View source for Brake-specific fuel consumption

{{Short description|Measure of the fuel efficiency of internal combustion engines}}
'''Brake-specific fuel consumption''' ('''BSFC''') is a measure of the [[fuel efficiency]] of any prime mover that burns fuel and produces rotational, or shaft power. It is typically used for comparing the efficiency of [[internal combustion engines]] with a shaft output.

It is the rate of [[fuel]] consumption divided by the [[power (physics)|power]] produced. 
In traditional units, it measures fuel consumption in pounds per hour divided by the [[brake horsepower]], lb/(hp⋅h); in [[SI units]], this corresponds to the inverse of the units of [[specific energy]], kg/J = s<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>2</sup>.

It may also be thought of as power-[[wiktionary:specific|specific]] fuel consumption, for this reason. BSFC allows the fuel efficiency of different engines to be directly compared.

The term "brake" here as in "[[brake horsepower]]" refers to a historical method of measuring torque (see [[Prony brake]]).

==Calculation==<!--hours are not SI-->

The brake-specific fuel consumption is given by,
:<math> \text{BSFC}= \frac{r}{P} </math>

where:
:''<math> r </math>'' is the fuel consumption rate in grams per second (g/s)
:''<math> P </math>'' is the power produced in watts where <math>P = \tau \omega</math> (W)
::<math>\omega</math> is the engine speed in [[radians per second]] (rad/s)
::<math>\tau</math> is the engine torque in [[newton metre]]s (N⋅m)

The above values of ''r'', <math>\omega</math>, and <math>\tau</math> may be readily measured by instrumentation with an engine mounted in a test stand and a load applied to the running engine.  The resulting units of BSFC are [[gram]]s per [[joule]] (g/J)

Commonly BSFC is expressed in units of grams per [[kilowatt-hour]] (g/(kW⋅h)). The conversion factor is as follows:
:BSFC [g/(kW⋅h)] = BSFC [g/J] × (3.6 × 10<sup>6</sup>)

The conversion between metric and imperial units is:
:BSFC [g/(kW⋅h)] = BSFC [lb/(hp⋅h)] × 608.277
:BSFC [lb/(hp⋅h)] = BSFC [g/(kW⋅h)] × 0.001644

==Relation to efficiency==
To calculate the actual efficiency of an engine requires the energy density of the fuel being used.

Different fuels have different energy densities defined by the fuel's heating value. The [[lower heating value]] (LHV) is used for internal-combustion-engine-efficiency calculations because the heat at temperatures below {{convert|150|°C|-1|abbr=on}} cannot be put to use.

Some examples of lower heating values for vehicle fuels are:
::Certification [[gasoline]] = 18,640 [[British Thermal Unit|BTU]]/lb (0.01204 kW⋅h/g)
::Regular gasoline   = 18,917 BTU/lb (0.0122222 kW⋅h/g)
::Diesel fuel        = 18,500 BTU/lb (0.0119531 kW⋅h/g)

Thus a diesel engine's efficiency = 1/(BSFC × 0.0119531) and a gasoline engine's efficiency = 1/(BSFC × 0.0122225)

==Operating values and as a cycle average statistic==
[[File:Brake specific fuel consumption.svg|thumb|290px|right|BSFC [g/(kW⋅h)] map]]
{{main article|Consumption map}}
Any engine will have different BSFC values at different speeds and loads. For example, a reciprocating engine achieves maximum efficiency when the intake air is unthrottled and the engine is running near its peak torque. The efficiency often reported for a particular engine, however, is not its maximum efficiency but a [[Fuel economy in automobiles|fuel economy]] cycle statistical average. For example, the cycle average value of BSFC for a gasoline engine is 322&nbsp;g/(kW⋅h), translating to an efficiency of 25% (1/(322 × 0.0122225) = 0.2540). Actual efficiency can be lower or higher than the engine’s average due to varying operating conditions. In the case of a production gasoline engine, the most efficient BSFC is approximately 225&nbsp;g/(kW⋅h), which is equivalent to a thermodynamic efficiency of 36%<!--correct to 2 sf for premium or regular gasoline-->.

