View source for Automotive fuse

{{Short description|Class of fuses used to protect the wiring and electrical equipment for vehicles}}
[[File:Electrical fuses, plug-in type, different sizes.jpeg|thumb|right|Mini / Regular / Maxi blade-type automotive fuses, side and top views. The top metal surfaces can be tested using [[Multimeter#Probes|multimeter probe]]s.]]
[[File:Resettable automobile circuitbreaker.jpg|thumb|165px|Automobile electrical circuit breaker with resettable switch]]

'''Automotive fuses''' are a class of [[Fuse (electrical)|fuses]] used to protect the wiring and electrical equipment for vehicles. They are generally rated for circuits no higher than 32 volts [[direct current]], but some types are rated for [[42-volt electrical system]]s. They are occasionally used in non-automotive electrical products. Automotive fuses are typically housed inside one or more '''fuse boxes''' (also called an '''integrated power module''' (IPM)) within the vehicle, typically on one side of the engine compartment and/or under the dash near the steering wheel. Some fuses or circuit breakers may nonetheless be placed elsewhere, such as near the cabin fan or [[air bag]] controller. They also exist as [[circuit breaker]]s that are resettable using a switch.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.optifuse.com/circuit-breakers-Type3-mrcbp4-pl.php |title=OptiFuse - Circuit Breakers - Automotive Manual Reset Type III - MRCBP4-PL |website=www.optifuse.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007025239/https://www.optifuse.com/circuit-breakers-Type3-mrcbp4-pl.php |archive-date=7 October 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

There may be a fuse for '''ignition off draw''' (IOD), which controls the drawing of electric current in a vehicle while it is shut off; removing this fuse while the vehicle is shut off for more than a few weeks will prevent excessive depletion of the battery.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

==Blade type==
[[Image:Electrical fuses, blade type.svg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|Blade type fuses come in six physical sizes: Micro2, Micro3, low-profile (LP) Mini, Mini, Regular, Maxi]]
Blade fuses (also called spade or plug-in fuses), with a plastic body and two prongs that fit into sockets, are mostly used in [[automobile]]s. Other common usage is in equipment with comparatively simple, low voltage DC electrical systems such as [[Caravan (towed trailer)|towed campers]] and marine applications such as sailboats and motor boats (typically smaller [[cabin cruiser]]s).

Each fuse is printed with the [[Fuse (electrical)#Rated current IN|rated current]] in [[ampere]]s on the top.

These types of fuses come in six different physical dimensions:
* Micro2.
* Micro3.
* LP-mini (APS), also known as ''low-profile mini''. Unofficially, the "low-profile mini" fuse is sometimes incorrectly called "Micro" since the term means smaller than mini, but recently fuses using the Micro name have been released.
* Mini (APM / ATM). The mini fuses were developed in the 1990s.
* Regular (APR / ATC / ATO / ATS) blade-type fuses, also known as ''standard'', were developed in 1976 as ATO by Littelfuse<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.littelfuse.com/products/fuses/automotive-aftermarket-products/blade-fuses/ato.aspx|title=ATO Series - Blade Fuses Automotive Aftermarket Products from Fuses - Littelfuse|website=www.littelfuse.com|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> for [[Extra-low voltage|low voltage]] use in [[motor vehicle]]s. Bussmann makes the ATC<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/dam/public/bussmann/Electrical/Resources/product-datasheets-b/bus-ele-ds-2009-atc.pdf|title=ATC blade fuses|website=www.cooperindustries.com|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref> that also complies with the same ISO 8820-3 and SAE J1284 standards. OptiFuse, a newer entrant in the market, makes regular (APR / ATC / ATO) fuses that meet the same standards.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.optifuse.com/fuses-auto-blade-reg.php|title=ATC blade fuses|website=www.optifuse.com|access-date=2021-03-06}}</ref> 
* Maxi (APX), heavy-duty.

