View source for Autopen

{{Short description|Device for automatically signing a signature or autograph}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Globalize|2 = United States|date=November 2022}}
[[File:CHECK SIGNING MACHINE IN TREASURY DEPARTMENT; OPERATED BY J.L. SUMMERS LCCN2016868985.jpg|thumb|US Treasury Department check signing machine. Operated by J.L. Summers in 1918.]]
An '''autopen''' (or '''signing machine''') is a device used for the automatic signing of a signature. Prominent individuals may be asked to provide their signatures many times a day, such as celebrities receiving requests for [[autograph]]s, or politicians signing documents and correspondence in their official capacities. Consequently, many public figures employ autopens to allow their signature to be printed on demand and without their direct involvement.<ref name = Seabrook>{{cite web |url= https://www.npr.org/2011/05/27/136717719/obama-wields-his-autopen |first= Andrea |last= Seabrook |title= Obama Wields His ... Autopen? |date= May 27, 2011  |publisher= NPR}}</ref> 

Though manual precursors of the modern autopen have existed since at least 1803,<ref name = Seabrook/> 21st-century autopens are machines that are programmed with a signature, which is then reproduced by a motorized, mechanical arm holding a pen.<ref name = Rein>{{cite news |last= Rein |first= Lisa |title= Washington's Signature-Writing Machines Rumble Into The Digital Age |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/washingtons-signature-writing-machines-rumble-into-the-digital-age/2014/04/11/3bb38bc0-afad-11e3-a49e-76adc9210f19_story.html |access-date= April 11, 2014 |newspaper= [[The Washington Post]]|date= April 11, 2014 |page= A1}}</ref>

Given the exact [[verisimilitude]] to the real hand signature, the use of the autopen allows for a small degree of [[wishful thinking]] and [[plausible deniability]] as to whether a famous autograph is real or reproduced, thus increasing the perception of the personal value of the signature by the lay recipient. However, known or suspected autopen signatures are also vastly less valuable as [[philography|philographic]] collectibles; legitimate hand-signed documents from individuals known to also use an autopen usually require verification and [[provenance]] to be considered valid.

Early autopens used a [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|plastic]] [[Matrix (printing)|matrix]] of the original signature which is a channel cut into an engraved plate in the shape of a wheel. A stylus driven by an electric motor followed  the [[Cartesian coordinate system|x- and y-axis]] of a [[profile (engineering)|profile]] or shape engraved in the plate (which is why it is called a matrix). The stylus is [[Pantograph|mechanically connected]] to an arm which can hold almost any common writing instrument, so the favourite pen and ink can be used to suggest authenticity. The autopen signature is made with even pressure (and indentation in the paper), which is how these machines are distinguishable from original handwriting where the pressure varies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realsig.com/Autopen.htm |title=The Autopen |publisher=The Autopen Company  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005215904/http://www.realsig.com/autopen.htm |archive-date=October 5, 2013 }}</ref>

==History==
The first signature duplicating machines were developed by Englishman [[John Isaac Hawkins]]. Hawkins received a United States patent for his device in 1803, called a [[Polygraph (duplicating device)|polygraph]] (an abstracted version of the [[pantograph]]), in which the user may write with one pen and have their writing simultaneously reproduced by an attached second pen. [[Thomas Jefferson]] used the device extensively during his presidency.<ref name = Seabrook/> This device bears little resemblance to today's autopens in design or operation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Benac |first= Nancy |agency= [[Associated Press]]|title=Obama's Signature: Is It Real Or Is It Autopenned? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615184323/https://news.yahoo.com/obamas-signature-real-autopenned-122724800.html |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |url= https://news.yahoo.com/obamas-signature-real-autopenned-122724800.html |access-date=January 5, 2013|newspaper=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=June 27, 2011}}</ref> The autopen called the Robot Pen was developed in the 1930s, and became commercially available in 1937 (used as a storage unit device, similar in principle to how vinyl records store information) to record a signer's signature. A small segment of the record could be removed and stored elsewhere to prevent misuse. The machine would then be able to mass-produce a template signature when needed.<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_toDAAAAMBAJ&q=Popular+Science+1933+plane+%22Popular+Mechanics%22&pg=PA657 |title= Robot Pen Copies Handwriting From A Record |journal= Popular Mechanics |date= May 1937 |page= 657}}</ref>

