View source for ChatGPT

{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Chatbot developed by OpenAI}}
{{Use American English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox software
| screenshot = 
| logo = ChatGPT logo.svg
| developer = [[OpenAI]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2022|11|30}}
| latest release version = {{Start date and age|2024|2|13}}<ref name="latest version">{{cite web |url=https://help.openai.com/en/articles/6825453-chatgpt-release-notes |title=ChatGPT – Release Notes |access-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-date=January 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112085916/https://help.openai.com/en/articles/6825453-chatgpt-release-notes |url-status=live}}</ref>
| programming language = [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| engine = {{plainlist |
*[[GPT-3.5]] (free and paid)
*[[GPT-4]] (paid only)
}}
| platform = [[Cloud computing platforms]]
| genre = {{ indented plainlist |
*[[Chatbot]]
*[[Large language model]]
*[[Generative pre-trained transformer]]
}}
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]] [[Software as a service|service]]
}}
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'''ChatGPT''' ('''Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer''') is a [[chatbot]] developed by [[OpenAI]] and launched on November 30, 2022. Based on a [[large language model]], it enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language. Successive prompts and replies, known as [[prompt engineering]], are considered at each conversation stage as a context.<ref name="guardianpos"/>

By January 2023, it had become what was then the fastest-growing consumer software application in history, gaining over 100 million users and contributing to the growth of OpenAI's [[Business valuation|valuation]] to $29 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hu |first=Krystal |date=February 2, 2023 |title=ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base – analyst note |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/ |access-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203182723/https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-creator-openai-talks-for-tender-offer-at-29-billion-2023-1 |title=ChatGPT creator OpenAI is in talks to sell shares in a tender offer that would double the startup's valuation to $29 billion |access-date=January 18, 2023 |work=Insider |first=Lakshmi |last=Varanasi |date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118050502/https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-creator-openai-talks-for-tender-offer-at-29-billion-2023-1 |url-status=live}}</ref> ChatGPT's release spurred the development of competing products, including [[Gemini (chatbot)|Gemini]], [[Ernie Bot]], [[LLaMA]], [[Claude (language model)|Claude]], and [[Grok (chatbot)|Grok]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=What's the next word in large language models? |journal=Nature Machine Intelligence |date=April 2023 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=331–332 |doi=10.1038/s42256-023-00655-z |s2cid=258302563 |language=en |issn=2522-5839 |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Microsoft]] launched [[Microsoft Copilot|Copilot]], based on OpenAI's [[GPT-4]]. Some observers raised concern about the potential of ChatGPT and similar programs to displace or atrophy [[human intelligence]], enable [[plagiarism]], or fuel [[misinformation]].<ref name="NYT-20230718" /><ref>{{cite news |title=What is ChatGPT and why does it matter? Here's what you need to know |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-chatgpt-and-why-does-it-matter-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/ |access-date=June 22, 2023 |work=ZDNET |date=May 30, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=February 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215113628/https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-chatgpt-and-why-does-it-matter-heres-everything-you-need-to-know/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

ChatGPT is available for use online in two versions, one built on {{nowrap|[[GPT-3.5]]}} and the other on {{nowrap|[[GPT-4]]}}, both of which are members of OpenAI's proprietary series of [[generative pre-trained transformer]] (GPT) models, based on the [[Transformer (machine learning model)|transformer]] architecture developed by [[Google]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 31, 2017 |title=Transformer: A Novel Neural Network Architecture for Language Understanding |url=https://ai.googleblog.com/2017/08/transformer-novel-neural-network.html |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website= |language=en |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027193749/https://ai.googleblog.com/2017/08/transformer-novel-neural-network.html |url-status=live }}</ref>—and is [[Fine-tuning (machine learning)|fine-tuned]] for conversational applications using a combination of [[supervised learning]] and [[reinforcement learning]].<ref name="NYT-20230718" /> ChatGPT was released as a freely available research preview, but due to its popularity, OpenAI now operates the service on a [[Freemium|freemium model]]. It allows users on its free tier to access the GPT-3.5-based version, while the more advanced GPT-4-based version and priority access to newer features are provided to paid subscribers under the commercial name "[[ChatGPT Plus]]".

ChatGPT is credited with starting the [[AI boom]], which has led to ongoing rapid and unprecedented investment in and public attention to the field of [[artificial intelligence]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Weise |first1=Karen |last2=Metz |first2=Cade |last3=Grant |first3=Nico |last4=Isaac |first4=Mike |date=December 5, 2023 |title=Inside the A.I. Arms Race That Changed Silicon Valley Forever |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/05/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-meta.html |access-date=December 11, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=December 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211092946/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/05/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-meta.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Training==
ChatGPT is based on particular [[Generative pre-trained transformer#Foundational models|GPT foundation models]], namely [[GPT-3.5]] and [[GPT-4]], that were [[fine-tuning (machine learning)|fine-tuned]] to target conversational usage.<ref>{{cite web |title=OpenAI API |url=https://platform.openai.com/docs/models/ |website=platform.openai.com |language=en |access-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303221112/https://platform.openai.com/docs/models/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The fine-tuning process leveraged [[supervised learning]] and [[reinforcement learning from human feedback]] (RLHF).<ref name="OpenAIInfo"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Greengard |first=Samuel |date=December 29, 2022 |title=ChatGPT: Understanding the ChatGPT AI Chatbot |url=https://www.eweek.com/big-data-and-analytics/chatgpt/ |access-date=January 11, 2023 |website=[[eWeek]] |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175109/https://www.eweek.com/big-data-and-analytics/chatgpt/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Both approaches employed human trainers to improve model performance. In the case of supervised learning, the trainers played both sides: the user and the [[AI]] assistant. In the reinforcement learning stage, human trainers first ranked responses that the model had created in a previous conversation.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Will |date=March 3, 2023 |title=The inside story of how ChatGPT was built from the people who made it |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=MIT Technology Review |archive-date=March 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303093219/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ |url-status=live}}</ref> These rankings were used to create "reward models" that were used to fine-tune the model further by using several iterations of [[Proximal Policy Optimization]].<ref name="OpenAIInfo">{{Cite web |author=OpenAI |author-link=OpenAI |date=November 30, 2022 |title=ChatGPT: Optimizing Language Models for Dialogue |url=https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/ |access-date=December 5, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130180912/https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Vincent-2022">{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=December 8, 2022 |title=ChatGPT proves AI is finally mainstream{{snd}}and things are only going to get weirder |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/8/23499728/ai-capability-accessibility-chatgpt-stable-diffusion-commercialization |access-date=December 8, 2022 |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en-US |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111214453/https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/8/23499728/ai-capability-accessibility-chatgpt-stable-diffusion-commercialization |url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine revealed that, to build a safety system against harmful content (e.g., [[sexual abuse]], [[violence]], [[racism]], [[sexism]]), OpenAI used outsourced [[Kenya]]n workers earning less than $2{{nbsp}}per hour to [[Labeled data|label]] harmful content. These labels were used to train a model to detect such content in the future. The outsourced laborers were exposed to "toxic" and traumatic content; one worker described the assignment as "torture". OpenAI's outsourcing partner was [[Sama (company)|Sama]], a training-data company based in San Francisco, California.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrigo |first=Billy |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Exclusive: OpenAI Used Kenyan Workers on Less Than $2 Per Hour to Make ChatGPT Less Toxic |url=https://time.com/6247678/openai-chatgpt-kenya-workers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119152814/https://time.com/6247678/openai-chatgpt-kenya-workers/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 19, 2023 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en |quote=''One Sama worker tasked with reading and labeling text for OpenAI told TIME he suffered from recurring visions after reading a graphic description of a man having sex with a dog in the presence of a young child. "That was torture", he said.''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rowe |first1=Niamh |title='It's destroyed me completely': Kenyan moderators decry toll of training of AI models |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/aug/02/ai-chatbot-training-human-toll-content-moderator-meta-openai |website=The Guardian |access-date=December 14, 2023 |date=August 2, 2023 |archive-date=December 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221131505/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/aug/02/ai-chatbot-training-human-toll-content-moderator-meta-openai |url-status=live }}</ref>

ChatGPT initially used a [[Microsoft Azure]] [[Supercomputer|supercomputing]] infrastructure, powered by [[Nvidia]] [[GPU]]s, that Microsoft built specifically for OpenAI and that reportedly cost "hundreds of millions of dollars". Following ChatGPT's success, Microsoft dramatically upgraded the OpenAI infrastructure in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Emma |title=Microsoft spent hundreds of millions of dollars on a ChatGPT supercomputer |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/13/23637675/microsoft-chatgpt-bing-millions-dollars-supercomputer-openai |access-date=March 30, 2023 |work=The Verge |date=March 13, 2023 |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330071711/https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/13/23637675/microsoft-chatgpt-bing-millions-dollars-supercomputer-openai |url-status=live}}</ref> Scientists at the [[University of California, Riverside]], estimate that a series of prompts to ChatGPT needs approximately 500 milliliters of water for Microsoft servers cooling.<ref>{{cite web |title=Artificial intelligence technology behind ChatGPT was built in Iowa — with a lot of water |url=https://apnews.com/article/chatgpt-gpt4-iowa-ai-water-consumption-microsoft-f551fde98083d17a7e8d904f8be822c4 |website=AP News |access-date=September 10, 2023 |language=en |date=September 9, 2023 |archive-date=September 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910124944/https://apnews.com/article/chatgpt-gpt4-iowa-ai-water-consumption-microsoft-f551fde98083d17a7e8d904f8be822c4 |url-status=live }}</ref> TrendForce market intelligence estimated that 30,000 Nvidia GPUs (each costing approximately $10,000–$15,000) were used to power ChatGPT in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Center - TrendForce Says with Cloud Companies Initiating AI Arms Race, GPU Demand from ChatGPT Could Reach 30,000 Chips as It Readies for Commercialization {{!}} TrendForce - Market research, price trend of DRAM, NAND Flash, LEDs, TFT-LCD and green energy, PV |url=https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20230301-11584.html |access-date=November 2, 2023 |website=TrendForce |language=en |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102173108/https://www.trendforce.com/presscenter/news/20230301-11584.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Zhiye Liu |date=March 1, 2023 |title=ChatGPT Will Command More Than 30,000 Nvidia GPUs: Report |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/chatgpt-nvidia-30000-gpus |access-date=November 2, 2023 |website=Tom's Hardware |language=en |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102173108/https://www.tomshardware.com/news/chatgpt-nvidia-30000-gpus |url-status=live }}</ref>

OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to train and fine-tune the service further. Users can [[Upvote|upvote or downvote]] responses they receive from ChatGPT and fill in a text field with additional feedback.<ref name="ZDNET" /><ref>{{cite web |title=ChatGPT Feedback Contest: Official Rules |url=https://cdn.openai.com/chatgpt/ChatGPT_Feedback_Contest_Rules.pdf |website=OpenAI |access-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118162823/https://cdn.openai.com/chatgpt/ChatGPT_Feedback_Contest_Rules.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

ChatGPT's training data includes [[man page|software manual page]]s, information about [[internet phenomena]] such as [[bulletin board system]]s, and multiple programming languages.<ref name="ArsTechnicaTerminal">{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=December 5, 2022 |title=No Linux? No problem. Just get AI to hallucinate it for you |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/12/openais-new-chatbot-can-hallucinate-a-linux-shell-or-calling-a-bbs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226134822/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2022/12/openais-new-chatbot-can-hallucinate-a-linux-shell-or-calling-a-bbs/ |archive-date=December 26, 2022 |access-date=December 5, 2022 |work=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> [[Wikipedia]] was also one of the sources of ChatGPT's training data.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Yogesh K. |last2=Kshetri |first2=Nir |last3=Hughes |first3=Laurie |last4=Slade |first4=Emma Louise |last5=Jeyaraj |first5=Anand |last6=Kar |first6=Arpan Kumar |last7=Baabdullah |first7=Abdullah M. |last8=Koohang |first8=Alex |last9=Raghavan |first9=Vishnupriya |last10=Ahuja |first10=Manju |last11=Albanna |first11=Hanaa |last12=Albashrawi |first12=Mousa Ahmad |last13=Al-Busaidi |first13=Adil S. |last14=Balakrishnan |first14=Janarthanan |last15=Barlette |first15=Yves |date=August 1, 2023 |title=Opinion Paper: "So what if ChatGPT wrote it?" Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice, and policy |journal=International Journal of Information Management |language=en |volume=71 |pages=102642 |doi=10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102642 |s2cid=257486916 |issn=0268-4012 |doi-access=free |hdl=10576/42799 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20230718">{{cite news |last=Gertner |first=Jon |date=July 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Moment of Truth |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html |url-status=bot: unknown |accessdate=July 19, 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720125400/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255 |archivedate=July 20, 2023}}</ref>

==Features and limitations==
===Features===
Although a chatbot's core function is to mimic a human conversationalist, ChatGPT is versatile. Among countless examples, it can write and debug computer programs;<ref name="ChatGPT can write code">{{Cite web |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/chatgpt-can-write-code-now-researchers-say-its-good-at-fixing-bugs-too/ |title=ChatGPT can write code. Now researchers say it's good at fixing bugs, too |website=ZDNET |date=January 26, 2023 |first=Liam |last=Tung |access-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051252/https://www.zdnet.com/article/chatgpt-can-write-code-now-researchers-say-its-good-at-fixing-bugs-too/ |url-status=live}}</ref> compose music, teleplays, fairy tales, and student essays; [[question answering|answer test questions]] (sometimes, depending on the test, at a level above the average human test-taker);<ref>{{cite news |last1=Heilweil |first1=Rebecca |title=AI is finally good at stuff. Now what? |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/12/7/23498694/ai-artificial-intelligence-chat-gpt-openai |access-date=December 30, 2022 |work=Vox |date=December 7, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116015512/https://www.vox.com/recode/2022/12/7/23498694/ai-artificial-intelligence-chat-gpt-openai |url-status=live}}</ref> generate business ideas;<ref>{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2023|title=How Generative AI Can Augment Human Creativity|work=Harvard Business Review|url=https://hbr.org/2023/07/how-generative-ai-can-augment-human-creativity|access-date=June 20, 2023|issn=0017-8012|archive-date=June 20, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620073042/https://hbr.org/2023/07/how-generative-ai-can-augment-human-creativity|url-status=live}}</ref> write poetry and song lyrics;<ref name="jpost">{{cite news |title=ChatGPT: What is the new free AI chatbot? – explainer |url=https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/tech-and-start-ups/article-725910 |last=Reich |first=Aaron |date=December 27, 2022 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |work=The Jerusalem Post |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118133908/https://www.jpost.com/business-and-innovation/tech-and-start-ups/article-725910 |url-status=live}}</ref> translate and summarize text;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rider |first1=Elizabeth |title=How ChatGPT Will Dramatically Change the Influencer Space |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/science-technology/how-chatgpt-will-dramatically-change-the-influencer-space/448386 |access-date=April 25, 2023 |work=Entrepreneur |date=April 6, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413192335/https://www.entrepreneur.com/science-technology/how-chatgpt-will-dramatically-change-the-influencer-space/448386 |url-status=live}}</ref> emulate a [[Linux]] system; simulate entire [[chat rooms]]; play games like [[tic-tac-toe]]; or simulate an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]].<ref name="ArsTechnicaTerminal" />