===Mount===
[[File:Blade fuses on Citroen Jumper.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Blade fuse holder on [[Citroën Jumper]]]]
Blade type fuses can be mounted in:
* Fuse blocks (made of porcelain, slate, or other refractory material). Fuse blocks offer a method of mounting several fuses together or large fuses separately.
*In-line fuse holders, with two standards: IEC publication 257 1968 Amendment no. 2 to this publication dated January 1989 and UL-standard no. 512. They help to save space. An inline fuse is often seen in add-on electrical accessories, where the manufacturer does not know the electrical current limit of the circuit you are going to patch into. This offers sufficient protection for that individual accessory, without regard to any other devices that might share the same circuit.
* Dual slot fuse holders let you turn one fuse slot into two (in some way, similar to a [[power strip]], but for fuses).
*Fuse clips. Fuse clips can be inserted into a printed circuit board.

===Size groups===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Blade size !! Blade group !! Dimensions {{nowrap|L × W × H}} !! Common ratings (maximum current)
|-
| Micro2 || APT, ATR || {{nowrap|9.1 × 3.8 × 15.3 mm}} || 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
|-
| Micro3 || ATL || {{nowrap|14.4 × 4.2 × 18.1 mm}} || 5, 7.5, 10, 15
|-
| LP-Mini<br />(low profile) || APS, ATT || {{nowrap|10.9 × 3.81 × 8.73 mm}} || 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
|-
| Mini || APM, ATM || {{nowrap|10.9 × 3.6 × 16.3 mm}} || 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30
|-
| Regular || APR, ATC,<ref name=":1" /> ATO,<ref name=":0" /> ATS<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.narva.com.au/categories/electrical/fuses_accessories/standard_ats_blade|title=Narva {{!}} Standard ATS Blade|website=www.narva.com.au|language=en|access-date=2019-01-01}}</ref>||{{nowrap|19.1 × 5.1 × 18.5 mm}} || 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40
|-
| Maxi || APX || {{nowrap|29.2 × 8.5 × 34.3 mm}} || 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 120
|}

Where space permits, a miniature [[circuit breaker]] is sometimes used to replace a blade-type fuse in the same fuse holder.

Blade fuses use a common coloring scheme for the Micro2, Micro3, low-profile (LP) Mini, Mini, and regular size fuses, and a partial color similarity with the maxi size fuses. The following table shows the commonly available fuses for each size group.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 0 1em 1em; width: 15em;"
|-
! Color !! [[Ampacity|Current rating]] !! Micro2 !! Micro3 !! LP<br />Mini !! Mini !! Reg !! Maxi
|-
| {{Farbindex|2D3092|{{nowrap|Dark blue}}}}  || 0.5 A || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}} || {{Na}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|2B2E34|Black}}      || 1 A  || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}} || {{Na}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|C4C4C6|Grey}}       || 2 A  || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Na}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|A35DAE|Violet}}     || 3 A  || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Na}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|FC9BC9|Pink}}       || 4 A  || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Na}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|DC924C|Tan}}        || 5 A  || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Na}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|A95842|Brown}}      || 7.5 A || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Na}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|FF2D16|Red}}        || 10 A || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Na}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|009CCE|Blue}}       || 15 A || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|FFEA3D|Yellow}}     || 20 A || {{Ya}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|FFF|Transparent}}         || 25 A || {{Ya}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Yes|{{Farbindex|C4C4C6|Grey}}}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|55B18B|Green}}      || 30 A || {{Ya}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|008752|{{nowrap|Blue-green}}}} || 35 A || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Yes|{{Farbindex|A95842|Brown}}}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|FFB130|Orange}}     || 40 A || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}} || {{Ya}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|FF2D16|Red}}        || 50 A || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|009CCE|Blue}}       || 60 A || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|DC924C|{{nowrap|Amber/tan}}}}|| 70 A || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|FFF|Transparent}}         || 80 A || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|A35DAE|Violet}}     || 100 A || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}}
|-
| {{Farbindex|B31663|Purple}}     || 120 A || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Na}} || {{Ya}}
|-
|}
Regular fuses (ATO) rated 0.5 A, 35 A and 40 A are not mentioned in the [[Deutsches Institut für Normung|DIN]] standards,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.littelfuse.com/data/en/Data_Sheets/FKS_32V.pdf |title=FKS ATO® Style Blade Fuse Rated 32V |accessdate=2023-04-07 |date=2006 |website=littelfuse.com}}</ref> but are available in some products from [[Littelfuse]], among others.