An iso-BSFC map (fuel island plot) of a diesel engine is shown. The sweet spot at 206 BSFC has 40.6% efficiency. The x-axis is rpm; y-axis is [[BMEP]] in [[bar (unit)|bar]] (bmep is proportional to [[torque]])

{{clear}}

==Engine design and class==

BSFC numbers change a lot for different engine designs, and compression ratio and power rating.  Engines of different classes like diesels and gasoline engines will have very different BSFC numbers, ranging from less than 200&nbsp;g/(kW⋅h) (diesel at low speed and high torque) to more than 1,000&nbsp;g/(kW⋅h) (turboprop at low power level).

==Examples for shaft engines==
The following table takes values as an example for the specific fuel consumption of several types of engines. For specific engines values can and often do differ from the table values shown below. [[Energy conversion efficiency|Energy efficiency]] is based on a [[lower heating value]] of 42.7 MJ/kg ({{#expr:3600/42.7round1}} g/(kW⋅h)) for [[diesel fuel]] and [[jet fuel]], 43.9 MJ/kg ({{#expr:3600/43.9round1}} g/(kW⋅h)) for gasoline.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 
! kW !! HP 
! Year
! Engine
! Type
! Application
! lb/(hp⋅h)
! g/(kW⋅h)
! Efficiency
|- style="background-color: AliceBlue"
| {{convert|48|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1989
| [[Rotax 582]]
| gasoline, [[two-stroke engine|2-stroke]]
| [[Aviation]], [[Ultralight aviation|Ultralight]], [[Eurofly Fire Fox]]
| {{convert|425|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://docusearch.flyrotax.com/files/pdf/d04495.pdf |title= Operator Manual for 447/503/582 |publisher= Rotax |date= Sep 2010 |access-date= 2018-06-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170722033156/http://docusearch.flyrotax.com/files/pdf/d04495.pdf |archive-date= 2017-07-22 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/425*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{convert|431|hp|kW|disp=table|sortable=on|order=flip}}
| 1987
| [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW200|PW206B/B2]]
| [[turboshaft]]
| [[Helicopter]], [[Eurocopter EC135|EC135]]
| {{convert|0.553|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref name=GTEnginesAWJan2008>{{cite magazine |title= Gas Turbine Engines |magazine= Aviation Week |date= January 2008 |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181106021310if_/http://www.geocities.jp/nomonomo2007/AircraftDatabase/AWdata/AviationWeekPages/GTEnginesAWJan2008.pdf }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/336.4*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{convert|572|hp|kW|disp=table|sortable=on|order=flip}}
| 1987
| [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW200|PW207D]] 
| [[turboshaft]]
| [[Helicopter]], [[Bell 427]]
| {{convert|0.537|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref name=GTEnginesAWJan2008/>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/326.6*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{convert|670|hp|kW|disp=table|sortable=on|order=flip}}
| 1981
| [[Turbomeca Arrius|Arrius]] 2B1/2B1A-1 
| [[turboshaft]]
| [[Helicopter]], [[Eurocopter EC135|EC135]]
| {{convert|0.526|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref name=GTEnginesAWJan2008/>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/320*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|17.8|PS|kW|disp=table|sortable=on|order=flip}}
| 1897
| [[Motor 250/400]]<ref name="Mau_1984_7">Günter Mau: Handbuch Dieselmotoren im Kraftwerks- und Schiffsbetrieb, Vieweg (Springer), Braunschweig/Wiesbaden 1984, {{ISBN|978-3-528-14889-8}}, p. 7</ref>
| Diesel, four-stroke
| Stationary industrial Diesel engine
| {{convert|324|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| {{#expr:3600/42.4/324*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{convert|1100|hp|kW|disp=table|sortable=on|order=flip}}
| 1960
| [[PT6]]C-67C 
| [[turboshaft]]
| [[Helicopter]], [[AW139]]
| {{convert|0.490|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref name=GTEnginesAWJan2008/>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/298.1*100round1}}%  
|- style="background-color: AliceBlue"
| {{convert|515|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|1991
|Mazda R26B<ref name="Shimizu Tadokoro Nakanishi Funamoto 1992 p. 4">{{cite conference | last=Shimizu | first=Ritsuharu | last2=Tadokoro | first2=Tomoo | last3=Nakanishi | first3=Toru | last4=Funamoto | first4=Junichi | title=Mazda 4-Rotor Rotary Engine for the Le Mans 24-Hour Endurance Race | publisher=SAE International | publication-place= | date=1992-02-01 | issn=0148-7191 | doi=10.4271/920309 | page=4}}</ref>