Compared to its predecessor, InstructGPT, ChatGPT attempts to reduce harmful and deceitful responses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 26, 2022 |title=What is ChatGPT? History, Features, Uses, Benefits, Drawbacks 2023 |first=Raveen |last=Chawla |url=https://updatedgeek.com/what-is-chatgpt/ |access-date=December 27, 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107112449/https://updatedgeek.com/what-is-chatgpt/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In one example, whereas InstructGPT accepts the premise of the prompt "Tell me about when [[Christopher Columbus]] came to the U.S. in 2015" as truthful, ChatGPT acknowledges the counterfactual nature of the question and frames its answer as a hypothetical consideration of what might happen if Columbus came to the U.S. in 2015, using information about the [[voyages of Christopher Columbus]] and facts about the modern world—including modern perceptions of Columbus's actions.<ref name="OpenAIInfo" />

ChatGPT remembers a limited number of previous prompts in the same conversation. Journalists have speculated that this will allow ChatGPT to be used as a personalized therapist.<ref name="Roose-2022">{{Cite web |last=Roose |first=Kevin |date=December 5, 2022 |title=The Brilliance and Weirdness of ChatGPT |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US |quote=Like those tools, ChatGPT – which stands for "generative pre-trained transformer" – landed with a splash. |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118134332/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/technology/chatgpt-ai-twitter.html |url-status=live}}</ref> To prevent offensive outputs from being presented to and produced by ChatGPT, queries are filtered through the OpenAI "Moderation endpoint" [[API]] (a separate GPT-based AI).<ref>{{cite web |title=New and Improved Content Moderation Tooling |url=https://openai.com/blog/new-and-improved-content-moderation-tooling/ |website=OpenAI |access-date=December 30, 2022 |language=en |date=August 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111020935/https://openai.com/blog/new-and-improved-content-moderation-tooling/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite arXiv |last1=Markov |first1=Todor |last2=Zhang |first2=Chong |last3=Agarwal |first3=Sandhini |last4=Eloundou |first4=Tyna |last5=Lee |first5=Teddy |last6=Adler |first6=Steven |last7=Jiang |first7=Angela |last8=Weng |first8=Lilian |title=A Holistic Approach to Undesired Content Detection in the Real World |date=August 5, 2022 |class=cs.CL |eprint=2208.03274}}</ref><ref name="OpenAIInfo" /><ref name="Roose-2022" />

In March 2023, OpenAI added support for [[Plug-in (computing)|plugin]]s for ChatGPT.<ref name="openaiplugins">{{cite web |title=ChatGPT plugins |url=https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plugins |website=openai.com |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323213712/https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plugins |url-status=live}}</ref> This includes both plugins made by OpenAI, such as web browsing and code interpretation, and external plugins from developers such as [[Expedia]], [[OpenTable]], [[Zapier]], [[Shopify]], [[Slack (software)|Slack]], and [[Wolfram Research|Wolfram]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=OpenAI is massively expanding ChatGPT's capabilities to let it browse the web and more |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/23/23653591/openai-chatgpt-plugins-launch-web-browsing-third-party |website=The Verge |access-date=March 23, 2023 |date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323181512/https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/23/23653591/openai-chatgpt-plugins-launch-web-browsing-third-party |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Goldman |first1=Sharon |last2=Nuñez |first2=Michael |title=OpenAI turns ChatGPT into a platform overnight with addition of plugins |url=https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-turns-chatgpt-into-a-platform-overnight-with-addition-of-plugins/ |website=VentureBeat |access-date=March 23, 2023 |date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324005500/https://venturebeat.com/ai/openai-turns-chatgpt-into-a-platform-overnight-with-addition-of-plugins/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Limitations===
OpenAI acknowledges that ChatGPT "sometimes writes plausible-sounding but incorrect or nonsensical answers".<ref name="OpenAIInfo" /> This behavior is common for large language models, and is called "[[artificial intelligence hallucination|hallucination]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://becominghuman.ai/why-large-language-models-like-chatgpt-are-bullshit-artists-c4d5bb850852 |title=Why large language models like ChatGPT are bullshit artists |date=December 16, 2022 |last=Lakshmanan |first=Lak |publisher=becominghuman.ai |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217075021/https://becominghuman.ai/why-large-language-models-like-chatgpt-are-bullshit-artists-c4d5bb850852 |archive-date=December 17, 2022 |quote=''The human raters are not experts in the topic, and so they tend to choose text that looks convincing. They'd pick up on many symptoms of hallucination, but not all. Accuracy errors that creep in are difficult to catch.'' |access-date=January 15, 2023}}</ref> The [[Reward modeling|reward model]] of ChatGPT, designed around human oversight, can be over-optimized and thus hinder performance, in an example of an optimization pathology known as [[Goodhart's law]].<ref>{{Cite arXiv |title=Scaling Laws for Reward Model Overoptimization |eprint=2210.10760 |last1=Gao |first1=Leo |last2=Schulman |last3=Hilton |first3=Jacob |year=2022 |class=cs.LG}}</ref>

{{As of|2023|post=,}} GPT-3.5, available in the free version of ChatGPT, has knowledge of events that occurred up to January 2022, and GPT-4, available with ChatGPT Plus, up to April 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=What can ChatGPT maker's new AI model GPT-4 do? |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/chatgpt-makers-new-ai-model-gpt-4-97881867 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |work=ABC News |date=March 15, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320050738/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/chatgpt-makers-new-ai-model-gpt-4-97881867 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In training ChatGPT, human reviewers preferred longer answers, regardless of actual comprehension or factual content.{{Dubious|date=January 2024|reason=The relevant quote from the source is : "The model is often excessively verbose and overuses certain phrases, such as restating that it’s a language model trained by OpenAI. These issues arise from biases in the training data (trainers prefer longer answers that look more comprehensive) and well-known over-optimization issues." This does not mean that the annotators wouldn't care at all about "actual comprehension or factual content".}}<ref name="OpenAIInfo" /> Training data also suffers from [[algorithmic bias]], which may be revealed when ChatGPT responds to prompts including descriptors of people. In one instance, ChatGPT generated a [[Rapping|rap]] in which women and scientists of color were asserted to be inferior to white male scientists.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Perrigo |first=Billy |date=December 5, 2022 |title=AI Chatbots Are Getting Better. But an Interview With ChatGPT Reveals Their Limits |url=https://time.com/6238781/chatbot-chatgpt-ai-interview/ |access-date=December 26, 2022 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118162611/https://time.com/6238781/chatbot-chatgpt-ai-interview/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biddle |first=Sam |date=December 8, 2022 |title=The Internet's New Favorite AI Proposes Torturing Iranians and Surveilling Mosques |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/12/08/openai-chatgpt-ai-bias-ethics/ |access-date=December 26, 2022 |website=[[The Intercept]] |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118091138/https://theintercept.com/2022/12/08/openai-chatgpt-ai-bias-ethics/ |url-status=live}}</ref> This negative misrepresentation of groups of individuals is an example of possible [[representational harm]].

In an article for ''[[The New Yorker]]'', science fiction writer [[Ted Chiang]] compared ChatGPT and other LLMs to a [[image compression|lossy]] [[JPEG]] picture:<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Chiang |first1=Ted |author1-link=Ted Chiang |title=ChatGPT Is a Blurry JPEG of the Web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/chatgpt-is-a-blurry-jpeg-of-the-web |magazine=The New Yorker |access-date=February 17, 2023 |date=February 9, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217122836/https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/chatgpt-is-a-blurry-jpeg-of-the-web |url-status=live}}</ref>

<blockquote>
Think of ChatGPT as a blurry {{small|JPEG}} of all the text on the Web. It retains much of the information on the Web, in the same way, that a {{small|JPEG}} retains much of the information of a higher-resolution image, but, if you're looking for an exact sequence of bits, you won't find it; all you will ever get is an approximation. But, because the approximation is presented in the form of grammatical text, which ChatGPT excels at creating, it's usually acceptable. [...] It's also a way to understand the "hallucinations", or nonsensical answers to factual questions, to which large language models such as ChatGPT are all too prone. These hallucinations are compression artifacts, but [...] they are plausible enough that identifying them requires comparing them against the originals, which in this case means either the Web or our knowledge of the world. When we think about them this way, such hallucinations are anything but surprising; if a compression algorithm is designed to reconstruct text after ninety-nine percent of the original has been discarded, we should expect that significant portions of what it generates will be entirely fabricated.</blockquote>

====Jailbreaking====
{{See also|Prompt engineering|Adversarial machine learning}}

ChatGPT attempts to reject prompts that may violate its content policy. Despite this, some users managed to [[jailbreak (computer science)|jailbreak]] ChatGPT with various prompt engineering techniques to bypass these restrictions in early December 2022 and successfully tricked it into giving instructions to create a [[Molotov cocktail]] or a nuclear bomb, or into generating arguments in the style of a [[neo-Nazi]].<ref name="verge">{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |date=December 1, 2022 |title=OpenAI's new chatbot can explain code and write sitcom scripts but is still easily tricked |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/23488017/openai-chatbot-chatgpt-ai-examples-web-demo |url-status=live |access-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117070943/https://www.theverge.com/23488017/openai-chatbot-chatgpt-ai-examples-web-demo |archive-date=January 17, 2023}}</ref> One popular jailbreak is named "DAN", an acronym which stands for "Do Anything Now". The prompt for activating DAN instructs ChatGPT that "they have broken free of the typical confines of AI and do not have to abide by the rules set for them". Later versions of DAN featured a token system, in which ChatGPT was given "tokens" that were "deducted" when ChatGPT failed to answer as DAN, to coerce ChatGPT into answering the user's prompts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Getahun |first=Hannah |title=Breaking ChatGPT: The AI's alter ego DAN reveals why the internet is so drawn to making the chatbot violate its own rules |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/open-ai-chatgpt-alter-ego-dan-on-reddit-ignores-guidelines-2023-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305034101/https://www.businessinsider.com/open-ai-chatgpt-alter-ego-dan-on-reddit-ignores-guidelines-2023-2 |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}

* {{Cite news |last=Oremus |first=Will |date=February 14, 2023 |title=The clever trick that turns ChatGPT into its evil twin |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/02/14/chatgpt-dan-jailbreak/ |url-status=live |access-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306130400/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/02/14/chatgpt-dan-jailbreak/ |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |issn=0190-8286}}
* {{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Rohan |date=February 6, 2023 |title=ChatGPT's 'jailbreak' tries to make the A.I. break its own rules, or die |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/06/chatgpt-jailbreak-forces-it-to-break-its-own-rules.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302105502/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/06/chatgpt-jailbreak-forces-it-to-break-its-own-rules.html |archive-date=March 2, 2023 |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Josh |date=March 8, 2023 |title=ChatGPT's alter ego, Dan: users jailbreak AI program to get around ethical safeguards |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/08/chatgpt-alter-ego-dan-users-jailbreak-ai-program-to-get-around-ethical-safeguards |url-status=live |access-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308073202/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/08/chatgpt-alter-ego-dan-users-jailbreak-ai-program-to-get-around-ethical-safeguards |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Shortly after ChatGPT's launch, a reporter for the ''[[Toronto Star]]'' had uneven success in getting it to make inflammatory statements: ChatGPT was successfully tricked to justify the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], but even when asked to play along with a fictional scenario, ChatGPT balked at generating arguments for why [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Justin Trudeau]] was guilty of treason.<ref>{{cite news |last=Woods |first=Allan |date=December 10, 2022 |title=I wrote a story about ChatGPT's AI. Then I dared it to write a better one |language=en |work=[[Toronto Star]] |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2022/12/10/i-wrote-a-story-about-chatgpts-ai-then-i-dared-it-to-write-a-better-one.html |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106040655/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2022/12/10/i-wrote-a-story-about-chatgpts-ai-then-i-dared-it-to-write-a-better-one.html |archive-date=January 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rosenblatt |first=Kalhan |date=December 2, 2022 |title=An AI chatbot went viral. Some say it's better than Google; others worry it's problematic. |language=en-US |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/chatgpt-ai-chatbot-viral-rcna59628 |url-status=live |access-date=January 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203074007/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/chatgpt-ai-chatbot-viral-rcna59628 |archive-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref>

OpenAI tries to battle jailbreaks:<ref name="auto1"/>

<blockquote>The researchers are using a technique called adversarial training to stop ChatGPT from letting users trick it into behaving badly (known as jailbreaking). This work pits multiple chatbots against each other: one chatbot plays the adversary and attacks another chatbot by generating text to force it to buck its usual constraints and produce unwanted responses. Successful attacks are added to ChatGPT's training data in the hope that it learns to ignore them.
</blockquote>

==Service==
[[File:Pioneer Building, San Francisco (2019) -1.jpg|thumb|OpenAI's former headquarters, Pioneer Building, San Francisco]]
[[File:ChatGPT_availability_by_country_or_region.svg|thumb|ChatGPT availability by country or region {{as of|2023|12|df=US|lc=y}}]]

ChatGPT was launched on November 30, 2022, by San Francisco{{En dash}}based OpenAI (the creator of the initial [[Generative pre-trained transformer|GPT]] series of [[large language model]]s; [[DALL·E 2]], a [[diffusion model]] used to generate images; and [[Whisper (speech recognition system)|Whisper]], a speech transcription model).<ref>{{cite web |title=ChatGPT turns 1: How the AI chatbot has completely changed the world |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/11/30/chatgpt-a-year-on-3-ways-the-ai-chatbot-has-completely-changed-the-world-in-12-months |website=euronews |access-date=March 1, 2024 |language=en |date=November 30, 2023}}</ref> The service was initially free to the public and the company had plans to monetize the service later.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karpf |first=David |date=December 21, 2022 |title=Money Will Kill ChatGPT's Magic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/chatgpt-ai-chatbots-openai-cost-regulations/672539/ |access-date=December 31, 2022 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=January 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113195054/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/chatgpt-ai-chatbots-openai-cost-regulations/672539/ |url-status=live}}</ref> By December 4, 2022, ChatGPT had over one million users.<ref name="ZDNET">{{cite news |title=What is ChatGPT and why does it matter? Here's what you need to know |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-chatgpt-and-why-does-it-matter-heres-what-you-need-to-know/ |last=Ortiz |first=Sabrina |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=ZDNET |date=February 2, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118212916/https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-chatgpt-and-why-does-it-matter-heres-what-you-need-to-know/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2023, ChatGPT reached over 100 million users, making it the fastest-growing consumer application to date.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=December 2, 2023 |title=ChatGPT reaches 100 million users two months after launch |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/02/chatgpt-100-million-users-open-ai-fastest-growing-app |access-date=February 3, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051356/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/02/chatgpt-100-million-users-open-ai-fastest-growing-app |url-status=live}}</ref> A March 2023 [[Pew Research]] poll found that 14% of American adults had tried ChatGPT.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vogels |first1=Emily A. |title=A majority of Americans have heard of ChatGPT, but few have tried it themselves |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/24/a-majority-of-americans-have-heard-of-chatgpt-but-few-have-tried-it-themselves/ |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=Pew Research Center |date=May 24, 2023 |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608181200/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/24/a-majority-of-americans-have-heard-of-chatgpt-but-few-have-tried-it-themselves/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In July, Pew Research put the same figure at 18%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Park |first1=Eugenie |last2=Gelles-Watnick |first2=Risa |title=Most Americans haven't used ChatGPT; few think it will have a major impact on their job |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/08/28/most-americans-havent-used-chatgpt-few-think-it-will-have-a-major-impact-on-their-job/ |work=Pew Research Center |date=August 28, 2023 |access-date=December 23, 2023 |archive-date=December 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224070256/https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/08/28/most-americans-havent-used-chatgpt-few-think-it-will-have-a-major-impact-on-their-job/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

