a suite of "vocational" science qualifications that run alongside "traditional" [[General Certificate of Secondary Education]] or [[A-Level]] Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/An%20invisible%20revolution_Applied%20Science%20in%20the%2014_19%20curriculum.pdf|title=Applied Science – an invisible revolution? |first=Jim |last=Donnelly |publisher=[[Nuffield Foundation]]|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> Applied Science courses generally contain more coursework (also known as portfolio or internally assessed work) compared to their traditional counterparts. These are an evolution of the GNVQ qualifications that were offered up to 2005. These courses regularly come under scrutiny and are due for review following the Wolf Report 2011;<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/standard/publicationDetail/Page1/DFE-00031-2011 |title=Review of Vocational Education – The Wolf Report|first=Alison|last=Wolf |date=March 2011 |docket=DFE-00031-2011|publisher=Department for Education and Department for Business, Innovation & Skills|access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> however, their merits are argued elsewhere.<ref>{{cite report |first1=Jacqueline|last1=Bell|first2=Jim|last2=Donnelly|title=Positioning Applied Science In Schools: Uncertainty, Opportunity and Risk in Curriculum Reform |url=http://www.education.leeds.ac.uk/research/files/78.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003001238/http://www.education.leeds.ac.uk/research/files/78.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2011|agency=Centre for Studies in Science & Mathematics Education |publisher=University of Leeds |date=2007 |access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

In the United States, [[The College of William & Mary]] offers an [[Minor (academic)|undergraduate minor]] as well as [[Master of Science]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degrees in "applied science." Courses and research cover varied fields including [[neuroscience]], [[optics]], [[materials science and engineering]], [[nondestructive testing]], and [[nuclear magnetic resonance]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wm.edu/as/appliedscience/ |publisher=William & Mary |title=Applied Science |access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref> [[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] offers a Bachelor of Science in applied science, an online completion Bachelor of Science in applied science and a Master of Applied Science. Course work is centered on science, agriculture and natural resources with a wide range of options including ecology, food genetics, entrepreneurship, economics, policy, animal science and plant science.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://appliedscience.unl.edu |publisher=University of Nebraska–Lincoln |title=Applied Science |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> In New York City, the Bloomberg administration awarded the consortium of Cornell-Technion $100 million in City capital to construct the universities' proposed Applied Sciences campus on Roosevelt Island.<ref>{{cite press release |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Mayor Bloomberg, Cornell President Skorton and Technion President Lavie announce historic partnership to build a new applied sciences campus on Roosevelt Island |url=http://www.nyc.gov/portal/site/nycgov/menuitem.c0935b9a57bb4ef3daf2f1c701c789a0/index.jsp?pageID=mayor_press_release&catID=1194&doc_name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Fom%2Fhtml%2F2011b%2Fpr444-11.html&cc=unused1978&rc=1194&ndi=1 |publisher=The City of New York |agency=Office of the Mayor |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=16 October 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Technology|Science}}
* [[Applied mathematics]]
* [[Basic research]]
* [[Exact sciences]]
* [[Hard and soft science]]
* [[Invention]]
* [[Secondary research]]
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==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Applied Science}}
[[Category:Applied sciences| ]]
[[Category:Branches of science]]