| Wankel, four-rotor
| Race car, [[Mazda 787B]]
| {{convert|286|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/286*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{convert|1285|hp|kW|disp=table|sortable=on|order=flip}}
| 1989
| [[MTR390]] 
| [[turboshaft]]
| [[Helicopter]], [[Tiger helicopter|Tiger]]
| {{convert|0.460|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref name=GTEnginesAWJan2008/>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/279.8*100round1}}%  
|- style="background-color: AliceBlue"
| {{convert|84.5|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1996
| [[Rotax 914]] 
| gasoline, turbo 
| [[Aviation]], [[Light-sport aircraft]], [[Aerospool WT9 Dynamic|WT9 Dynamic]]
| {{convert|276|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://docusearch.flyrotax.com/files/pdf/d06153.pdf |title= Operator Manual for 914 series |publisher= Rotax |date= Apr 2010 |access-date= 2018-06-08 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170611004034/http://docusearch.flyrotax.com/files/pdf/d06153.pdf |archive-date= 2017-06-11 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/276*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: AliceBlue"
| {{convert|118|hp|kW|disp=table|sortable=on|order=flip}}
| 1942
| [[Lycoming O-235|Lycoming O-235-L]] 
| gasoline 
| [[Aviation]], [[General aviation]], [[Cessna 152]]
| <!-- 5.8 Gal/hr at 77hp, 65% economy cruise, 6lb/Gal --> {{convert|{{#expr:5.8/77*6round3}}|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.lycoming.com/sites/default/files/O-235%26O-290%20Operator%20Manual%2060297-9.pdf |title= O-235 and O-290 Operator's Manual |publisher= Lycoming |date= Jan 2007 |page=3-8 version-L}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/{{convert|{{#expr:5.8/77*6}}|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=number}}*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: AliceBlue"
| {{convert|456|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1988
| [[Honda RA16 engine|Honda RA168E]]
| gasoline, turbo
| Race car, [[McLaren MP4/4]]
| {{convert|272|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.sae.org/publications/technical-papers/content/890877/ |title= Honda Formula One Turbo-charged V-6 1.5L Engine |publisher= SAE |date= 1989-02-01 }}</ref>
| 31.6%
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{cvt|2380|hp|kW|disp=table|sortable=on|order=flip}}
| 1973
| [[General Electric T700|GE T700]]
| [[turboshaft]]
| [[Helicopter]], [[Bell AH-1 SuperCobra|AH-1]]/[[UH-60]]/[[AH-64]]
| {{cvt|0.433|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref name=GE18sep2019>{{cite conference |work=Global Research |title= GE turbines and small engines overview |publisher=[[General Electric]] |url= https://arpa-e.energy.gov/sites/default/files/14_deBock_GE%20Turbines%20and%20small%20engines%20overview%20-%20ARPA-e%20INTEGRATE%20V2.pdf |conference-url= https://arpa-e.energy.gov/2019-integrate-annual-meeting |author= Peter deBock |conference= ARPA-e INTEGRATE meeting |date= September 18, 2019}}</ref> 
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/263.384*100round1}}% 
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{cvt|5071|hp|kW|disp=table|sortable=on|order=flip}}
| 1995
| [[PW150]]
| [[turboprop]]
| [[Airliner]], [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8|Dash 8]]-400
| {{cvt|0.433|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref name=GTEnginesAWJan2008/> 
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/263.384*100round1}}% 
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{convert|2412|hp|kW|disp=table|sortable=on|order=flip}}
| 1984
| [[RTM322]]-01/9
| [[turboshaft]]
| [[Helicopter]], [[NH90]]
| {{convert|0.420|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref name=GTEnginesAWJan2008/>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/255.5*100round1}}% 
|- style="background-color: AliceBlue"
| {{convert|63|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1991
| GM [[Saturn I4 engine]]
| gasoline
| Cars, [[Saturn S-Series]] 
| {{convert|250|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref name=Soroka>{{cite web |url= http://michaelsoroka.com/2014/03/26/are-airplane-engines-inefficient/ |title= Are Airplane Engines Inefficient? |author= Michael Soroka |date= March 26, 2014}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/250*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: AliceBlue"