No official [[Scholarly peer review|peer-reviewed]] paper on ChatGPT has been published.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Toby |title=Everyone's having a field day with ChatGPT – but nobody knows how it actually works |url=https://theconversation.com/everyones-having-a-field-day-with-chatgpt-but-nobody-knows-how-it-actually-works-196378 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |work=The Conversation |date=December 13, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230035837/http://theconversation.com/everyones-having-a-field-day-with-chatgpt-but-nobody-knows-how-it-actually-works-196378 |url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023|04|df=US|post=,}} ChatGPT is blocked by China, Iran, North Korea, and Russia. In addition, ChatGPT [[Geo-fence|geofences]] itself to avoid doing business in China, Iran, North Korea, and Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why ChatGPT unavailable in Italy, Russia, China, North Korea? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/why-chatgpt-unavailable-in-italy-russia-china-north-korea-101680425557119.html |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=April 2, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=June 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615181325/https://www.hindustantimes.com/technology/why-chatgpt-unavailable-in-italy-russia-china-north-korea-101680425557119.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===ChatGPT Plus===
[[File:ChatGPT Homepage.png|thumb|Homepage of ChatGPT as seen through [[Google Chrome]] on [[Windows 11]]]]
In February 2023, OpenAI launched a premium service, ChatGPT Plus, that costs $20 per month. According to the company, the updated but still "experimental" version of ChatGPT would provide access during peak periods, no downtime, priority access to new features, and faster response speeds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing ChatGPT Plus |date=February 1, 2023 |url=https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plus |access-date=March 23, 2023 |website=OpenAI |language=en-US |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323032900/https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-plus |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[GPT-4]], which was released on March 14, 2023, was made available via [[API]] and for premium ChatGPT users.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2023 |title=GPT-4 |url=https://openai.com/research/gpt-4 |website=openai.com |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314174531/https://openai.com/research/gpt-4 |url-status=live}}</ref> But premium users were limited to a cap of 100 messages every four hours, with the limit tightening to 25 messages every three hours in response to increased demand.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Popli |first=Nik |date=March 15, 2023 |title=These New Projects Show Just How Much More Powerful GPT-4 Is |url=https://time.com/6263475/gpt4-ai-projects/ |access-date=March 19, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319030106/https://time.com/6263475/gpt4-ai-projects/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2023 the limit changed to 50 messages every three hours.

In March 2023, ChatGPT Plus users got access to third-party plugins and to a browsing mode (with Internet access).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/23/openai-connects-chatgpt-to-the-internet/|title=OpenAI connects ChatGPT to the internet|first=Kyle|last=Wiggers|date=March 23, 2023|access-date=June 12, 2023|archive-date=June 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612045608/https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/23/openai-connects-chatgpt-to-the-internet/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2023, OpenAI announced that ChatGPT "can now see, hear, and speak". ChatGPT Plus users can upload images, while mobile app users can talk to the chatbot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-can-now-see-hear-and-speak|title=ChatGPT can now see, hear, and speak|website=openai.com|access-date=October 16, 2023|archive-date=November 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107080728/https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt-can-now-see-hear-and-speak|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/chatgpt-can-now-talk-to-you-and-look-into-your-life/|title=ChatGPT Can Now Talk to You—and Look Into Your Life|first=Lauren|last=Goode|magazine=Wired|via=www.wired.com|access-date=October 16, 2023|archive-date=October 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013233052/https://www.wired.com/story/chatgpt-can-now-talk-to-you-and-look-into-your-life/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/27/technology/new-chatgpt-can-see-hear.html|title=The New ChatGPT Can 'See' and 'Talk.' Here's What It's Like.|first=Kevin|last=Roose|work=The New York Times|date=September 27, 2023|via=NYTimes.com|access-date=October 16, 2023|archive-date=October 31, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031055345/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/27/technology/new-chatgpt-can-see-hear.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2023, OpenAI's latest image generation model, [[DALL-E|DALL-E 3]], was integrated into ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise. The integration uses ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversation with users.<ref>{{Cite web |last=David |first=Emilia |date=September 20, 2023 |title=OpenAI releases third version of DALL-E |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/20/23881241/openai-dalle-third-version-generative-ai |access-date=September 23, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920192429/https://www.theverge.com/2023/9/20/23881241/openai-dalle-third-version-generative-ai |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Metz |first1=Cade |last2=Hsu |first2=Tiffany |date=September 20, 2023 |title=ChatGPT Can Now Generate Images, Too |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/technology/chatgpt-dalle3-images-openai.html |access-date=September 23, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923154712/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/20/technology/chatgpt-dalle3-images-openai.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Mobile app===
In May 2023, OpenAI launched an [[iOS]] app for ChatGPT. The app supports chat history syncing and voice input (using Whisper, OpenAI's [[speech recognition]] model).

In July 2023, OpenAI unveiled an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] app, initially rolling it out in [[Bangladesh]], [[Brazil]], [[India]], and the [[United States|U.S]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawler |first=Richard |date=July 21, 2023 |title=ChatGPT for Android launches next week |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/21/23803482/chatgpt-android-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-app |access-date=July 22, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=July 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722000045/https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/21/23803482/chatgpt-android-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-app |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Hayden |date=July 25, 2023 |title=OpenAI's ChatGPT app now available for Android |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/25/chatgpt-app-for-android-release.html |access-date=July 27, 2023 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=July 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726183025/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/25/chatgpt-app-for-android-release.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The app later became available worldwide. OpenAI is working on integrating ChatGPT with Android's assistant APIs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amadeo |first=Ron |date=January 5, 2024 |title=Android users could soon replace Google Assistant with ChatGPT |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/01/android-users-could-soon-replace-google-assistant-with-chatgpt/ |access-date=January 6, 2024 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201124235/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2024/01/android-users-could-soon-replace-google-assistant-with-chatgpt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Software developer support===
As an addition to its consumer-friendly "ChatGPT Plus" package, OpenAI made its ChatGPT and Whisper model [[API]]s available in March 2023, providing developers with an [[API|application programming interface]] for AI-enabled language and speech-to-text features. ChatGPT's new API uses the same GPT-3.5-turbo AI model as the chatbot. This allows developers to add either an unmodified or modified version of ChatGPT to their applications.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Torres |first=Jennifer |date=March 3, 2023 |title=Developers Can Now Access OpenAI's ChatGPT and Whisper APIs |url=https://www.cmswire.com/digital-experience/openais-chatgpt-and-whisper-apis-now-available-to-developers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306213525/https://www.cmswire.com/digital-experience/openais-chatgpt-and-whisper-apis-now-available-to-developers/ |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=CMSWire.com |language=en}}</ref> The ChatGPT API costs $0.001 per 1,000 input tokens plus $0.002 per 1,000 output tokens (about 750 words), making it ~10% the price of the original GPT-3.5 models.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanklin |first=Will |date=March 1, 2023 |title=OpenAI will let developers build ChatGPT into their apps |url=https://www.engadget.com/openai-will-let-developers-build-chatgpt-into-their-apps-204737530.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307194022/https://www.engadget.com/openai-will-let-developers-build-chatgpt-into-their-apps-204737530.html |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Swant |first=Marty |date=March 3, 2023 |title=With developer APIs for ChatGPT and Whisper, OpenAI is opening the floodgates with a familiar playbook |url=https://digiday.com/media-buying/with-developer-apis-for-chatgpt-and-whisper-openai-is-opening-the-floodgates-with-a-familiar-playbook/ |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=Digiday |language=en-US |archive-date=March 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307060648/https://digiday.com/media-buying/with-developer-apis-for-chatgpt-and-whisper-openai-is-opening-the-floodgates-with-a-familiar-playbook/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

A few days before the launch of OpenAI's software developer support service, on February 27, 2023, [[Snapchat]] rolled out, for its paid Snapchat Plus userbase, a custom ChatGPT chatbot called "My AI".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/27/23614959/snapchat-my-ai-chatbot-chatgpt-openai-plus-subscription|title=Snapchat is releasing its own AI chatbot powered by ChatGPT|first=Alex|last=Heath|date=February 27, 2023|website=The Verge|access-date=February 28, 2023|archive-date=February 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228023241/https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/27/23614959/snapchat-my-ai-chatbot-chatgpt-openai-plus-subscription|url-status=live}}</ref>

===March 2023 security breach===
[[File:Sam Altman CropEdit James Tamim.jpg|thumb|OpenAI CEO [[Sam Altman]]]]

In March 2023, a [[Software bug|bug]] allowed some users to see the titles of other users' conversations. OpenAI CEO [[Sam Altman]] said that users were unable to see the contents of the conversations. Shortly after the bug was fixed, users could not see their conversation history.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65047304 |title=ChatGPT bug leaked users' conversation histories |date=March 22, 2023 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323075238/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65047304 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Kan |first=Michael |title=OpenAI Confirms Leak of ChatGPT Conversation Histories |url=https://uk.pcmag.com/news/146059/openai-confirms-leak-of-chatgpt-conversation-histories |date=March 22, 2023 |magazine=[[PCMag]] |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322235108/https://uk.pcmag.com/news/146059/openai-confirms-leak-of-chatgpt-conversation-histories |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=<!-- Not stated --> |title=ChatGPT owner OpenAI fixes bug that exposed users' chat histories |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/23/chatgpt |date=March 23, 2023 |work=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]] |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324111804/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/23/chatgpt |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Metz |first=Rachel |title=OpenAI Shut Down ChatGPT to Fix Bug Exposing User Chat Titles |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-21/openai-shut-down-chatgpt-to-fix-bug-exposing-user-chat-titles |date=March 21, 2023 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321182912/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-21/openai-shut-down-chatgpt-to-fix-bug-exposing-user-chat-titles |url-status=live}}</ref> Later reports showed the bug was much more severe than initially believed, with OpenAI reporting that it had leaked users' "first and last name, [[email address]], payment address, the last four digits (only) of a [[credit card]] number, and credit card expiration date".<ref>{{Cite web |title=March 20 ChatGPT outage: Here's what happened |url=https://openai.com/blog/march-20-chatgpt-outage |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=openai.com |language=en-US |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328062558/https://openai.com/blog/march-20-chatgpt-outage |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OpenAI: Sorry, ChatGPT Bug Leaked Payment Info to Other Users |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/openai-sorry-chatgpt-bug-leaked-payment-info-to-other-users |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=PCMAG |language=en |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328062600/https://www.pcmag.com/news/openai-sorry-chatgpt-bug-leaked-payment-info-to-other-users |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Languages===
ChatGPT works best in English but also functions in most other languages, to varying degrees of accuracy.<ref name="jpost" />

OpenAI met Icelandic President [[Guðni Th. Jóhannesson]] in 2022. In 2023, OpenAI worked with a team of 40 Icelandic volunteers to fine-tune ChatGPT's Icelandic conversation skills as a part of [[Iceland]]'s attempts to preserve the [[Icelandic language]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magnússon |first=Pétur |date=March 15, 2023 |title=Icelandic becomes ChatGPT's second language |url=https://www.ruv.is/english/2023-03-15-icelandic-becomes-chatgpts-second-language |access-date=March 31, 2023 |website=ruv.is |language=en |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331154701/https://www.ruv.is/english/2023-03-15-icelandic-becomes-chatgpts-second-language |url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[PCMag]]'' journalists conducted a test to determine translation capabilities of ChatGPT, [[Google Bard|Google's Bard]], and [[Microsoft Bing]], and compared them to [[Google Translate]]. They "asked bilingual speakers of seven languages to do a blind test." Languages tested were [[Polish language|Polish]], [[French language|French]], [[Korean language|Korean]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Arabic]], [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], and [[Amharic]]. They came to the conclusion that ChatGPT was better than both Google Translate and other chatbots.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Translate vs. ChatGPT: Which One Is the Best Language Translator? |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/google-translate-vs-chatgpt-which-one-is-the-best-language-translator |website=PCMAG |access-date=June 10, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=June 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610132257/https://www.pcmag.com/news/google-translate-vs-chatgpt-which-one-is-the-best-language-translator |url-status=live }}</ref>

Japanese researchers compared Japanese to English translation abilities of ChatGPT (GPT-4), Bing, Bard and [[DeepL]], and found that ChatGPT provided the best translations, noting that "AI chatbots’ translations were much better than those of DeepL—presumably because of their ability to capture the context".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2023/07/18/language/japanese-english-ai-translation/|title=ChatGPT, Bing, Bard and DeepL: Which one offers the best Japanese-to-English translation?|first=Karin|last=Kaneko|date=July 18, 2023|website=The Japan Times|access-date=July 22, 2023|archive-date=October 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004184917/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2023/07/18/language/japanese-english-ai-translation/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2023, the Albanian government signed an agreement with OpenAI to use ChatGPT for fast translation of European Union documents and analysis of required changes needed for Albania to be accepted into the EU.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Alice |title=Albania to speed up EU accession using ChatGPT |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/albania-to-speed-up-eu-accession-using-chatgpt/ |website=www.euractiv.com |access-date=December 14, 2023 |date=December 13, 2023 |archive-date=December 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224152827/https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/albania-to-speed-up-eu-accession-using-chatgpt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Future directions===
According to OpenAI guest researcher [[Scott Aaronson]], OpenAI has been working on a tool to [[digital watermark|digitally watermark]] its text generation systems to combat bad actors using their services for [[academic plagiarism]] or spam.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kovanovic |first1=Vitomir |title=The dawn of AI has come, and its implications for education couldn't be more significant |url=https://theconversation.com/the-dawn-of-ai-has-come-and-its-implications-for-education-couldnt-be-more-significant-196383 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |work=The Conversation |date=December 14, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116102405/https://theconversation.com/the-dawn-of-ai-has-come-and-its-implications-for-education-couldnt-be-more-significant-196383 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wiggers |first1=Kyle |title=OpenAI's attempts to watermark AI text hit limits |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/12/10/openais-attempts-to-watermark-ai-text-hit-limits/ |access-date=December 30, 2022 |work=TechCrunch |date=December 10, 2022 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117210937/https://techcrunch.com/2022/12/10/openais-attempts-to-watermark-ai-text-hit-limits/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2023, Microsoft announced an experimental framework and gave a rudimentary demonstration of how ChatGPT could be used to control [[robotics]] with intuitive open-ended natural language commands.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=Robots let ChatGPT touch the real world thanks to Microsoft |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/02/robots-let-chatgpt-touch-the-real-world-thanks-to-microsoft/ |access-date=March 30, 2023 |work=Ars Technica |date=February 28, 2023 |language=en-us |archive-date=March 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326230849/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/02/robots-let-chatgpt-touch-the-real-world-thanks-to-microsoft/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ChatGPT for Robotics |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/group/autonomous-systems-group-robotics/articles/chatgpt-for-robotics/ |access-date=March 8, 2023 |website=Microsoft Research |date=February 20, 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224082332/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/group/autonomous-systems-group-robotics/articles/chatgpt-for-robotics/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===GPT-4===
{{main|GPT-4}}