==Cartridge type==
Several cartridge type fuses are used in automotive applications, including MCASE, MCASE+,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.littelfuse.com/products/fuses/automotive-aftermarket-products/cartridge-fuses/mcase.aspx |title=MCASE |accessdate=2023-04-07 |website=littelfuse.com}}</ref> JCASE,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.littelfuse.com/products/fuses/automotive-aftermarket-products/cartridge-fuses/jcase.aspx |title=JCASE |accessdate=2023-04-07 |website=littelfuse.com}}</ref> and low-profile JCASE types.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.littelfuse.com/products/fuses/automotive-aftermarket-products/cartridge-fuses/lp-jcase-fuse.aspx |title=JCASE |accessdate=2023-04-07 |website=littelfuse.com}}</ref>

==Bosch type==
[[File:Electrical fuse, Bosch type.png|thumb|right|Bosch type fuse (used in older cars)]]
[[File:1933 Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 Gran Sport Castagna Drophead, fuse box (Greenwich 2023).jpg|thumb|upright|A Bosch fuse box for porcelain fuses in a 1933 [[Alfa Romeo 6C|Alfa Romeo 6C 1750]]]]
[[Robert Bosch GmbH|Bosch]] type fuses (also known as ceramic, porcelain, continental, torpedo, European, or GBC type fuses) are used in old (often European) automobiles. The physical dimension of this type of fuse is 6×25&nbsp;mm with conical ends. Bosch type fuses usually use the same color-coding for the rated current. The [[Deutsches Institut für Normung|DIN]] standard is 72581/1.

===Color coding===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 0 1em 1em; width: 15em;"
|-
! Color  !! [[Ampacity|Current rating]]
|-
| {{Farbindex|FFF100|Yellow}} || 5 A
|-
| {{Farbindex|FFF|White}}  || 8 A
|-
| {{Farbindex|ED1C24|Red}}  || 16 A
|-
| {{Farbindex|2E3092|Blue}}   || 25 A
|-
| {{Farbindex|A7A8A3|Grey}}  || 40 A
|}

==Lucas type==
[[Lucas Industries|Lucas]] type fuses are used in old British-made or assembled automobiles. The physical length of the Lucas ceramic type of fuse is either 1 inch or 1.25 inch, with conical ends. Lucas glass tube fuses have straight ends. Lucas type fuses usually use the same color-coding for the rated current. Lucas fuses have three ratings; the continuous current they are designed to carry, the instantaneous current at which they will fuse, and the continuous current at which they will also fuse. The figure found on Lucas fuses is the continuous fusing current which is twice the continuous ampere rating that the system should be using; this can be a source of confusion when replacing Lucas fuses with non Lucas fuses. The Lucas 1/4" diameter glass tube fuse have a different length as compared to the standard US item. The Lucas 1/4" diameter glass tube fuse is {{convert|1+5/32|in|mm|abbr=on}} long, while the US standard 1/4" glass tube fuse is {{convert|1+1/4|in|mm|abbr=on}}] long. However, many Lucas fuse holders permit the longer US version to be installed easily.