| {{convert|150|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2011
| [[Ford EcoBoost]]
| gasoline, turbo 
| Cars, [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| {{convert|245|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/merit_review_2011/adv_combustion/ace065_rinkevich_2011_o.pdf |title= Advanced Gasoline Turbocharged Direct Injection (GTDI) Engine Development |publisher= Ford Research and Advanced Engineering |date= May 13, 2011}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/245*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: AliceBlue"
| {{convert|400|hp|kW|disp=table|order=flip|sortable=on}}
| 1961
| [[Lycoming IO-720]]
| gasoline 
| [[Aviation]], [[General aviation]], [[PAC Fletcher]]
| <!-- 16 Gal/hr at 240hp, 60% rated power, 6lb/Gal --> {{convert|{{#expr:16/240*6round3}}|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{citation |url= https://www.lycoming.com/sites/default/files/IO-720%20Operator%20Manual%2060297-19.pdf |title= IO-720 Operator's Manual  |publisher= Lycoming |date= October 2006 |page= 3-8}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/{{convert|{{#expr:16/240*6}}|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=number}}*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{cvt|7,500|hp|kW|disp=table|sortable=on|order=flip}}
| 1989
| [[General Electric T408|GE T408]]
| [[turboshaft]]
| [[Helicopter]], [[CH-53K]]
| {{cvt|0.4|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref name=GE18sep2019/>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/243*100round1}}% 
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{convert|7,000|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1986
| [[Rolls-Royce T406|Rolls-Royce MT7]]
| gas turbine
| [[Hovercraft]], [[Ship-to-Shore Connector|SSC]]
| {{convert|243.2|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.rolls-royce.com/~/media/Files/R/Rolls-Royce/documents/customers/marine/mt7-brochure.pdf |title= MT7 Brochure |publisher= Rolls-Royce |date= 2012 |access-date= 2018-07-09 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170420204819/https://www.rolls-royce.com/~/media/Files/R/Rolls-Royce/documents/customers/marine/mt7-brochure.pdf |archive-date= 2017-04-20 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/243.2*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: AliceBlue"
| {{convert|2,000|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1945
| [[Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone]]
| gasoline, turbo-compound
| [[Aviation]], [[Commercial aviation]]; [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]], [[Lockheed Constellation|Constellation]], [[Douglas DC-7|DC-7]]
| {{convert|0.380|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.enginehistory.org/Wright/Wright%20R-3350.pdf |title= Wright R-3350 "Cyclone 18" |author= Kimble D. McCutcheon |date= 27 October 2014 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160801001759/http://www.enginehistory.org/Wright/Wright%20R-3350.pdf |archive-date= 1 August 2016 }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/{{convert|0.380|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=number}}*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: AliceBlue"
| {{convert|57|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2003
| [[Toyota NZ engine#1NZ-FXE|Toyota 1NZ-FXE]]
| gasoline
| Car, [[Toyota Prius]]
| {{convert|225|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/2004-01-0064 |chapter=Development of New-Generation Hybrid System THS II - Drastic Improvement of Power Performance and Fuel Economy |publisher= [[Society of Automotive Engineers]] |date= 8 March 2004|doi=10.4271/2004-01-0064 |title=SAE Technical Paper Series |last1=Muta |first1=Koichiro |last2=Yamazaki |first2=Makoto |last3=Tokieda |first3=Junji |volume=1 }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/43.9/225*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{convert|8251|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2005
| [[Europrop TP400]]
| turboprop
| [[Airbus A400M]]
| {{convert|0.350|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref name="HectoPressure">{{cite conference |date=27–29 July 2015 |doi=10.2514/6.2015-4028 |edition=51st |conference=AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference |title=A composite cycle engine concept with hecto-pressure ratio |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278674579 |surname1=Kaiser |given1=Sascha |surname2=Donnerhack |given2=Stefan |surname3=Lundbladh |given3=Anders |surname4=Seitz |given4=Arne}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/213*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|550|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1931