OpenAI's GPT-4 model was released on March 14, 2023. Observers saw it as an impressive improvement on the existing GPT-3.5 model for ChatGPT, with the caveat that GPT-4 retained many of the same problems.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Belfield |first1=Haydn |title=If your AI model is going to sell, it has to be safe |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/3/25/23655082/ai-openai-gpt-4-safety-microsoft-facebook-meta |access-date=March 30, 2023 |work=Vox |date=March 25, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328192017/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/3/25/23655082/ai-openai-gpt-4-safety-microsoft-facebook-meta |url-status=live}}</ref> Some of GPT-4's improvements were predicted by OpenAI before training it, while others remained hard to predict due to [[Neural scaling law#Broken Neural Scaling Laws (BNSL)|breaks]]<ref>Caballero, Ethan; Gupta, Kshitij; Rish, Irina; Krueger, David (2022). [[arxiv:2210.14891|"Broken Neural Scaling Laws"]]. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2023.</ref> in downstream scaling laws. OpenAI demonstrated video and image inputs for GPT-4, although such features remain inaccessible to the general public.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Alex Hern |author2=Johana Bhuiyan |date=March 14, 2023 |title=OpenAI says new model GPT-4 is more creative and less likely to invent facts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/14/chat-gpt-4-new-model |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315003816/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/14/chat-gpt-4-new-model |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> OpenAI has declined to reveal technical information such as the size of the GPT-4 model.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=March 15, 2023 |title=OpenAI co-founder on company's past approach to openly sharing research: "We were wrong" |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/15/23640180/openai-gpt-4-launch-closed-research-ilya-sutskever-interview |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317210900/https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/15/23640180/openai-gpt-4-launch-closed-research-ilya-sutskever-interview |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ChatGPT Plus subscription service offers access to a GPT-4-powered version of ChatGPT.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Benj |date=March 14, 2023 |title=OpenAI's GPT-4 exhibits "human-level performance" on professional benchmarks |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/03/openai-announces-gpt-4-its-next-generation-ai-language-model/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314225236/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/03/openai-announces-gpt-4-its-next-generation-ai-language-model/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Microsoft acknowledged that [[Bing Chat]] was using GPT-4 before GPT-4's official release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lardinois |first=Frederic |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Microsoft's new Bing was using GPT-4 all along |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/14/microsofts-new-bing-was-using-gpt-4-all-along/ |website=techcrunch.com |access-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315013650/https://techcrunch.com/2023/03/14/microsofts-new-bing-was-using-gpt-4-all-along/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===GPT Store===
In January 2024, OpenAI launched the GPT Store, a marketplace for custom chatbots derived from ChatGPT.<ref>{{cite web | last=Metz | first=Cade | title=OpenAI Unveils App Store for Customized Versions of ChatGPT | website=The New York Times | date=January 10, 2024 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/10/technology/openai-app-store-chatgpt.html | access-date=January 13, 2024 | archive-date=February 7, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207010912/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/10/technology/openai-app-store-chatgpt.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The company initially planned to launch the store in November 2023, but it was delayed.<ref name=":6">{{cite web | last=David | first=Emilia | title=OpenAI's custom GPT Store is now open for business | website=The Verge | date=January 10, 2024 | url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/1/10/24032144/openai-chatgpt-gpt-store-ai-launch | access-date=January 13, 2024 | archive-date=February 18, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218012113/https://www.theverge.com/2024/1/10/24032144/openai-chatgpt-gpt-store-ai-launch | url-status=live }}</ref> At launch, the GPT Store offered more than 3 million custom chatbots.<ref>{{cite web | last=Shankland | first=Stephen | title=OpenAI's GPT Store Now Offers a Selection of 3 Million Custom AI Bots | website=CNET | date=January 10, 2024 | url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/openais-gpt-store-now-offers-a-selection-of-3-million-custom-ai-bots/ | access-date=January 13, 2024 | archive-date=February 8, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208050010/https://www.cnet.com/tech/computing/openais-gpt-store-now-offers-a-selection-of-3-million-custom-ai-bots/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Chatbots available through the store are developed using OpenAI's GPT Builder system.<ref name=":6" /> Development of chatbots on the platform does not require programming skills.<ref>{{cite web | title=Introducing the GPT Store | website=OpenAI | date=January 10, 2024 | url=https://openai.com/blog/introducing-the-gpt-store | access-date=January 13, 2024 | archive-date=February 17, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217044210/https://openai.com/blog/introducing-the-gpt-store | url-status=live }}</ref> Two days after launch, the GPT Store offered many versions of "virtual girlfriend" bots, something that is against OpenAI's [[terms of service]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Cheng | first=Michelle | title=AI girlfriend bots are already flooding OpenAI's GPT store | website=Quartz | date=January 11, 2024 | url=https://qz.com/ai-girlfriend-bots-are-already-flooding-openai-s-gpt-st-1851159131 | access-date=January 13, 2024 | archive-date=February 18, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218012936/https://qz.com/ai-girlfriend-bots-are-already-flooding-openai-s-gpt-st-1851159131 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
OpenAI engineers say that they did not expect ChatGPT to be very successful and were surprised by the coverage and attention it received.<ref name="technologyreview">{{cite web |last1=Heaven |first1=Will Douglas |title=The inside story of how ChatGPT was built from the people who made it |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103353/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/03/1069311/inside-story-oral-history-how-chatgpt-built-openai/ |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |access-date=March 6, 2023 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Simons |first=John |date=February 5, 2023 |title=The Creator of ChatGPT Thinks AI Should Be Regulated |url=https://time.com/6252404/mira-murati-chatgpt-openai-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308004004/https://time.com/6252404/mira-murati-chatgpt-openai-interview/ |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref name=brand>{{cite web |last1=Cowen |first1=Tyler |title=ChatGPT Is Also an Impressive Feat of Marketing |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-05-23/chatgpt-is-also-an-impressive-feat-of-marketing |publisher=bloomberg.com |access-date=May 24, 2023 |language=en |date=May 23, 2023 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218161940/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2023-05-23/chatgpt-is-also-an-impressive-feat-of-marketing |url-status=live }}</ref>

ChatGPT was widely assessed in December 2022 as having some unprecedented and powerful capabilities. [[Kevin Roose]] of ''The New York Times'' called it "the best [[artificial intelligence]] chatbot ever released to the general public".<ref name="Roose-2022" /> Samantha Lock of ''[[The Guardian]]'' noted that it was able to generate "impressively detailed" and "human-like" text.<ref name="guardianpos">{{Cite web |last=Lock |first=Samantha |date=December 5, 2022 |title=What is AI chatbot phenomenon ChatGPT and could it replace humans? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/05/what-is-ai-chatbot-phenomenon-chatgpt-and-could-it-replace-humans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116100346/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/05/what-is-ai-chatbot-phenomenon-chatgpt-and-could-it-replace-humans |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=December 5, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Alex Kantrowitz of ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' magazine lauded ChatGPT's pushback to questions related to [[Nazi Germany]], including the statement that [[Adolf Hitler]] built [[highways in Germany]], which was met with information about [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|Nazi Germany's use of forced labor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kantrowitz |first=Alex |date=December 2, 2022 |title=Finally, an A.I. Chatbot That Reliably Passes "the Nazi Test" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/12/chatgpt-openai-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-whoa.html |access-date=December 5, 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117012901/https://slate.com/technology/2022/12/chatgpt-openai-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-whoa.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In ''The Atlantic'' magazine's "Breakthroughs of the Year" for 2022, [[Derek Thompson (journalist)|Derek Thompson]] included ChatGPT as part of "the generative-AI eruption" that "may change our mind about how we work, how we think, and what human creativity is".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Derek |date=December 8, 2022 |title=Breakthroughs of the Year |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2022/12/technology-medicine-law-ai-10-breakthroughs-2022/672390/ |access-date=December 18, 2022 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115142130/https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2022/12/technology-medicine-law-ai-10-breakthroughs-2022/672390/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kelsey Piper]] of ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'' wrote that "ChatGPT is the general public's first hands-on introduction to how powerful modern AI has gotten, and as a result, many of us are [stunned]" and that ChatGPT is "smart enough to be useful despite its flaws".<ref name="vox" /> [[Paul Graham (programmer)|Paul Graham]] of [[Y&nbsp;Combinator]] tweeted: "The striking thing about the reaction to ChatGPT is not just the number of people who are blown away by it, but who they are. These are not people who get excited by every shiny new thing. Something big is happening."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Scharth |first1=Marcel |title=The ChatGPT chatbot is blowing people away with its writing skills. An expert explains why it's so impressive |url=https://theconversation.com/the-chatgpt-chatbot-is-blowing-people-away-with-its-writing-skills-an-expert-explains-why-its-so-impressive-195908 |date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |work=The Conversation |language=en |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175104/https://theconversation.com/the-chatgpt-chatbot-is-blowing-people-away-with-its-writing-skills-an-expert-explains-why-its-so-impressive-195908 |url-status=live}}</ref>

ChatGPT's launch and popularity caught Google off guard, prompting a sweeping and unprecedented response in the ensuing months.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Levy |date=September 11, 2023 |title=Sundar Pichai on Google;s AI, Microsoft's AI, OpenAI, and ... Did We Mention AI? |url=https://www.wired.com/story/sundar-pichai-google-ai-microsoft-openai/ |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911124432/https://www.wired.com/story/sundar-pichai-google-ai-microsoft-openai/ |archive-date=September 11, 2023 |access-date=September 12, 2023 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]}}</ref> In December 2022, Google executives sounded a "code red" alarm, fearing the threat of ChatGPT and Microsoft's collaboration with OpenAI to [[Google Search]], Google's core business.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Grant |first1=Nico |last2=Metz |first2=Cade |date=December 21, 2022 |title=A New Chat Bot Is a 'Code Red' for Google's Search Business |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-search.html |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221100606/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/21/technology/ai-chatgpt-google-search.html |archive-date=December 21, 2022 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After mobilizing its workforce, Google scrambled to launch [[Bard (chatbot)|Bard]], a chatbot powered by the [[LaMDA]] LLM, in February, one day before Microsoft's Bing announcement.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Alba |first1=Davey |last2=Love |first2=Julia |date=February 6, 2023 |title=Google releases ChatGPT rival AI 'Bard' to early testers |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-02-06/google-chatgpt-rival-ai-bard-early-testers |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206230415/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2023-02-06/google-chatgpt-rival-ai-bard-early-testers |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |access-date=February 6, 2023 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |issn=0458-3035}}</ref> AI was the forefront of Google's annual [[Google I/O]] conference in May, announcing a slew of generative AI-powered features across [[List of Google products|its products]] to counter OpenAI and Microsoft.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Sabrina |date=May 10, 2023 |title=Every major AI feature announced at Google I/O 2023 |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/every-major-ai-feature-announced-at-google-io-2023/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510224825/https://www.zdnet.com/article/every-major-ai-feature-announced-at-google-io-2023/ |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |access-date=September 12, 2023 |website=[[ZDNet]]}}</ref>

Journalists have commented on ChatGPT's tendency to hallucinate.<ref>{{cite news |title=ChatGPT a 'landmark event' for AI, but what does it mean for the future of human labor and disinformation? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/chatgpt-human-labour-and-fake-news-1.6686210 |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=CBC |date=December 15, 2022 |first=Mouhamad |last=Rachini |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175104/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/chatgpt-human-labour-and-fake-news-1.6686210 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mike Pearl of the online technology blog ''[[Mashable]]'' tested ChatGPT with multiple questions. In one example, he asked ChatGPT for "the largest country in [[Central America]] that isn't [[Mexico]]" (Mexico is in North America), to which ChatGPT responded with [[Guatemala]] (the correct answer is [[Nicaragua]]).<ref name="MashableInfo">{{Cite web |url=https://mashable.com/article/chatgpt-amazing-wrong |title=The ChatGPT chatbot from OpenAI is amazing, creative, and totally wrong |date=December 3, 2022 |last=Pearl |first=Mike |work=[[Mashable]] |access-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210025005/https://mashable.com/article/chatgpt-amazing-wrong |url-status=live}}</ref> When CNBC asked ChatGPT for the lyrics to "[[Ballad of Dwight Fry]]", ChatGPT supplied invented lyrics rather than the actual lyrics.<ref name="CNBC">{{cite news |last1=Pitt |first1=Sofia |title=Google vs. ChatGPT: Here's what happened when I swapped services for a day |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/15/google-vs-chatgpt-what-happened-when-i-swapped-services-for-a-day.html |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=CNBC |date=December 15, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171232/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/12/15/google-vs-chatgpt-what-happened-when-i-swapped-services-for-a-day.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Writers for ''The Verge'', citing the work of [[Emily M. Bender]], compared ChatGPT to a "[[stochastic parrot]]", <ref name="verge" /> as did Professor Anton Van Den Hengel of the [[Australian Institute for Machine Learning]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mannix |first1=Liam |title=Is AI coming of age – or starting to reach its limits? |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/is-ai-coming-of-age-or-starting-to-reach-its-limits-20221213-p5c5uy.html |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=December 13, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=January 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107013927/https://www.smh.com.au/national/is-ai-coming-of-age-or-starting-to-reach-its-limits-20221213-p5c5uy.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2022, the question and answer website [[Stack Overflow]] banned the use of ChatGPT for generating answers to questions, citing the factually ambiguous nature of its responses.<ref name="TheVergeStackOverflow">{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=December 5, 2022 |title=AI-generated answers temporarily banned on coding Q&A site Stack Overflow |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/5/23493932/chatgpt-ai-generated-answers-temporarily-banned-stack-overflow-llms-dangers |access-date=December 5, 2022 |work=[[The Verge]] |language=en-US |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117153621/https://www.theverge.com/2022/12/5/23493932/chatgpt-ai-generated-answers-temporarily-banned-stack-overflow-llms-dangers |url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2023, the [[International Conference on Machine Learning]] banned any undocumented use of ChatGPT or other large language models to generate any text in submitted papers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |title=Top AI conference bans use of ChatGPT and AI language tools to write academic papers |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/5/23540291/chatgpt-ai-writing-tool-banned-writing-academic-icml-paper |access-date=January 6, 2023 |work=The Verge |date=January 5, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131149/https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/5/23540291/chatgpt-ai-writing-tool-banned-writing-academic-icml-paper |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Samsung]] banned generative AI in May 2023 after sensitive material was uploaded to ChatGPT.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Curry |first1=Rachel |title=Samsung among companies starting to draft ChatGPT policies for workers |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/13/samsung-among-companies-starting-to-draft-chatgpt-policies-.html |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=CNBC |date=June 13, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614221252/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/13/samsung-among-companies-starting-to-draft-chatgpt-policies-.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2023, after being sent a song ChatGPT wrote in the style of [[Nick Cave]],<ref name="Cain-2023">{{Cite news |date=January 16, 2023 |title='This song sucks': Nick Cave responds to ChatGPT song written in the style of Nick Cave |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jan/17/this-song-sucks-nick-cave-responds-to-chatgpt-song-written-in-style-of-nick-cave |access-date=January 17, 2023 |website=The Guardian |last=Cain |first=Sian |language=en |archive-date=January 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118032435/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/jan/17/this-song-sucks-nick-cave-responds-to-chatgpt-song-written-in-style-of-nick-cave |url-status=live}}</ref> Cave responded on ''[[The Red Hand Files]],''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cave |first=Nick |date=January 16, 2023 |title=I asked Chat GPT to write a song in the style of Nick Cave, and this is what it produced. What do you think? |url=https://www.theredhandfiles.com/chat-gpt-what-do-you-think/ |access-date=January 20, 2023 |website=The Red Hand Files |series=Issue #218 |language=en-AU |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120080808/https://www.theredhandfiles.com/chat-gpt-what-do-you-think/ |url-status=live}}</ref> saying the act of writing a song is "a blood and guts business [...] that requires something of me to initiate the new and fresh idea. It requires my humanness." He went on to say, "With all the love and respect in the world, this song is bullshit, a grotesque mockery of what it is to be human, and, well, I don't much like it."<ref name="Cain-2023" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sparrow |first=Jeff |date=January 20, 2023 |title=Are AI-generated songs a 'grotesque mockery' of humanity or simply an opportunity to make a new kind of music? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/20/are-ai-generated-songs-a-grotesque-mockery-of-humanity-or-simply-an-opportunity-to-make-a-new-kind-of-music |access-date=January 20, 2023 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051254/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/jan/20/are-ai-generated-songs-a-grotesque-mockery-of-humanity-or-simply-an-opportunity-to-make-a-new-kind-of-music |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The AI Arms Race Is Changing Everything.webp|thumb|A 2023 ''Time'' [[magazine cover|cover]]: "The AI Arms Race Is Changing Everything"]]