While the Robot Pen was commercially available, the first commercially successful autopen was developed by Robert M. De Shazo Jr., in 1942.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://signaturemachine.com/company/about.htm |title= The Autopen: We've Been At It Since The Very Beginning |publisher= Automated Signature Technology |access-date= April 21, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131211223026/http://signaturemachine.com/company/about.htm |archive-date= December 11, 2013  }}</ref> De Shazo developed the technology that became the modern autopen in reference to a Request For Quote (RFQ) from the Navy, and in 1942, received an order for the machine from the [[Secretary of the Navy]].<ref name = Rein/> This was the beginning of a significant market in government for the autopen, as the machines soon ended up in the offices of members of Congress, the Senate and the Executive branches. At one point, De Shazo estimated there were more than 500 autopens in use in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite news|author-link=Lynne Cheney |last=Cheney |first=Lynne |title=The Autopen |url=http://signaturemachine.com/company/washingtonian.pdf |access-date=April 11, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washingtonian (magazine)|The Washingtonian]] |date=August 1983  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423053734/http://signaturemachine.com/company/washingtonian.pdf |archive-date=April 23, 2014 }}</ref>

==Use==
Individuals who use autopens often do not disclose this publicly. Signatures generated by machines are valued less than those created manually, and perceived by their recipients as somewhat inauthentic.<ref>{{cite journal |last= McClain |first= Buzz |title= Sincerely Yours, This Machine Does Not Exist |url= http://www.northernvirginiamag.com/entertainment/entertainment-features/2013/07/29/sincerely-yours-this-machine-does-not-exist/ |access-date=April 21, 2014 |journal= [[Northern Virginia Magazine]]|date= July 2013}}</ref> In 2004, [[Donald Rumsfeld]], then the [[United States Secretary of Defense|U.S. Secretary of Defense]], incurred criticism after it was discovered that his office used an autopen to sign letters of condolence to families of American soldiers who were killed in war.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/dec/20/iraq.usa|title = Signature row turns up heat on Rumsfeld|newspaper = [[The Guardian]]|date = December 20, 2004|access-date = November 25, 2022|last = Glaister|first = Dan}}</ref> 

Outside of politics, it was reported in November 2022 that some copies of ''[[The Philosophy of Modern Song]]'', a book by singer-songwriter [[Bob Dylan]] that had been published earlier that month, had been signed with an autopen, resulting in criticism. Autographed editions had been marketed as "hand-signed" and priced at US$600 each. Both Dylan and the book's publisher, [[Simon & Schuster]], issued apologies; refunds were also offered to customers who had bought autopen-signed editions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=November 20, 2022 |title=Bob Dylan Fans Who Bought $600 'Hand-Signed' Books With Replica Autographs Will Receive Refunds From Publisher |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/bob-dylan-book-replica-autographs-autopen-philosophy-modern-song-refunds-1235438173/ |access-date=November 23, 2022 |website= [[Variety (magazine) | Variety]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In addition, Dylan also said that some prints of his artwork sold after 2019 had been signed with an autopen, which he further apologized for and attributed his use of the machine to [[vertigo]] and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the latter of which prevented him from meeting with staff to facilitate signing the works in question.<ref>{{cite news|date=November 26, 2022|first=Chris|language=en-US|last=Willman|title=Bob Dylan Says He 'Regrets' an 'Error in Judgment' in Selling Machine-Signed Art and Books: 'I Want to Rectify It Immediately'|url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/bob-dylan-regrets-autopen-signatures-art-books-apology-1235442296/|website=[[Variety (magazine) | Variety]]}}</ref>

===U.S. Presidents===
[[File:Portrait of President Nixon with autopen signature - NARA - 194771.tif|thumb|Portrait of U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] with autopen signature]]
It has long been known that the president of the United States uses multiple autopen systems to sign many official documents (e.g., military, diplomatic, and judicial commissions; some Acts of Congress, executive directives, letters and other correspondence), due to the volume of such documents requiring his signature per the U.S. Constitution. Some say [[Harry Truman]] was the first president to use the autopen as a way of responding to mail and signing checks.<ref>{{cite news|last=Resnick |first=Brian |title=When a Robot Signs a Bill: A Brief History of the Autopen |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/when-a-robot-signs-a-bill-a-brief-history-of-the-autopen-20130103 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216121348/http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/when-a-robot-signs-a-bill-a-brief-history-of-the-autopen-20130103  |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |access-date=January 3, 2013 |newspaper=[[National Journal]] |date=January 3, 2013 }}</ref> Others credit [[Gerald Ford]] as the first president to openly acknowledge his use of the autopen,<ref>{{cite news |author-link=Lynne Cheney |last= Cheney |first= Lynne |title= The Autopen |url= http://www.damilic.com/info/newsroom/washingtoniana-the-autopen |access-date= January 1, 2013 |newspaper= [[The Washingtonian (magazine)|The Washingtonian]] |date=August 1983}}</ref> but [[Lyndon Johnson]] allowed photographs of his autopen to be taken while he was in office, and in 1968 the ''[[National Enquirer]]'' ran them along with the front-page headline "The Robot That Sits In For The President."<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://signaturemachine.com/company/robot.htm |title= The Robot That Sits In For The President |publisher= [[National Enquirer]] |date= March 17, 1968 |access-date= April 21, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140423055833/http://signaturemachine.com/company/robot.htm |archive-date= April 23, 2014  }}</ref>