| [[Junkers Jumo 204]]
| [[Two-stroke diesel engine|diesel two-stroke]], [[Turbo-diesel|turbo]]
|[[Aviation]], [[Commercial aviation]], [[Junkers Ju 86]]
| {{convert|{{convert|155|kW|PS|disp=number}}|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>inter-action association, 1987</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/{{convert|155|kW|PS|disp=number}}*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{convert|36,000|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2002
| [[Rolls-Royce Marine Trent]] 
| turboshaft
| [[Marine propulsion]]
| {{convert|207|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.civilengineeringhandbook.tk/fuel-injection/marine-trent-30.html |publisher= Civil Engineering Handbook |title= Marine Trent |date= 19 Mar 2015}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/207*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|2,340|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1949
| [[Napier Nomad]] 
| [[Turbo-compound engine|Diesel-compound]]
| Concept [[Aircraft engine]] 
| {{convert|0.340|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%201219.html |title= Napier Nomad |publisher= Flight |date= 30 April 1954}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/{{convert|0.340|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=number}}*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|165|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2000
| [[List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines#Eight-cylinder diesels|Volkswagen 3.3 V8]] TDI
| Diesel
| Car, [[Audi A8]]
| {{convert|205|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{ cite press release |url= http://www.audiworld.com/news/00/a80709/content.shtml |title= The new Audi A8 3.3 TDI quattro: Top TDI for the luxury class |publisher= Audi AG |date= July 10, 2000}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/205*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|2,013|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1940
| [[Klöckner-Humboldt-Deutz DZ 710|Deutz DZ 710]]
| [[Two-stroke diesel engine|Diesel two-stroke]]
| Concept [[Aircraft engine]]
| {{convert|0.330|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/airforce/engines.txt |title= Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II |publisher= Bracken Books |location= London, UK |date= 1989}}</ref> 
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/{{convert|0.330|lb/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=number}}*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: MistyRose"
| {{convert|42,428|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1993
| [[General Electric LM6000|GE LM6000]]
| [[turboshaft]]
| [[Marine propulsion]], [[Electricity generation]]
| {{convert|200.1|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.geaviation.com/engines/docs/marine/datasheet-lm6000.pdf |title= LM6000 Marine Gas Turbine |publisher= General Electric |date= 2016 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161119115601/http://www.geaviation.com/engines/docs/marine/datasheet-lm6000.pdf |archive-date= 2016-11-19 }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/200.1*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|130|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2007
| [[BMW N47]] 2L 
| Diesel
| Cars, [[BMW]]
| {{convert|198|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.auto-innovations.com/site/dossier5/BMWn47t28print.html |title= BMW 2.0d (N47) |publisher= Auto-innovations |date= June 2007 |language= fr}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/198*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|88|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1990
| [[List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines#2.5R5CR|Audi 2.5L]] TDI
| Diesel
| Car, [[Audi 100]]
| {{convert|198|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= http://www.sae.org/technical/papers/900648 |chapter= The New Audi 5-Cylinder Turbo Diesel Engine: The First Passenger Car Diesel Engine with Second Generation Direct Injection |publisher= [[Society of Automotive Engineers]] |date= 1 February 1990 |doi= 10.4271/900648 |title= SAE Technical Paper Series |last1= Stock |first1= Dieter |last2= Bauder |first2= Richard |volume= 1 }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/198*100round1}}%