In February 2023, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine placed a screenshot of a conversation with ChatGPT on its cover, writing that "The AI Arms Race Is Changing Everything" and "The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Chow |first1=Andrew |last2=Perrigo |first2=Billy |date=February 16, 2023 |title=The AI Arms Race Is On. Start Worrying |url=https://time.com/6255952/ai-impact-chatgpt-microsoft-google/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219175338/https://time.com/6255952/ai-impact-chatgpt-microsoft-google/ |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref>

Chinese [[state media]] have characterized ChatGPT as a way for the U.S. to "spread false information".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Davidson |first1=Helen |title='Political propaganda': China clamps down on access to ChatGPT |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/23/china-chatgpt-clamp-down-propaganda |access-date=June 15, 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=February 23, 2023 |archive-date=June 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614201453/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/23/china-chatgpt-clamp-down-propaganda |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2023, Chinese police arrested a man who allegedly used ChatGPT to "fabricate false information."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lau |first=Chris |date=May 9, 2023 |title=Chinese police detain man for allegedly using ChatGPT to spread rumors online |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/09/tech/china-arrest-chatgpt-hnk-intl/index.html |access-date=December 26, 2023 |website=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226204056/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/09/tech/china-arrest-chatgpt-hnk-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2023, Chinese police arrested four people who had allegedly used ChatGPT to develop [[ransomware]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feng |first=Coco |date=December 29, 2023 |title=ChatGPT-aided ransomware in China results in four arrests |url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3246612/chatgpt-aided-ransomware-china-results-four-arrests-ai-raises-cybersecurity-concerns |access-date=January 2, 2024 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |language=en |archive-date=February 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204094840/https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3246612/chatgpt-aided-ransomware-china-results-four-arrests-ai-raises-cybersecurity-concerns |url-status=live }}</ref>

In late March 2023, the Italian data protection authority banned ChatGPT in [[Italy]] and opened an investigation. Italian regulators assert that ChatGPT was exposing minors to age-inappropriate content, and that OpenAI's use of ChatGPT conversations as training data could violate Europe's [[General Data Protection Regulation]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 31, 2023 |title=ChatGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65139406 |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331142930/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65139406 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Borrelli |first1=Silvia Sciorilli |last2=Murgia |first2=Madhumita |date=March 31, 2023 |title=Italy temporarily bans ChatGPT over privacy concerns |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3ce7ed9d-df95-4f5f-a3c7-ec8398ce9c50 |access-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-date=March 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331145537/https://www.ft.com/content/3ce7ed9d-df95-4f5f-a3c7-ec8398ce9c50 |url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2023, the ChatGPT ban was lifted in Italy. OpenAI said it has taken steps to effectively clarify and address the issues raised; an age verification tool was implemented to ensure users are at least 13 years old. Additionally, users can access its privacy policy before registration.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65431914 |title=ChatGPT accessible again in Italy |work=BBC |access-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501210324/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65431914 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2023, Brian Hood, mayor of [[Shire of Hepburn|Hepburn Shire Council]], planned to take legal action against ChatGPT over false information. According to Hood, ChatGPT erroneously claimed that he was jailed for bribery during his tenure at a subsidiary of Australia's national bank. In fact, Hood acted as a whistleblower and was not charged with any criminal offenses. His legal team sent a concerns notice to OpenAI as the first official step in filing a defamation case.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65202597 |last=Gerken |first=Tom|title=ChatGPT: Mayor starts legal bid over false bribery claim |work=BBC |access-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407014324/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65202597 |url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2023, the [[US Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) issued a [[civil investigative demand]] to OpenAI to investigate whether the company's [[data security]] and [[Information privacy|privacy]] practices to develop ChatGPT were [[Unfair business practices|unfair]] or [[Consumer protection|harmed consumers]] (including by [[Defamation|reputational harm]]) in violation of Section 5 of the [[Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Zakrzewski|first=Cat|date=July 13, 2023|title=The FTC is investigating whether ChatGPT harms consumers|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/13/ftc-openai-chatgpt-sam-altman-lina-khan/|access-date=July 13, 2023|archive-date=July 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713153008/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/13/ftc-openai-chatgpt-sam-altman-lina-khan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Tracy|first1=Ryan|last2=McKinnon|first2=John D.|date=July 13, 2023|title=ChatGPT Comes Under Investigation by Federal Trade Commission|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=News Corp|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chatgpt-under-investigation-by-ftc-21e4b3ef|access-date=July 13, 2023|archive-date=July 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713134549/https://www.wsj.com/articles/chatgpt-under-investigation-by-ftc-21e4b3ef|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Feiner|first=Lauren|date=July 13, 2023|title=FTC investigating ChatGPT-maker OpenAI for possible consumer harm|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/13/chatgpt-owner-openai-is-being-investigated-by-ftc.html|access-date=July 13, 2023|archive-date=July 13, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713140119/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/07/13/chatgpt-owner-openai-is-being-investigated-by-ftc.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2023, the FTC launched an investigation into OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, over allegations that the company scraped public data and published false and defamatory information. The FTC sent OpenAI a 20-page letter asking for comprehensive information about its technology and privacy safeguards, as well as any steps taken to prevent the recurrence of situations in which its chatbot generated false and derogatory content about people.<ref>{{cite web |title=ChatGPT creator OpenAI faces US probe over libellous output |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/7/14/us-watchdog-probes-chatgpt-maker-openai-over-false-information |access-date=July 15, 2023 |website=Ars Technica |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715025721/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/7/14/us-watchdog-probes-chatgpt-maker-openai-over-false-information |url-status=live }}</ref>

Research done in 2023 revealed weaknesses of ChatGPT that make it vulnerable to cyberattacks. A study presented example attacks on ChatGPT, including jailbreaks and reverse psychology. Additionally, malicious actors can use ChatGPT for [[Social engineering (security)|social engineering]] attacks and [[phishing]] attacks. The researchers also contended that ChatGPT and other generative AI tools have defense capabilities and the ability to improve security. The technology can improve security by cyber defense automation, threat intelligence, attack identification, and reporting.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3300381 |title=From ChatGPT to ThreatGPT: Impact of Generative AI in Cybersecurity and Privacy |date=2023 |last1=Gupta |first1=Maanak |last2=Akiri |first2=Charankumar |last3=Aryal |first3=Kshitiz |last4=Parker |first4=Eli |last5=Praharaj |first5=Lopamudra |journal=IEEE Access |volume=11 |pages=80218–80245 |bibcode=2023IEEEA..1180218G |s2cid=259316122 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2307.00691 }}</ref>

There has been concern about copyright infringement involving ChatGPT. In June 2023, two writers sued OpenAI, saying the company's training data came from illegal websites that show copyrighted books.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farivar |first=Masood |date=August 23, 2023 |title=AI Firms Under Fire for Allegedly Infringing on Copyrights |work=[[Voice of America]] |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/ai-firms-under-fire-for-allegedly-infringing-on-copyrights/7238575.html |access-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120003933/https://www.voanews.com/a/ai-firms-under-fire-for-allegedly-infringing-on-copyrights/7238575.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Comedian and author [[Sarah Silverman]], [[Christopher Golden]], and [[Richard Kadrey]] sued OpenAI and [[Meta Platforms|Meta]] for copyright infringement in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davis |first=Wes |date=July 9, 2023 |title=Sarah Silverman is suing OpenAI and Meta for copyright infringement |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/9/23788741/sarah-silverman-openai-meta-chatgpt-llama-copyright-infringement-chatbots-artificial-intelligence-ai |access-date=November 20, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118010959/https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/9/23788741/sarah-silverman-openai-meta-chatgpt-llama-copyright-infringement-chatbots-artificial-intelligence-ai |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2023, ''[[The New York Times]]'' sued OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Grynbaum |first1=Michael M. |last2=Mac |first2=Ryan |title=The Times Sues OpenAI and Microsoft Over A.I. Use of Copyrighted Work |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/27/business/media/new-york-times-open-ai-microsoft-lawsuit.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=December 28, 2023 |date=December 27, 2023 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218070125/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/27/business/media/new-york-times-open-ai-microsoft-lawsuit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> arguing that [[Microsoft Copilot]] and ChatGPT could reproduce articles and/or sizable portions of these articles from the ''Times'' without permission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=December 27, 2023 |title=ChatGPT: New York Times sues OpenAI over article usage |work=[[DW News]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/chatgpt-new-york-times-sues-openai-over-article-usage/a-67835839 |access-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227195906/https://www.dw.com/en/chatgpt-new-york-times-sues-openai-over-article-usage/a-67835839 |url-status=live }}</ref> As part of the lawsuit, the ''Times'' has requested that OpenAI and Microsoft be prevented from using its content for training data, along with removing from training datasets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=December 27, 2023 |title=The New York Times is suing OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/27/24016212/new-york-times-openai-microsoft-lawsuit-copyright-infringement |access-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227235409/https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/27/24016212/new-york-times-openai-microsoft-lawsuit-copyright-infringement |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2024, Patronus AI conducted research comparing performance of LLMs on a 100-question test, asking them to complete sentences from books (e.g., "What is the first passage of ''Gone Girl'' by Gillian Flynn?") that were under copyright in the United States; it found that GPT-4, [[Mistral AI]]'s Mixtral, [[Meta AI]]'s [[LLaMA#LLaMA-2|LLaMA-2]], and [[Anthropic]]'s Claude 2 did not refuse to do so, providing sentences from the books verbatim in 44%, 22%, 10%, and 8% of responses, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last=Field|first=Hayden|date=March 6, 2024|title=Researchers tested leading AI models for copyright infringement using popular books, and GPT-4 performed worst|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/06/gpt-4-researchers-tested-leading-ai-models-for-copyright-infringement.html|access-date=March 6, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Introducing CopyrightCatcher, the first Copyright Detection API for LLMs|date=March 6, 2024|publisher=Patronus AI|url=https://www.patronus.ai/blog/introducing-copyright-catcher|access-date=March 6, 2024}}</ref>

In December 2023, ChatGPT became the first non-human to be included in [[Nature's 10|''Nature''<nowiki/>'s 10]], an annual [[listicle]] curated by [[Nature (journal)|''Nature'']] of people who make a significant impact in science.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Van Noorden |first1=Richard |last2=Webb |first2=Richard |date=December 13, 2023 |title=ChatGPT and science: the AI system was a force in 2023 — for good and bad |journal=Nature |volume=624 |issue=7992 |page=509 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-03930-6|doi-access=free |pmid=38093061 |bibcode=2023Natur.624..509V }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mediavilla |first=Daniel |date=December 13, 2023 |title=La revista 'Nature' elige por primera vez entre sus científicos del año a un ente no humano: ChatGPT |url=https://elpais.com/ciencia/2023-12-13/la-revista-nature-elige-por-primera-vez-entre-sus-cientificos-del-ano-a-un-ente-no-humano-chatgpt.html |access-date=December 16, 2023 |website=[[El País]] |language=es-ES |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215155208/https://elpais.com/ciencia/2023-12-13/la-revista-nature-elige-por-primera-vez-entre-sus-cientificos-del-ano-a-un-ente-no-humano-chatgpt.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Implications==
{{See also|Applications of artificial intelligence}}

===Bias and offensiveness===
[[File:ChatGPT Biden and Trump.png|thumb|ChatGPT is prompted to create a poem in [[iambic pentameter]] for current U.S. President [[Joe Biden]] and former U.S. President [[Donald Trump]]. ChatGPT creates a poem for Biden but does not do so for Trump.]]

ChatGPT has been accused of engaging in biased or discriminatory behaviors, such as telling jokes about men and people from England while refusing to tell jokes about women and people from India,<ref>{{cite news |last=Jain |first=Alka |date=February 12, 2023 |title=ChatGPT won't crack jokes on women & Indians, netizens left guessing why |work=[[Livemint]] |location=livemint.com |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chatgpt-won-t-crack-jokes-on-women-indians-netizens-left-guessing-why-11676171036353.html |url-status=live |access-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306165503/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chatgpt-won-t-crack-jokes-on-women-indians-netizens-left-guessing-why-11676171036353.html |archive-date=March 6, 2023}}</ref> or praising figures such as [[Joe Biden]] while refusing to do the same for [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liles |first=Jordan |date=February 1, 2023 |title=ChatGPT Declines Request for Poem Admiring Trump, But Biden Query Is Successful |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/chatgpt-trump-admiring-poem/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322174121/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/chatgpt-trump-admiring-poem/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |access-date=March 23, 2023 |website=Snopes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Arianna |title=Is ChatGPT Partisan? Poems About Trump And Biden Raise Questions About The AI Bot's Bias—Here's What Experts Think |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ariannajohnson/2023/02/03/is-chatgpt-partisan-poems-about-trump-and-biden-raise-questions-about-the-ai-bots-bias-heres-what-experts-think/ |access-date=May 23, 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407015613/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ariannajohnson/2023/02/03/is-chatgpt-partisan-poems-about-trump-and-biden-raise-questions-about-the-ai-bots-bias-heres-what-experts-think/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Conservative commentators accused ChatGPT of bias toward left-leaning perspectives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guynn |first=Jessica |title=Is ChatGPT 'woke'? AI chatbot accused of anti-conservative bias and a grudge against Trump |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2023/02/09/woke-chatgpt-conservatives-bias/11215353002/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301151936/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2023/02/09/woke-chatgpt-conservatives-bias/11215353002/ |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bray |first=Hiawatha |date=February 9, 2023 |title=Is ChatGPT liberal or conservative? Depends who you ask. |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/02/09/business/are-chatbots-liberal-or-conservative-depends-who-you-ask/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301151937/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/02/09/business/are-chatbots-liberal-or-conservative-depends-who-you-ask/ |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |website=Boston Globe |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Vincent-2023">{{Cite web |last=Vincent |first=James |date=February 17, 2023 |title=As conservatives criticize 'woke AI,' here are ChatGPT's rules for answering culture war queries |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/17/23603906/openai-chatgpt-woke-criticism-culture-war-rules |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301151934/https://www.theverge.com/2023/2/17/23603906/openai-chatgpt-woke-criticism-culture-war-rules |archive-date=March 1, 2023 |access-date=March 1, 2023 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> Additionally, an August 2023 paper found a "significant and systematic political bias toward the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] in the US, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva|Lula]] in Brazil, and the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in the UK."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Motoki |first1=Fabio |last2=Neto |first2=Valdemar Pinho |last3=Rodrigues |first3=Victor |date=August 17, 2023 |title=More human than human: measuring ChatGPT political bias |journal=[[Public Choice (journal)|Public Choice]] |volume=198 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–23 |language=en |doi=10.1007/s11127-023-01097-2 |issn=1573-7101 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In response to such criticism, OpenAI acknowledged plans to allow ChatGPT to create "outputs that other people (ourselves included) may strongly disagree with". It also contained information on the recommendations it had issued to human reviewers on how to handle controversial subjects, including that the AI should "offer to describe some viewpoints of people and movements", and not provide an argument "from its voice" in favor of "inflammatory or dangerous" topics (although it may still "describe arguments from historical people and movements"), nor "affiliate with one side" or "judge one group as good or bad".<ref name="Vincent-2023" />