While visiting France, [[Barack Obama]] authorized the use of an autopen to create his signature which signed into law an extension of three provisions of the [[Patriot Act]].<ref>{{cite news |last= Mascaro |first= Lisa |title= Congress votes in time to extend key Patriot Act provisions |url= http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-patriot-act-20110527,0,7749454.story |access-date= May 27, 2011 |newspaper= [[Los Angeles Times]] |date= May 27, 2011}}</ref> On January 3, 2013, he signed the extension to the [[George W. Bush|Bush]] tax cuts, using the autopen while vacationing in Hawaii.<ref>{{cite news |first= Mary |last= Bruce |date= January 3, 2013 |url= https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/01/obama-signs-fiscal-cliff-bill-with-autopen/ |title= Obama Signs 'Fiscal Cliff' Bill with Autopen |work= ABC News}}</ref> In order to sign it by the required deadline, his other alternative would have been to have had the bill flown to him overnight.<ref>{{cite episode |title= ABC World News: Signing It Into Law |url= http://www.damilic.com/info/newsroom/signing-with-autopen |series= ABC World News with Diane Sawyer |series-link= ABC World News |author-link= Diane Sawyer |first= Diane |last= Sawyer |network= [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |air-date= January 2, 2013 |access-date= January 6, 2013 |minutes= 6:30}}</ref> Republican leaders questioned whether this use of the autopen met the constitutional requirement for signing a bill into law,<ref>{{cite news |last= Jackson |first= David |title= Republicans protest Obama signing bill with autopen |url= http://content.usatoday.com/communities/theoval/post/2011/06/republican-protest-obama-bill-signing-with-autopen-/1 |work= [[USA Today]] |date= June 17, 2011}}</ref> but the validity of presidential use of an autopen had not been actually tested in court.<ref>{{cite news |first= Mark |last= Knoller |date= November 18, 2011 |url= http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57327846-503544/obama-uses-autopen-again-to-sign-bill-into-law/ |title= Obama uses autopen, again, to sign bill into law |work= [[CBS News]] }}</ref> In 2005, [[George W. Bush]] asked for and received a favorable opinion from the Department of Justice regarding the constitutionality of using the autopen, but did not use it himself.<ref name="DoJ2005">{{cite report|url=https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/olc/opinions/attachments/2015/05/28/op-olc-v029-p0097.pdf|title=Whether The President May Sign a Bill by Directing That His Signature Be Affixed To It|last=Nielson|first=Howard C. Jr.|date=July 7, 2005|publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019005307/https://www.justice.gov/olc/opinion/whether-president-may-sign-bill-directing-his-signature-be-affixed-it|archive-date=19 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= Kevin |last=  Cirilli |date= January 3, 2013 |url= http://www.politico.com/story/2013/01/autopen-barack-obama-10-facts-85720.html |title= 10 facts about the 'autopen |work= [[Politico]] }}</ref>

==Similar devices==
Further developing the class of devices known as autopens, Canadian author [[Margaret Atwood]] created a device called the [[LongPen]], which allows audio and video conversation between the fan and author while a book is being signed remotely.

==See also==
* [[Plotter]]
* [[John Hancock]]
* [[Rubber stamp (politics)]]
* [[Seal (East Asia)]]
* [[Telautograph]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.powell-pressburger.org/Images/People/Sigs/Autopen.html A site with information on autopen signatures]
* [http://www.collectspace.com/resources/autographs_autopens.html collectSPACE: Identifying Astronaut Autopens]

[[Category:Machines]]
[[Category:Identity documents]]
[[Category:19th-century inventions]]
[[Category:English inventions]]