|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|66|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1992
| [[List_of_Volkswagen_Group_diesel_engines#1.9_R4_8v_TDI_29-81kW|VAG 1.9TDI]] 66kw
| Diesel 4-stroke
| Car, Audi [[Audi_80#B4|80]], VW [[Volkswagen_Golf_Mk3|Golf]]/[[Volkswagen_Passat_(B4)|Passat]]
| {{convert|197|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://pics.tdiclub.com/data/500/19210sae972686.pdf |title= Realizing Future Trends in Diesel Engine Development |publisher= Society of Automotive Engineers/VAG}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/197*100round1}}%

|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|368|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2017
| [[MAN_Truck_%26_Bus|MAN]] D2676LF51
| Diesel 4-stroke
| Truck/Bus
| {{convert|191|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.kraftur.is/wp-content/uploads/Higher-Efficiency-and-Reliability-Model-year-2019.pdf |title= MAN TGX 2019 |publisher= MAN Truck & Bus}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/191*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|620|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 
| [[Scania AB]] DC16 078A 
| Diesel 4-stroke
| [[Electricity generation]]
| {{convert|190|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.scania.com/content/dam/scanianoe/market/master/products-and-services/engines/pdf/specs/power-gen/DC1678A_620-680kW.pdf |title= DC16 078A |publisher= Scania AB}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/190*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|1200|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| early 1990s
| [[Wärtsilä]] 6L20
| [[Diesel engine|Diesel 4-stroke]]
| [[Marine propulsion]]
| {{convert|189.4|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://cdn.wartsila.com/docs/default-source/product-files/engines/ms-engine/product-guide-o-e-w20.pdf |title= Wärtsilä 20 product guide |publisher= Wärtsilä |date= 14 February 2017 }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/189.4*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|375|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2019
| [[MAN_TG-range|MAN]] D2676LF78
| Diesel 4-stroke
| Truck/Bus
| {{convert|184|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.kraftur.is/wp-content/uploads/Higher-Efficiency-and-Reliability-Model-year-2019.pdf |title= MAN TGX 2019 |publisher= MAN Truck & Bus}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/184*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|3,600|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|
| [[MAN Diesel]] 6L32/44CR 
| Diesel 4-stroke
| [[Marine propulsion]], [[Electricity generation]]
| {{convert|172|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://marine.man.eu/docs/librariesprovider6/4-Stroke-Engines/2015-four-stroke-propulsion-engines.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160417234415/http://marine.man.eu/docs/librariesprovider6/4-Stroke-Engines/2015-four-stroke-propulsion-engines.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2016-04-17 |title= Four-Stroke Propulsion Engines |publisher= Man Diesel |date= 2015 }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/172*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|4,200|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2015
| [[Wärtsilä]] W31
| Diesel 4-stroke
|[[Marine propulsion]], [[Electricity generation]]
| {{convert|165|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wartsila.com/twentyfour7/in-detail/the-new-wartsila-31-engine |title= The new Wärtsilä 31 engine |work= Wärtsilä Technical Journal |date= 20 October 2015 }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/165*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|34,320|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1998
| [[Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C]] 
| Diesel 2-stroke
| [[Marine propulsion]], [[Electricity generation]]
| {{convert|160|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wartsila.com/Wartsila/docs/en/ship_power/media_publications/brochures/product/engines/rtac_tr.pdf |title=RTA-C Technology Review |publisher=Wärtsilä |date=2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051226062109/http://www.wartsila.com/Wartsila/docs/en/ship_power/media_publications/brochures/product/engines/rtac_tr.pdf |archive-date=December 26, 2005 }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/160*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|27,060|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
|
| [[MAN Diesel]] S80ME-C9.4-TII 
| Diesel 2-stroke
| [[Marine propulsion]], [[Electricity generation]]
| {{convert|154.5|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://marine.man.eu/applications/projectguides/2stroke/content/printed/S80ME-C9_4.pdf |title= MAN B&W S80ME-C9.4-TII Project Guide |publisher= Man Diesel |date= May 2014  }}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/154.5*100round1}}%
|- style="background-color: Linen"
| {{convert|34,350|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 
| [[MAN Diesel]] G95ME-C9 
| Diesel 2-stroke
| [[Marine propulsion]]
| {{convert|154.5|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}}<ref>{{cite web |url= https://marine.man.eu/applications/projectguides/2stroke/content/printed/G95ME-C9_2.pdf |title= MAN B&W G95ME-C9.2-TII Project Guide |publisher= Man Diesel |date= May 2014 |page= 16}}</ref>
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/154.5*100round1}}%
|-
| {{convert|605,000|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2016
| [[General Electric]] 9HA 
| [[Combined cycle gas turbine]]
| [[Electricity generation]]
| {{convert|{{#expr:3600/42.7/0.6222round1}}|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}} (eq.)
| 62.2%<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.gereports.com/bouchain/ |title= Here's Why The Latest Guinness World Record Will Keep France Lit Up Long After Soccer Fans Leave |author= Tomas Kellner |publisher=[[General Electric]] |date= 17 Jun 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| {{convert|640,000|kW|hp|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2021
| [[General Electric]] 7HA.3 
| Combined cycle gas turbine
| [[Electricity generation]] (proposed)
| {{convert|{{#expr:3600/42.7/0.639round1}}|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|order=flip|disp=table|sortable=on}} (eq.)
| 63.9%<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.powermag.com/ge-unveils-new-h-class-gas-turbine-and-already-has-a-first-order/ |title= GE Unveils New H-Class Gas Turbine—and Already Has a First Order |date= October 2, 2019}}</ref>
|}