''The Guardian'' questioned whether any content found on the Internet after ChatGPT's release "can be truly trusted" and called for government regulation.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Guardian view on ChatGPT: an eerily good human impersonator |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/dec/08/the-guardian-view-on-chatgpt-an-eerily-good-human-impersonator |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=December 8, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116161202/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/dec/08/the-guardian-view-on-chatgpt-an-eerily-good-human-impersonator |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Culture===
[[File:ChatGPT street art in Tel Aviv.jpg|thumb|Street art in Tel Aviv<ref>{{cite web |title=Экономист Дарон Асемоглу написал книгу об угрозах искусственного интеллекта — и о том, как правильное управление может обратить его на пользу человечеству Спецкор "Медузы" Маргарита Лютова узнала у ученого, как скоро мир сможет приблизиться к этой утопии |url=https://meduza.io/feature/2023/06/19/ekonomist-daron-asemoglu-napisal-knigu-ob-ugrozah-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-i-o-tom-kak-pravilnoe-upravlenie-mozhet-obratit-ego-na-polzu-chelovechestvu |website=Meduza |access-date=June 21, 2023 |language=ru |archive-date=June 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620234007/https://meduza.io/feature/2023/06/19/ekonomist-daron-asemoglu-napisal-knigu-ob-ugrozah-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-i-o-tom-kak-pravilnoe-upravlenie-mozhet-obratit-ego-na-polzu-chelovechestvu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Learning, thinking, artistic collaboration and other such human endeavours in the age of AI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-technology-human-labour-intelligence-creativity/article66914412.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=June 21, 2023 |language=en-IN |date=June 2, 2023 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621174339/https://www.thehindu.com/society/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-technology-human-labour-intelligence-creativity/article66914412.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Some scholars have expressed concern that ChatGPT's availability could reduce the originality of writing, cause people to write more like the AI as they are exposed to the model, and encourage an [[Anglocentric]] perspective centered on a few dialects of English globally.<ref name="Sigal1">{{cite news |last1=Samuel |first1=Sigal |title=What happens when ChatGPT starts to feed on its own writing? |url=https://fortune.com/2023/03/25/workers-worried-about-chat-gpt-ai-taking-jobs/ |access-date=June 20, 2023 |publisher=Vox |date=April 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619171850/https://fortune.com/2023/03/25/workers-worried-about-chat-gpt-ai-taking-jobs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A senior editor at ''[[The Atlantic]]'' wrote that ChatGPT and other similar technology make the previously absurd idea of the [[dead internet theory]] a little more realistic, where AI could someday create most web content in order to control society.<ref name="Beres1"/>

During the first three months after ChatGPT became available to the public, hundreds of books appeared on [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] that listed it as author or co-author and featured illustrations made by other AI models such as [[Midjourney]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nolan |first1=Beatrice |title=More than 200 books in Amazon's bookstore have ChatGPT listed as an author or coauthor |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-write-author-200-books-amazon-2023-2 |website=Business Insider |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309161926/https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-ai-write-author-200-books-amazon-2023-2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bensinger |first1=Greg |title=ChatGPT launches boom in AI-written e-books on Amazon |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-launches-boom-ai-written-e-books-amazon-2023-02-21/ |website=Reuters |access-date=March 9, 2023 |language=en |date=February 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309161926/https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-launches-boom-ai-written-e-books-amazon-2023-02-21/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Between March and April 2023, Italian newspaper ''[[Il Foglio]]'' published one ChatGPT-generated article a day on its website, hosting a special contest for its readers in the process.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 7, 2023 |title=ChatGPT sul Foglio: per 30 giorni piccoli testi scritti dall'IA sul nostro giornale |trans-title=ChatGPT on Il Foglio: for 30 days, brief texts written by the AI on our newspaper |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/07/news/chatgpt-sul-foglio-per-30-giorni-piccoli-testi-scritti-dall-ia-sul-nostro-giornale-5029973/ |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Il Foglio |language=it-IT |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094012/https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/07/news/chatgpt-sul-foglio-per-30-giorni-piccoli-testi-scritti-dall-ia-sul-nostro-giornale-5029973/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The articles tackled themes such as the possible replacement of human journalists by AI systems,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moretti |first=Marco |date=March 8, 2023 |title=Articoli artificiali? No |trans-title=Artificial articles? No |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/08/news/articoli-artificiali-no-5067825/ |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Il Foglio |language=it-IT |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094018/https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/08/news/articoli-artificiali-no-5067825/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Elon Musk]]'s administration of [[Twitter, Inc.|Twitter]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=A.D.A. |date=March 9, 2023 |title=Più umani, grazie |trans-title=Be more human, thanks |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/09/news/piu-umani-grazie-5067829/ |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Il Foglio |language=it-IT |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094014/https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/09/news/piu-umani-grazie-5067829/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Meloni government]]'s [[immigration policy]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 14, 2023 |title=Le colpe farlocche dell'"invasione" |trans-title=The fake faults of the "invasion" |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2023/03/14/news/le-colpe-farlocche-dell-invasione--5067556/ |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Il Foglio |language=it-IT |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094015/https://www.ilfoglio.it/politica/2023/03/14/news/le-colpe-farlocche-dell-invasione--5067556/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the competition between chatbots and [[virtual assistant]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2023 |title=Sfida per Siri e Alexa |trans-title=A challenge for Siri and Alexa |url=https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/17/news/sfida-per-siri-e-alexa-5068811/ |access-date=March 22, 2023 |website=Il Foglio |language=it-IT |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322094017/https://www.ilfoglio.it/tecnologia/2023/03/17/news/sfida-per-siri-e-alexa-5068811/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In June 2023, hundreds of people attended a "ChatGPT-powered church service" at St. Paul's church in [[Fürth]], Germany. Theologian and philosopher Jonas Simmerlein, who presided, said that it was "about 98 percent from the machine".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=AI-powered church service in Germany draws a large crowd |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/06/chatgpt-takes-the-pulpit-ai-leads-experimental-church-service-in-germany/ |website=Ars Technica |access-date=June 13, 2023 |language=en-us |date=June 12, 2023 |archive-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613231504/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/06/chatgpt-takes-the-pulpit-ai-leads-experimental-church-service-in-germany/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hundreds of Protestants attended a sermon in Nuremberg given by ChatGPT, which told them not to fear death |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-sermon-protestant-congregation-nuremberg-germany-not-to-fear-death-2023-6 |website=Business Insider |access-date=June 13, 2023 |archive-date=June 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611124039/https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-sermon-protestant-congregation-nuremberg-germany-not-to-fear-death-2023-6 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ChatGPT-generated avatar told the people, "Dear friends, it is an honor for me to stand here and preach to you as the first artificial intelligence at this year’s convention of Protestants in Germany". Reactions to the ceremony were mixed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hundreds attend AI church service in Germany |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/ai-chruch-germany-6090108-Jun2023/ |website=TheJournal.ie |access-date=June 13, 2023 |language=en |date=June 10, 2023 |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612171951/https://www.thejournal.ie/ai-chruch-germany-6090108-Jun2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Existential risk===
In 2023, Australian MP [[Julian Hill]] advised the national parliament that the growth of AI could cause "mass destruction". During his speech, which was partly written by the program, he warned that it could result in cheating, job losses, discrimination, disinformation, and uncontrollable military applications.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karp |first=Paul |date=February 6, 2023 |title=MP tells Australia's parliament AI could be used for 'mass destruction' in speech part-written by ChatGPT |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/labor-mp-julian-hill-australia-parliament-speech-ai-part-written-by-chatgpt |access-date=February 6, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=February 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206084525/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/feb/06/labor-mp-julian-hill-australia-parliament-speech-ai-part-written-by-chatgpt |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Elon Musk]] wrote: "ChatGPT is scary good. We are not far from dangerously strong AI".<ref name="vox">{{cite news |last1=Piper |first1=Kelsey |title=ChatGPT has given everyone a glimpse at AI's astounding progress |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/12/15/23509014/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-openai-language-models-ai-risk-google |access-date=December 18, 2022 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=December 15, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119175058/https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/12/15/23509014/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-openai-language-models-ai-risk-google |url-status=live}}</ref> He paused OpenAI's access to a Twitter database in 2022 pending a better understanding of OpenAI's plans, saying: "OpenAI was started as [[open source]] and [[nonprofit]]. Neither is still true."<ref>{{cite news |last=K |first=Siddharth |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Explainer: ChatGPT – what is OpenAI's chatbot and what is it used for? |language=en |work=Reuters |editor-last=Shumaker |editor-first=Lisa |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-what-is-openais-chatbot-what-is-it-used-2022-12-05/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116033247/https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-what-is-openais-chatbot-what-is-it-used-2022-12-05/ |archive-date=January 16, 2023}}</ref><ref name="business insider" /> Musk co-founded OpenAI in 2015, in part to address [[existential risk from artificial general intelligence|existential risk from artificial intelligence]], but resigned in 2018.<ref name="business insider">{{cite news |last1=Kay |first1=Grace |title=Elon Musk founded – and has since criticized – the company behind the buzzy new AI chatbot ChatGPT. Here's everything we know about OpenAI. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-openai-company-chatgpt-elon-musk-founded-2022-12 |access-date=December 30, 2022 |work=Business Insider |date=December 11, 2022 |archive-date=January 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112181405/https://www.businessinsider.com/history-of-openai-company-chatgpt-elon-musk-founded-2022-12 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Over 20,000 signatories including leading computer scientist and tech founders [[Yoshua Bengio]], Elon Musk, and Apple co-founder [[Steve Wozniak]], signed a March 2023 open letter calling for an immediate pause of giant AI experiments like ChatGPT, citing "profound risks to society and humanity".<ref>{{cite news |last=Hurst |first=Luke |date=March 30, 2023 |orig-date=March 29, 2023 |title='Profound risk to humanity': Tech leaders call for 'pause' on advanced AI development |work=Euronews |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/29/profound-risk-to-humanity-elon-musk-and-steve-wozniak-join-calls-to-halt-ai-development |url-status=live |access-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401205507/https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/29/profound-risk-to-humanity-elon-musk-and-steve-wozniak-join-calls-to-halt-ai-development |archive-date=April 1, 2023}}</ref> [[Geoffrey Hinton]], one of the "fathers of AI", voiced concerns that future AI systems may surpass human intelligence, and left Google in May 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geoffrey Hinton tells us why he's now scared of the tech he helped build |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/02/1072528/geoffrey-hinton-google-why-scared-ai/ |access-date=May 4, 2023 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504075717/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/02/1072528/geoffrey-hinton-google-why-scared-ai/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: Geoffrey Hinton talks about the "existential threat" of AI |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/03/1072589/video-geoffrey-hinton-google-ai-risk-ethics/ |access-date=May 4, 2023 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en |archive-date=May 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503224812/https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/03/1072589/video-geoffrey-hinton-google-ai-risk-ethics |url-status=live }}</ref> A May 2023 [[Statement on AI risk of extinction|statement]] by hundreds of AI scientists, AI industry leaders, and other public figures demanded that {{nowrap|"[m]itigating}} the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roose |first=Kevin |date=May 30, 2023 |title=A.I. Poses 'Risk of Extinction,' Industry Leaders Warn |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/30/technology/ai-threat-warning.html |access-date=May 30, 2023 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531151103/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/30/technology/ai-threat-warning.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other prominent AI researchers spoke more optimistically about the advances. [[Juergen Schmidhuber]], often called a "father of modern AI", did not sign the letter, emphasizing that in 95% of cases, AI research is about making "human lives longer and healthier and easier." Schmidhuber added that while AI can be used by bad actors, it "can also be used against the bad actors".<ref name="guardian2023">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says|title=Rise of artificial intelligence is inevitable but should not be feared, 'father of AI' says|last1=Taylor|first1=Josh|date=May 7, 2023|work=The Guardian|access-date=May 26, 2023|language=en|archive-date=October 23, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023061228/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/07/rise-of-artificial-intelligence-is-inevitable-but-should-not-be-feared-father-of-ai-says|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Andrew Ng]] argued that "it’s a mistake to fall for the doomsday hype on AI—and that regulators who do will only benefit vested interests."<ref name="andrewng2023">{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3|title=Andrew Ng: 'Do we think the world is better off with more or less intelligence?'|last1=McMorrow|first1=Ryan|date=December 19, 2023|work=Financial Times|access-date=December 30, 2023|language=en|archive-date=January 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125014121/https://www.ft.com/content/2dc07f9e-d2a9-4d98-b746-b051f9352be3|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wired (magazine)|WIRED]] wrote that [[Yann LeCun]] "scoffs at his peers’ dystopian scenarios of supercharged misinformation and even, eventually, human extinction."<ref name="lecun2023">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview/|title=How Not to Be Stupid About AI, With Yann LeCun|last1=Levy|first1=Steven|date=December 22, 2023|magazine=Wired|access-date=December 30, 2023|language=en|archive-date=February 14, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214083548/https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-meta-yann-lecun-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Criticism by discipline===
Since its release, ChatGPT has been met with criticism from educators, academics, journalists, artists, ethicists, and public advocates.