===Color coding===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 0 1em 1em; width: 60em;"
|-
! Color
! Continuous [[ampere]] (=[[Fuse (electrical)#Rated current IN|rated current]])
! Instantaneous fusing [[ampere]]
! Continuous fusing [[ampere]]
|-
| Blue
| 1.5
| 3.5
| 3
|-
| Yellow
| 2.25
| 5
| 4.5
|-
| Red on yellow
| 2.5
| 6
| 5
|-
| Green
| 3
| 7
| 6
|-
| Nut brown
| 4
| 10
| 8
|-
| Red on green
| 5
| 12
| 10
|-
| Green on black
| 5
| 12
| 10
|-
| Red on brown
| 6
| 14
| 12
|-
| Light brown
| 7.5
| 18
| 15
|-
| Pink
| 12.5
| 30
| 25
|-
| White
| 17.5
| 40
| 35
|-
| Purple on yellow
| 25
| 60
| 50
|-
| Yellow on red
| 30
| 75
| 60
|}

==Glass tube type==
[[Image:Glassikring.jpg|thumb|right|Glass tube type fuse]]
North-American built automobiles up to at least 1976 had electrical systems protected by cylindrical glass cartridge fuses rated 32 volts [[direct current|DC]] and current ratings from 4 amperes to 30 amperes. These are known as "SFE" fuses, as they were designed by the [[Society of Fuse Engineers]] to prevent the insertion of a grossly inadequate or unsafe fuse into the vehicle's fuse panel.<ref name=littlepdf>[http://www.littelfuse.com/~/media/Automotive/Datasheets/Fuses/Automotive-Aftermarket/Glass-Fuses/Littelfuse_Aftermarket_Glass.pdf Aftermarket Glass Fuses]</ref><ref name=littlefuse>[http://www.littelfuse.com/products/fuses/automotive-aftermarket-products/glass-fuses.aspx Glass Fuses]</ref>
These SFE fuses all have a {{fraction|1|4}} inch diameter, and the length varies according to the rating of the fuse.
*A 4&nbsp;A '''SFE 4''' fuse is {{fraction|5|8}} inch long (the same dimension as an AGA fuse of any rating),
*a 6&nbsp;A '''SFE 6''' fuse is {{fraction|3|4}} inch long,
*a 7.5&nbsp;A '''SFE 7.5''' fuse is {{fraction|7|8}} inch long (same as an AGW fuse of any rating),
*a 9&nbsp;A '''SFE 9''' fuse is {{fraction|7|8}} inch long (same as an AGW fuse of any rating),
*a 14&nbsp;A '''SFE 14''' fuse is 1{{fraction|1|16}} inch long,
*a 20&nbsp;A '''SFE 20''' fuse is 1{{fraction|1|4}} inch long (same as an AGC fuse of any rating), and
*a 30&nbsp;A '''SFE 30''' fuse is 1{{fraction|7|16}} inches long.<ref name=littlepdf />

There are a number of lookalike fuses which can easily be confused with these. In general this type of fuse will have an "AG" label of some kind, which originally stood for "Automobile Glass".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/electrical_electronic_components/electrical_distribution_protection_equipment/fuse_holders|title=Fuse Holders Selection Guide: Types, Features, Applications &#124; Engineering360}}</ref> There are at least seven different sizes of fuses with a 1/4 inch diameter. The fuses listed are the most common for the size, which is always a fast-acting fuse:
* 1AG size, type AGA, 1&nbsp;A to 30&nbsp;A, {{convert|1/4|in|mm}} diameter by {{fraction|5|8}} inch (15.9mm) long<ref name=littlepdf />
* 2AG size, type AGB, {{convert|0.177|in|mm|abbr=on}} diameter by {{convert|0.588|in|mm|abbr=on}} long (frequently replaced with 5mm diameter by 15mm long international size fuse (aka 5 x 15mm - now more readily available)<ref name="optifuse.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.optifuse.com/blog/t091014.php|title = OptiFuse - Common Fuse Sizes}}</ref>
* 3AG size, type AGC, 0.125&nbsp;A to 50&nbsp;A, {{convert|1/4|in|mm}} diameter by {{convert|1+1/4|in|mm}} long<ref name=Bussman />
* 4AG size, type AGS, {{convert|9/32|inch|mm}} diameter by {{convert|1+1/4|in|mm}} long<ref name="optifuse.com"/>
* 5AG size, type AGU, 1&nbsp;A to 60&nbsp;A, {{convert|13/32|inch|mm}} diameter by {{convert|1+1/2|in|mm}} long.<ref name=littlepdf /> Also called "Midget fuses."<ref name=Bussman>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cooperindustries.com/content/public/en/bussmann/consumer/products/home_circuit_protectionproductsandaccessories/fuses/Glass_Ceramic.html|title = Fuses}}</ref>
* 7AG size, type AGW, 1&nbsp;A to 30&nbsp;A, {{convert|1/4|in|mm}} diameter by {{convert|7/8|inch|mm}} long<ref name=littlepdf />
* 8AG size, type AGX, 1&nbsp;A to 30&nbsp;A, {{convert|1/4|in|mm}} diameter by {{convert|1|in|mm}} long<ref name=Bussman />
* 9AG size, type AGY, 50&nbsp;A, {{convert|1/4|in|mm}} diameter by {{convert|1+7/16|in|mm}} long<ref name=littlepdf />
* UK size, type UK, 35&nbsp;A to 50&nbsp;A, {{convert|1/4|in|mm}} diameter by {{convert|1+1/4|in|mm}} long<ref name=littlepdf />