[[Turboprop]] efficiency is only good at high power; SFC increases dramatically for approach at low power (30% P<sub>max</sub>) and especially at idle (7% P<sub>max</sub>) :

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 2,050&nbsp;kW [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127]] turboprop (1996)<ref name=PW127F>{{cite web |url= http://web.fc.fi/data/files/ATR_TheOptimumChoice.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160808173542/http://web.fc.fi/data/files/ATR_TheOptimumChoice.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 2016-08-08 |title= ATR: The Optimum Choice for a Friendly Environment |page= PW127F engine gaseous emissions |publisher= [[Avions de Transport Regional]] |date= June 2001 }}</ref>
|-
! Mode
! Power
! fuel flow
! SFC 
! Energy efficiency
|-
| Nominal idle (7%)
| {{convert|192|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|3.06|kg/min|lb/h|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|{{convert|{{#expr:3.06*60/192}}|kg/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=number}}|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|abbr=on}}
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/1282*100round1}}%
|-
| Approach (30%)  
| {{convert|825|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|5.15|kg/min|lb/h|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|{{convert|{{#expr:5.15*60/825}}|kg/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=number}}|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|abbr=on}}
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/{{convert|{{#expr:5.15*60/825}}|kg/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=number}}*100round1}}%
|-
| Max cruise (78%) 
| {{convert|2,132|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|8.28|kg/min|lb/h|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|{{convert|{{#expr:8.28*60/2132}}|kg/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=number}}|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|abbr=on}}
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/{{convert|{{#expr:8.28*60/2132}}|kg/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=number}}*100round1}}%
|-
| Max climb (80%)    
| {{convert|2,192|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|8.38|kg/min|lb/h|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|{{convert|{{#expr:8.38*60/2192}}|kg/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=number}}|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|abbr=on}}
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/{{convert|{{#expr:8.38*60/2192}}|kg/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=number}}*100round1}}%
|-
| Max contin. (90%) 
| {{convert|2,475|hp|kW|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|9.22|kg/min|lb/h|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|{{convert|{{#expr:9.22*60/2475}}|kg/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=number}}|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|abbr=on}}
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/{{convert|{{#expr:9.22*60/2475}}|kg/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=number}}*100round1}}%
|-
| Take-off (100%) 
| {{convert|2,750 |hp|kW|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|9.9|kg/min|lb/h|abbr=on}}
| {{convert|{{convert|{{#expr:9.9*60/2750}}|kg/hp.h|g/kW.h|0|disp=number}}|g/kW.h|lb/hp.h|3|abbr=on}}
| {{#expr:3600/42.7/{{convert|{{#expr:9.9*60/2750}}|kg/hp.h|g/kW.h|disp=number}}*100round1}}%
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Fuel economy in automobiles]]
*[[Energy-efficient driving]]
*[[Fuel management systems]]
*[[Marine fuel management]]
*[[Thrust specific fuel consumption]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}<!--added under references heading by script-assisted edit-->

==Further reading==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070228154638/http://home.swipnet.se/~w-65189/reciprocating_engines/reciprocating_engine_types.htm Reciprocating engine types]
*[http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine.htm HowStuffWorks: How Car Engines Work]
*[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0858857.html Reciprocating Engines] at infoplease
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081112051131/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Evolution_of_Technology/piston_engines/Tech23.htm Piston Engines] US Centennial of Flight Commission
*[http://www.ias.ac.in/sadhana/Pdf2004Jun/Pe1131.pdf Effect of EGR] on the [[exhaust gas]] temperature and exhaust opacity in compression ignition engines
*Heywood J B 1988 Pollutant formation and control. Internal combustion engine fundamentals Int. edn (New York: Mc-Graw Hill) pp 572–577
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120717085922/http://www.efcf.com/reports/E10.pdf Well-to-Wheel Studies, Heating Values, and the Energy Conservation Principle]
* [http://ecomodder.com/wiki/index.php/Brake_Specific_Fuel_Consumption_%28BSFC%29_Maps Exemplary maps for commercial car engines collected by ecomodder forum users]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brake Specific Fuel Consumption}}
[[Category:Fuel technology]]
[[Category:Energy efficiency]]
[[Category:Power (physics)]]