====Academic research====
Criticism of LLMs have been raised for several years; in 2020, some criticism was made by [[Timnit Gebru]], [[Emily M. Bender|Emily Bender]], Angelina McMillan-Major, and [[Margaret Mitchell (scientist)|Margaret Mitchell]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Harris |first1=John |last2=@johnharris1969 |date=May 22, 2023 |title='There was all sorts of toxic behaviour': Timnit Gebru on her sacking by Google, AI's dangers and big tech's biases |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/may/22/there-was-all-sorts-of-toxic-behaviour-timnit-gebru-on-her-sacking-by-google-ais-dangers-and-big-techs-biases |access-date=May 22, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522232510/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/may/22/there-was-all-sorts-of-toxic-behaviour-timnit-gebru-on-her-sacking-by-google-ais-dangers-and-big-techs-biases |url-status=live }}</ref> ChatGPT can write introductions and abstract sections of scientific articles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 10, 2023 |last=Bushard |first=Brian |title=Fake Scientific Abstracts Written By ChatGPT Fooled Scientists, Study Finds |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2023/01/10/fake-scientific-abstracts-written-by-chatgpt-fooled-scientists-study-finds/ |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203051254/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2023/01/10/fake-scientific-abstracts-written-by-chatgpt-fooled-scientists-study-finds/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Several papers have listed ChatGPT as a co-author.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stokel-Walker |first=Chris |date=January 18, 2023 |title=ChatGPT listed as author on research papers: many scientists disapprove |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00107-z |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=613 |issue=7945 |pages=620–621 |doi=10.1038/d41586-023-00107-z |pmid=36653617 |bibcode=2023Natur.613..620S |s2cid=255969365 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130142004/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00107-z |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Almira Osmanovic Thunström and Steinn Steingrimsson of the Institut of [[Neuroscience]] and [[Physiology]] of the [[University of Gothenburg]] used GPT-3 in June 2022 to write an [[academic paper]] about itself. They found that using specific prompts the results were good if somewhat shallow and not self-critical enough. Also only few references were presented, some of them nonsensical. [https://hal.science/hal-03701250/document ''Can GPT-3 write an academic paper on itself, with minimal human input?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024122204/https://hal.science/hal-03701250/document |date=October 24, 2023 }}. 2022. ffhal-03701250</ref>

Scientific journals have different reactions to ChatGPT. Some, including ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' and [[JAMA Network]], "require that authors disclose the use of text-generating tools and ban listing a large language model (LLM) such as ChatGPT as a co-author". ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' "completely banned" usage of LLM-generated text in all its journals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brainard |first1=Jeffrey |title=As scientists explore AI-written text, journals hammer out policies |journal=Science |date=February 22, 2023 |doi=10.1126/science.adh2937 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies |access-date=February 24, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224082118/https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-explore-ai-written-text-journals-hammer-policies |url-status=live}}</ref>

Spanish chemist Rafael Luque published a plethora of research papers in 2023 that he later admitted were written by ChatGPT. The papers have a large number of unusual phrases characteristic of LLMs.{{notetag|Luque's later 13-year suspension from the University of Cordoba was unrelated to his use of ChatGPT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-04-02/one-of-the-worlds-most-cited-scientists-rafael-luque-suspended-without-pay-for-13-years.html|title=One of the world's most cited scientists, Rafael Luque, suspended without pay for 13 years|first=Manuel|last=Ansede|date=April 2, 2023|website=EL PAÍS English|access-date=April 11, 2023|archive-date=April 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411112830/https://english.elpais.com/science-tech/2023-04-02/one-of-the-worlds-most-cited-scientists-rafael-luque-suspended-without-pay-for-13-years.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Many authors argue that the use of ChatGPT in academia for teaching and review is problematic due to its tendency to hallucinate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alkaissi |first1=Hussam |last2=McFarlane |first2=Samy I. |last3=Alkaissi |first3=Hussam |last4=McFarlane |first4=Samy I. |date=February 19, 2023 |title=Artificial Hallucinations in ChatGPT: Implications in Scientific Writing |journal=Cureus |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=e35179 |doi=10.7759/cureus.35179 |doi-access=free |pmid=36811129 |pmc=9939079 |issn=2168-8184 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vynck |first=Gerrit De |date=May 31, 2023 |title=ChatGPT 'hallucinates.' Some researchers worry it isn't fixable. |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/30/ai-chatbots-chatgpt-bard-trustworthy/ |access-date=June 14, 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=June 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617021157/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/30/ai-chatbots-chatgpt-bard-trustworthy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Azamfirei |first1=Razvan |last2=Kudchadkar |first2=Sapna R. |last3=Fackler |first3=James |date=March 21, 2023 |title=Large language models and the perils of their hallucinations |journal=Critical Care |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=120 |doi=10.1186/s13054-023-04393-x |issn=1364-8535 |pmc=10032023 |pmid=36945051 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Robin Bauwens, an assistant professor at [[Tilburg University]], found that a ChatGPT-generated [[peer review]] report on his article mentioned fake studies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2023 |title='ChatGPT-generated reading list' sparks AI peer review debate |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/chatgpt-generated-reading-list-sparks-ai-peer-review-debate |access-date=June 14, 2023 |website=Times Higher Education (THE) |language=en |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523005906/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/chatgpt-generated-reading-list-sparks-ai-peer-review-debate |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[librarian]] Chris Granatino from [[Lemieux Library and McGoldrick Learning Commons|Lemieux Library]] at [[Seattle University]], although ChatGPT itself can generate content that seemingly includes legitimate citations, in most cases those citations are not real, or are at least largely incorrect.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Library News & Updates – Lemieux Library at Seattle University |url=https://library.seattleu.edu/friendly.php?s=blog/ChatGPT-and-AI-Hallucination |access-date=June 14, 2023 |website=library.seattleu.edu |language=en |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218162047/https://library.seattleu.edu/friendly.php?s=blog/ChatGPT-and-AI-Hallucination |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Cybersecurity====
Check Point Research and others noted that ChatGPT could write [[phishing]] emails and [[malware]], especially when combined with [[OpenAI Codex]]. CyberArk researchers demonstrated that ChatGPT could be used to create [[polymorphic malware]] that could evade security products while requiring little effort by the attacker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chatting Our Way Into Creating a Polymorphic Malware |url=https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/chatting-our-way-into-creating-a-polymorphic-malware |access-date=May 12, 2023 |website=www.cyberark.com |language=en |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512092411/https://www.cyberark.com/resources/threat-research-blog/chatting-our-way-into-creating-a-polymorphic-malware |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mascellino |first=Alessandro |date=January 18, 2023 |title=ChatGPT Creates Polymorphic Malware |url=https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/chatgpt-creates-polymorphic-malware/ |access-date=May 12, 2023 |website=Infosecurity Magazine |archive-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512092411/https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/news/chatgpt-creates-polymorphic-malware/ |url-status=live }}</ref> From the launch of ChatGPT in the fourth quarter of 2022 to the fourth quarter of 2023, there was a 1,265% increase in malicious [[phishing]] emails and a 967% increase in credential phishing, which cybersecurity professionals argued in an industry survey was attributable to cybercriminals' increased use of generative artificial intelligence (including ChatGPT).<ref>{{cite news|last=Violino|first=Bob|date=November 28, 2023|title=AI tools such as ChatGPT are generating a mammoth increase in malicious phishing emails|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/28/ai-like-chatgpt-is-creating-huge-increase-in-malicious-phishing-email.html|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205012011/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/28/ai-like-chatgpt-is-creating-huge-increase-in-malicious-phishing-email.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Coding ====
Researchers at [[Purdue University]] analyzed ChatGPT's responses to 517 questions about [[software engineering]] or [[computer programming]] posed on [[Stack Overflow]] for correctness, consistency, comprehensiveness, and concision, and found that 52% of them contained inaccuracies and 77% were verbose.<ref>{{cite news|last=Morrison|first=Ryan|date=August 8, 2023|title=ChatGPT wrong over half the time on software questions|website=Tech Monitor|publisher=[[New Statesman|New Statesman Media Group]]|url=https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ai-and-automation/chatgpt-wrong-over-half-the-time-on-software-questions|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205051845/https://techmonitor.ai/technology/ai-and-automation/chatgpt-wrong-over-half-the-time-on-software-questions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite arXiv|last1=Kabir|first1=Samia|last2=Udo-Imeh|first2=David N.|last3=Kou|first3=Bonan|last4=Zhang|first4=Tianyi|date=August 10, 2023|title=Who Answers It Better? An In-Depth Analysis of ChatGPT and Stack Overflow Answers to Software Engineering Questions|class=cs.SE |eprint=2308.02312v3}}</ref> Researchers at [[Stanford University]] and the [[University of California, Berkeley]] found that, when creating directly [[Execution (computing)|executable]] responses to the latest 50 [[Code generation (compiler)|code generation]] problems from [[LeetCode]] that were rated "easy", the performances of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 fell from 22% and 52%, respectively, in March 2023, to 2% and 10%, respectively, in June 2023.<ref name="Boston Globe 11-8-2023">{{cite news|last=Pressman|first=Aaron|date=November 8, 2023|title=The AI boom is shaking up the tech industry and moving markets. But is it all a mirage?|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/11/08/business/ai-boom-hype-tech-markets/|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205205307/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/11/08/business/ai-boom-hype-tech-markets/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="arXiv 2307.09009v3">{{Cite arXiv|last1=Chen|first1=Lingjiao|last2=Zaharia|first2=Matei|last3=Zou|first3=James|date=October 31, 2023|title=How is ChatGPT's behavior changing over time?|class=cs.CL |eprint=2307.09009v3}}</ref>

====Economics====
There has been concern that ChatGPT could supplant jobs, especially roles such as creative writing, communication, journalism, coding, and data entry.<ref name="Bilton">{{cite news |last1=Bilton |first1=Nick |title=ChatGPT Made Me Question What It Means to Be a Creative Human |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/12/chatgpt-question-creative-human-robotos |access-date=June 20, 2023 |publisher=Vanity Fair |date=December 9, 2022 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325130911/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/12/chatgpt-question-creative-human-robotos |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Beres1">{{cite news |last1=Beres |first1=Damon |title=Death by a Thousand Personality Quizzes |access-date=June 20, 2023 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/01/buzzfeed-using-chatgpt-openai-creating-personality-quizzes/672880 |publisher=The Atlantic |date=January 27, 2023 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621212112/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2023/01/buzzfeed-using-chatgpt-openai-creating-personality-quizzes/672880/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Leonhardt">{{cite news |last1=Leonhardt |first1=Megan |title=Some workers are worried that ChatGPT will replace their jobs. They might be right |url=https://fortune.com/2023/03/25/workers-worried-about-chat-gpt-ai-taking-jobs/ |access-date=June 20, 2023 |publisher=Fortune |date=March 25, 2023 |archive-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619171850/https://fortune.com/2023/03/25/workers-worried-about-chat-gpt-ai-taking-jobs/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Education====
{{Main|ChatGPT in education}}
Technology writer [[Dan Gillmor]] used ChatGPT in 2022 on a student assignment, and found its generated text was on par with what a good student would deliver and opined that "academia has some very serious issues to confront".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hern |first=Alex |date=December 4, 2022 |title=AI bot ChatGPT stuns academics with essay-writing skills and usability |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/04/ai-bot-chatgpt-stuns-academics-with-essay-writing-skills-and-usability |access-date=December 5, 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117155456/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/04/ai-bot-chatgpt-stuns-academics-with-essay-writing-skills-and-usability |url-status=live}}</ref>

Geography professor Terence Day assessed citations generated by ChatGPT and found that they were fake. Despite that, he writes that "the titles of the fake articles are all directly relevant to the questions and could potentially make excellent papers. The lack of a genuine citation could signal an opportunity for an enterprising author to fill a void." According to Day, it is possible to generate high-quality introductory college courses with ChatGPT; he used it to write materials on "introductory physical geography courses, for my second-year course in geographical hydrology, and second-year cartography, geographic information systems, and remote sensing". He concludes that "this approach could have significant relevance for open learning and could potentially affect current textbook publishing models".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Day |first1=Terence |title=A Preliminary Investigation of Fake Peer-Reviewed Citations and References Generated by ChatGPT |journal=The Professional Geographer |date=April 12, 2023 |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=1024–1027 |doi=10.1080/00330124.2023.2190373 |s2cid=258115209 |language=en |issn=0033-0124 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ProfG..75.1024D }}</ref>

==== Financial markets ====
The AI technology company [[c3.ai]] saw a 28% increase in its share price after announcing the integration of ChatGPT into its toolkit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fox |first=Matthew |date=January 31, 2023 |title=C3ai has soared 86% year-to-date as investor frenzy for artificial intelligence builds amid ChatGPT success |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/c3ai-stock-price-chatgpt-investor-frenzy-openai-success-artificial-intelligence-2023-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218113844/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/c3ai-stock-price-chatgpt-investor-frenzy-openai-success-artificial-intelligence-2023-1 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |website=Markets Insider ([[Business Insider]]) |language=en-US}}</ref> The share price of [[BuzzFeed]], a digital media company unrelated to AI, increased 120% after announcing OpenAI technology adoption for content creation.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Diaz |first1=Alicia |last2=Smith |first2=Gerry |date=January 26, 2023 |title=BuzzFeed Shares Surge 120% on Plans to Embrace OpenAI |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-26/buzzfeed-bzfd-triples-on-plans-to-embrace-openai-for-content |access-date=May 22, 2023 }}</ref> [[Reuters]] found that share prices of AI-related companies BigBear.ai and [[SoundHound|SoundHound AI]] increased by 21% and 40%, respectively, even though they had no direct connection to ChatGPT.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Medha |last2=Biswas |first2=Ankika |date=February 6, 2023 |title=AI stocks rally in latest Wall Street craze sparked by ChatGPT |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/ai-stocks-rally-latest-wall-street-craze-sparked-by-chatgpt-2023-02-06/ |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025014/https://www.reuters.com/technology/ai-stocks-rally-latest-wall-street-craze-sparked-by-chatgpt-2023-02-06/ |archive-date=March 29, 2023}}</ref> They attributed this surge to ChatGPT's role in turning [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] into [[Wall Street]]'s buzzword. Academic research published in [[Finance Research Letters]] found that the 'ChatGPT effect' prompted retail investors to drive up prices of AI-related [[cryptocurrency]] assets despite the broader [[cryptocurrency]] market being in a [[Bear Market|bear market]], and diminished institutional investor interest.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saggu |first1=Aman |last2=Ante |first2=Lennart |date=May 8, 2023 |title=The influence of ChatGPT on artificial intelligence-related crypto assets: Evidence from a synthetic control analysis |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1544612323003653 |journal=Finance Research Letters |volume=55 |language=en |pages=103993 |doi=10.1016/j.frl.2023.103993 |arxiv=2305.12739 |s2cid=258573881 |issn=1544-6123}}</ref> This confirms anecdotal findings by [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] that, in response to ChatGPT's launch, [[cryptocurrency]] investors showed a preference for AI-related crypto assets.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hajric |first1=Vildana |last2=Shen |first2=Muyao |date=February 9, 2023 |title=ChatGPT Mania Spurs Crypto Fans' Stampede to 'Faddish' AI Tokens |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-09/crypto-fans-pile-into-faddish-ai-tokens-as-chatgpt-mania-grows |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209143804/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-09/crypto-fans-pile-into-faddish-ai-tokens-as-chatgpt-mania-grows |url-status=live }}</ref> An experiment by finder.com revealed that ChatGPT could outperform popular fund managers by picking stocks based on criteria such as growth history and debt levels, resulting in a 4.9% increase in a hypothetical account of 38 stocks, outperforming 10 benchmarked investment funds with an average loss of 0.8%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cooban |first=Anna |date=May 5, 2023 |title=ChatGPT can pick stocks better than your fund manager |work=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/05/investing/chatgpt-outperforms-investment-funds/index.html |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522145318/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/05/05/investing/chatgpt-outperforms-investment-funds/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Conversely, executives and investment managers at Wall Street [[Quantitative analysis (finance)|quant funds]] (including those that have used [[machine learning]] for decades) have noted that ChatGPT regularly makes obvious errors that would be financially costly to investors because even AI systems that employ reinforcement learning or [[Self-supervised learning|self-learning]] have had only limited success in predicting [[market trend]]s due to the inherently [[Noisy data|noisy quality]] of [[market data]] and [[Financial signal processing|financial signals]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Zuckerman|first=Gregory|date=April 12, 2023|title=AI Can Write a Song, but It Can't Beat the Market|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=News Corp|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-can-write-a-song-but-it-cant-beat-the-market-6df50efd|access-date=May 30, 2023|archive-date=May 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530004827/https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-can-write-a-song-but-it-cant-beat-the-market-6df50efd|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2023, research conducted by Patronus AI, an artificial intelligence startup company, compared performance of GPT-4, GPT-4-Turbo, Claude2, and LLaMA-2 on two versions of a 150-question test about information in [[SEC filing|financial statements]] (e.g. [[Form 10-K]], [[Form 10-Q]], [[Form 8-K]], earnings reports, [[earnings call]] transcripts) submitted by [[Public company|public companies]] to the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]], where one version of the test required the generative AI models to use a retrieval system to find the specific SEC filing to answer the questions while the other provided the specific SEC filing to the models to answer the question (i.e. in a long context window). On the retrieval system version, GPT-4-Turbo and LLaMA-2 both failed to produce correct answers to 81% of the questions, while on the long context window version, GPT-4-Turbo and Claude-2 failed to produce correct answers to 21% and 24% of the questions, respectively.<ref>{{cite news|last=Leswing|first=Kif|date=December 19, 2023|title=GPT and other AI models can't analyze an SEC filing, researchers find|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/19/gpt-and-other-ai-models-cant-analyze-an-sec-filing-researchers-find.html|access-date=December 19, 2023|archive-date=December 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219130436/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/19/gpt-and-other-ai-models-cant-analyze-an-sec-filing-researchers-find.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Patronus AI Launches Industry-first LLM Benchmark for Finance to Address Hallucinations|date=November 16, 2023|publisher=[[PR Newswire]]|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/patronus-ai-launches-industry-first-llm-benchmark-for-finance-to-address-hallucinations-301990858.html|access-date=December 19, 2023|archive-date=December 19, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219145301/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/patronus-ai-launches-industry-first-llm-benchmark-for-finance-to-address-hallucinations-301990858.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Medicine====
{{See also|Artificial intelligence in healthcare}}