These and other fuses are still being manufactured for many applications, including for [[Alternating current|AC]] circuits and DC uses. Some are time delayed, slow reacting, or have leads for terminals used in circuits without a fuse holder.<ref name=Bussman /><ref name=littlefuse /> Many of the fuse dimensions and characteristics are published by the [[Society of Automotive Engineers]] as Standard SAE J 554.

==Limiter type==
''Limiter fuses''  or [[fusible link]]s consist of a metal strip for currents over 10 amperes. Also referred to as Current Limiting Fuses, they feature an internal fuse element that melts when current passing through the fuse element is within the specified current limiting range of the fuse. As the fuse element melts, it creates a high resistance to reduce the magnitude and duration of the current flowing through the fuse to protect the electrical circuit and connected equipment.<ref name="17/11/2020">{{cite web |title=Identifying Automotive & Car Fuse Types |url=https://www.swe-check.com.au/editorials/identifying_automotive_fuse_types.php |website=Swe-Check }}</ref> Frequently, these are used in close proximity to [[Car battery|starter battery]] fuse boxes. They are used also in [[electric vehicle]]s, e.g., in [[forklift truck]]s.

==See also==
* [[Fusible link]]
* [[List of auto parts]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* Littelfuse - blade fuses - [http://www.littelfuse.com/~/media/automotive/datasheets/fuses/passenger-car-and-commercial-vehicle/blade-fuses/littelfuse_micro2_datasheet.pdf Micro2], [http://www.littelfuse.com/~/media/Automotive/Datasheets/Fuses/Passenger-Car-and-Commercial-Vehicle/Blade-Fuses/Littelfuse_Micro3_Blade_Fuses.pdf Micro3], [http://www.littelfuse.com/data/en/Data_Sheets/Littelfuse-Fuse-891.pdf Low Profile Mini], [http://www.littelfuse.com/data/en/Data_Sheets/Littelfuse-Automotive-Blade-Fuse-MINI-32V.pdf Mini], [http://www.littelfuse.com/data/en/Data_Sheets/Littelfuse_BladeFuse_ATO32V.pdf Regular], [http://www.littelfuse.com/data/en/Data_Sheets/Littelfuse-Automotive-Blade-Fuse-MAXI-32V.pdf Maxi]
* Cooper Bussmann - [http://www.cooperbussmann.com/pdf/01e5795a-2857-422e-85c0-62eb8b13d2c5.pdf high amp fuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122001741/http://cooperbussmann.com/pdf/01e5795a-2857-422e-85c0-62eb8b13d2c5.pdf |date=2010-11-22 }}
* Cooper Bussmann - [http://www.cooperbussmann.com/pdf/7e17b38e-88c4-4159-892d-ba9b51f75907.pdf tube fuses] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122002418/http://cooperbussmann.com/pdf/7e17b38e-88c4-4159-892d-ba9b51f75907.pdf |date=2010-11-22 }}

[[Category:Electrical components]]
[[Category:Auto parts]]
[[Category:Fuses|Automotive]]