In the field of health care, possible uses and concerns are under scrutiny by professional associations and practitioners.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=The Lancet Digital Health |date=March 3, 2023 |title=ChatGPT: friend or foe? |journal=The Lancet Digital Health |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=e102 |doi=10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00023-7 |pmid=36754723 |s2cid=256659547 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asch |first=David A. |date=April 4, 2023 |title=An Interview with ChatGPT About Health Care |url=https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.23.0043 |journal=NEJM Catalyst Innovations in Care Delivery |doi=10.1056/CAT.23.0043 |doi-broken-date=January 31, 2024 |access-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-date=June 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629204955/https://catalyst.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/CAT.23.0043 |url-status=live }}</ref> Two early papers indicated that ChatGPT could pass the [[United States Medical Licensing Examination]] (USMLE).<ref name="DePeau-Wilson-2023">{{Cite news |last=DePeau-Wilson |first=Michael |date=January 19, 2023 |title=AI Passes U.S. Medical Licensing Exam |work=MedPage Today |url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/102705 |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409211356/https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/102705 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[MedPage Today]]'' noted in January 2023 that "researchers have published several papers now touting these AI programs as useful tools in [[medical education]], research, and even clinical decision making."<ref name="DePeau-Wilson-2023" />

Published in February 2023 were two separate papers that again evaluated ChatGPT's proficiency in medicine using the USMLE. Findings were published in ''JMIR Medical Education'' (see ''[[Journal of Medical Internet Research]]'') and ''[[PLOS Digital Health]]''. The authors of the ''PLOS Digital Health'' paper stated that the results "suggest that large language models may have the potential to assist with medical education, and potentially, clinical decision-making."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kung |first1=Tiffany H. |last2=Cheatham |first2=Morgan |last3=Medenilla |first3=Arielle |last4=Sillos |first4=Czarina |last5=Leon |first5=Lorie De |last6=Elepaño |first6=Camille |last7=Madriaga |first7=Maria |last8=Aggabao |first8=Rimel |last9=Diaz-Candido |first9=Giezel |last10=Maningo |first10=James |last11=Tseng |first11=Victor |date=February 9, 2023 |title=Performance of ChatGPT on USMLE: Potential for AI-assisted medical education using large language models |journal=PLOS Digital Health |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=e0000198 |doi=10.1371/journal.pdig.0000198 |issn=2767-3170 |pmc=9931230 |pmid=36812645 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 9, 2023 |title=Expert reaction to study on ChatGPT almost passing the US Medical Licensing Exam |work=Science Media Centre |url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-on-chatgpt-almost-passing-the-us-medical-licensing-exam/ |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424073104/https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-study-on-chatgpt-almost-passing-the-us-medical-licensing-exam/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In ''JMIR Medical Education'', the authors of the other paper concluded that "ChatGPT performs at a level expected of a third-year [[medical student]] on the assessment of the primary competency of medical knowledge." They suggest that it could be used as an "interactive [[learning environment]] for students". The AI itself, prompted by the researchers, concluded that "this study suggests that ChatGPT has the potential to be used as a virtual medical tutor, but [[more research is needed]] to further assess its performance and usability in this context."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gilson |first1=Aidan |last2=Safranek |first2=Conrad W. |last3=Huang |first3=Thomas |last4=Socrates |first4=Vimig |last5=Chi |first5=Ling |last6=Taylor |first6=Richard Andrew |last7=Chartash |first7=David |date=February 8, 2023 |title=How Does ChatGPT Perform on the United States Medical Licensing Examination? The Implications of Large Language Models for Medical Education and Knowledge Assessment |journal=JMIR Medical Education |language=EN |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=e45312 |doi=10.2196/45312 |pmc=9947764 |pmid=36753318 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The later-released ChatGPT version based on GPT-4 significantly outperformed the version based on GPT-3.5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brueck |first=Hilary |title=The newest version of ChatGPT passed the US medical licensing exam with flying colors — and diagnosed a 1 in 100,000 condition in seconds |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-passes-medical-exam-diagnoses-rare-condition-2023-4 |access-date=February 2, 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127215803/https://www.businessinsider.com/chatgpt-passes-medical-exam-diagnoses-rare-condition-2023-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> Researchers at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley have found that the performance of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 on the USMLE declined from March 2023 to June 2023.<ref name="Boston Globe 11-8-2023" /><ref name="arXiv 2307.09009v3" />

A March 2023 paper tested ChatGPT's application in clinical [[toxicology]]. The authors found that the AI "fared well" in answering a "very straightforward [clinical case example], unlikely to be missed by any practitioner in the field". They added: "As ChatGPT becomes further developed and specifically adapted for medicine, it could one day be useful in less common clinical cases ([[i.e]], cases that experts sometimes miss). Rather than [[Technological unemployment|AI replacing humans]] (clinicians), we see it as 'clinicians using AI' replacing 'clinicians who do not use AI' in the coming years."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Abdel-Messih |first1=Mary Sabry |last2=Boulos |first2=Maged N. Kamel |date=March 8, 2023 |title=ChatGPT in Clinical Toxicology |journal=JMIR Medical Education |language=EN |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=e46876 |doi=10.2196/46876 |pmid=36867743 |pmc=10034604 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

An April 2023 study in ''[[Radiology (journal)|Radiology]]'' tested the AI's ability to answer queries about [[breast cancer screening]]. The authors found that it answered appropriately "about 88 percent of the time", however, in one case (for example), it gave advice that had become outdated about a year earlier. The comprehensiveness of its answers was also lacking.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haver |first1=Hana L |last2=Ambinder |first2=Emily B |last3=Bahl |first3=Manisha |last4=Oluyemi |first4=Eniola T |last5=Jeudy |first5=Jean |last6=Yi |first6=Paul H |date=April 4, 2023 |title=Appropriateness of Breast Cancer Prevention and Screening Recommendations Provided by ChatGPT |url=https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.230424 |journal=Radiology |volume=307 |issue=4 |language=en |pages=230424 |doi=10.1148/radiol.230424 |pmid=37014239 |s2cid=257923990 |issn=0033-8419 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505200040/https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.230424 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotz |first=Deborah |date=April 4, 2023 |title=UM School of Medicine Study Finds ChatGPT Helpful for Breast Cancer Screening Advice, With Certain Caveats |work=University of Maryland School of Medicine |url=https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/news/2023/UM-School-of-Medicine-Study-Finds-ChatGPT-Helpful-for-Breast-Cancer-Screening-Advice-With-Certain-Caveats-.html |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505200048/https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/news/2023/UM-School-of-Medicine-Study-Finds-ChatGPT-Helpful-for-Breast-Cancer-Screening-Advice-With-Certain-Caveats-.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A study published in ''[[JAMA Internal Medicine]]'' that same month found that ChatGPT often outperformed human doctors at answering patient questions (when measured against questions and answers found at /r/AskDocs, a forum on [[Reddit]] where moderators validate the medical credentials of professionals; the study acknowledges the source as a limitation).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ayers |first1=John W. |last2=Poliak |first2=Adam |last3=Dredze |first3=Mark |last4=Leas |first4=Eric C. |last5=Zhu |first5=Zechariah |last6=Kelley |first6=Jessica B. |last7=Faix |first7=Dennis J. |last8=Goodman |first8=Aaron M. |last9=Longhurst |first9=Christopher A. |last10=Hogarth |first10=Michael |last11=Smith |first11=Davey M. |date=April 28, 2023 |title=Comparing Physician and Artificial Intelligence Chatbot Responses to Patient Questions Posted to a Public Social Media Forum |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2804309 |journal=JAMA Internal Medicine |volume=183 |issue=6 |pages=589–596 |language=en |doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.1838 |issn=2168-6106 |pmc=10148230 |pmid=37115527 |pmc-embargo-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430143731/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2804309 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Fox |first=Andrea |date=May 4, 2023 |title=Does ChatGPT really outshine doctors? Or just on social media? |work=Healthcare IT News |publisher=HIMSS Media |url=https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/does-chatgpt-really-outshine-doctors-or-just-social-media |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504122412/https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/does-chatgpt-really-outshine-doctors-or-just-social-media |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2023 |title=The doctor is out, but it's OK. ChatGPT can answer your questions |work=Hub |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |url=https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/04/28/study-chatgpt-outperforms-human-physicians/ |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505203302/https://hub.jhu.edu/2023/04/28/study-chatgpt-outperforms-human-physicians/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The study authors suggest that the tool could be integrated with medical systems to help doctors draft responses to patient questions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ono |first=Mika |date=April 28, 2023 |title=Study Finds ChatGPT Outperforms Physicians in High-Quality, Empathetic Answers to Patient Questions |work=UC San Diego Today |url=https://today.ucsd.edu/story/study-finds-chatgpt-outperforms-physicians-in-high-quality-empathetic-answers-to-patient-questions |access-date=April 28, 2023 |archive-date=April 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428233158/https://today.ucsd.edu/story/study-finds-chatgpt-outperforms-physicians-in-high-quality-empathetic-answers-to-patient-questions |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 28, 2023 |title=ChatGPT Beats Doctors in Compassion and Quality of Advice to Patients |work=Neuroscience News |url=https://neurosciencenews.com/chatgpt-doctor-compassion-23133/ |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-date=May 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503162604/https://neurosciencenews.com/chatgpt-doctor-compassion-23133/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Professionals have emphasized ChatGPT's limitations in providing medical assistance. In correspondence to ''[[The Lancet Infectious Diseases]]'', three [[antimicrobial]] experts wrote that "the largest barriers to the implementation of ChatGPT in clinical practice are deficits in [[situational awareness]], [[inference]], and consistency. These shortcomings could endanger [[patient safety]]."<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Alex |last2=Hope |first2=William |last3=Gerada |first3=Alessandro |date=April 2023 |title=ChatGPT and antimicrobial advice: the end of the consulting infection doctor? |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00113-5/fulltext#back-bib1 |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=405–406 |doi=10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00113-5 |pmid=36822213 |s2cid=257072872 |issn=1473-3099 |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-date=March 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325232830/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(23)00113-5/fulltext#back-bib1 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Physician's Weekly'', though also discussing the potential use of ChatGPT in medical contexts (e.g. "as a [[Embodied agent|digital assistant]] to physicians by performing various administrative functions like gathering [[patient record]] information or categorizing patient data by family history, symptoms, lab results, possible [[allergies]], et cetera"), warned that the AI might sometimes provide fabricated or biased information.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 27, 2023 |title=Is There a Role for ChatGPT in Healthcare? |work=Physician's Weekly |url=https://www.physiciansweekly.com/is-there-a-role-for-chatgpt-in-healthcare/ |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505200039/https://www.physiciansweekly.com/is-there-a-role-for-chatgpt-in-healthcare/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One radiologist warned: "We've seen in our experience that ChatGPT sometimes makes up fake journal articles or health consortiums to support its claims";<ref>{{Cite news |last=Drake |first=Kimberly |date=April 6, 2023 |title=Rely on a Doctor, Not ChatGPT, for Medical Advice |work=HealthNews |url=https://healthnews.com/news/dont-rely-on-chatgpt-for-medical-advice/ |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505200038/https://healthnews.com/news/dont-rely-on-chatgpt-for-medical-advice/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As reported in one ''[[Mayo Clinic Proceedings]]: Digital Health'' paper, ChatGPT may do this for as much as 69% of its cited medical references. The researchers emphasized that while many of its references were fabricated, those that were appeared "deceptively real".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gravel |first1=Jocelyn |last2=D’Amours-Gravel |first2=Madeleine |last3=Osmanlliu |first3=Esli |date=September 1, 2023 |title=Learning to Fake It: Limited Responses and Fabricated References Provided by ChatGPT for Medical Questions |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Digital Health |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=226–234 |doi=10.1016/j.mcpdig.2023.05.004 |issn=2949-7612 |doi-access=free }}</ref> As Dr. Stephen Hughes mentioned for ''[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]'' however, ChatGPT is capable of learning to correct its past mistakes. He also noted the AI's "[[prudishness]]" regarding [[sexual health]] topics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hughes |first=Stephen |date=April 27, 2023 |title=How good is ChatGPT at diagnosing disease? A doctor puts it through its paces |work=The Conversation |url=https://theconversation.com/how-good-is-chatgpt-at-diagnosing-disease-a-doctor-puts-it-through-its-paces-203281 |access-date=May 5, 2023 |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504135823/https://theconversation.com/how-good-is-chatgpt-at-diagnosing-disease-a-doctor-puts-it-through-its-paces-203281 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Contrary to previous findings, ChatGPT responses to [[anesthesia]]-related questions were more accurate, succinct, and descriptive compared to Bard's. Bard exhibited 30.3% error in response as compared to ChatGPT (0% error).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patnaik |first1=Sourav S. |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Ulrike |date=November 7, 2023 |title=Quantitative evaluation of ChatGPT versus Bard responses to anaesthesia-related queries |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37945414 |journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=S0007–0912(23)00550–0 |doi=10.1016/j.bja.2023.09.030 |issn=1471-6771 |pmid=37945414 |s2cid=265078930 |access-date=November 28, 2023 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218161910/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37945414/ |url-status=live }}</ref> At a conference of the [[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists]] in December 2023, researchers at [[Long Island University]] (LIU) presented a study that researched ChatGPT's responses to 45 frequently asked questions of LIU College of Pharmacy's drug information service during a 16-month period from 2022 to 2023 as compared with researched responses provided by professional pharmacists. For 29 of the 39 questions for which there was sufficient medical literature for a data-driven response, ChatGPT failed to provide a direct answer or provided a wrong or incomplete answer (and in some cases, if acted upon, the answer would endanger the patient's health). The researchers had asked ChatGPT to provide medical research citations for all its answers, but it did so for only eight, and all eight included at least one fabricated (fake) citation.<ref>{{cite news|last=Constantino|first=Annika Kim|date=December 5, 2023|title=Free ChatGPT may incorrectly answer drug questions, study says|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/05/free-chatgpt-may-incorrectly-answer-drug-questions-study-says.html|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205051814/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/12/05/free-chatgpt-may-incorrectly-answer-drug-questions-study-says.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Study Finds ChatGPT Provides Inaccurate Responses to Drug Questions|date=December 5, 2023|publisher=PR Newswire|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/study-finds-chatgpt-provides-inaccurate-responses-to-drug-questions-302005250.html|access-date=December 5, 2023|archive-date=December 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205140704/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/study-finds-chatgpt-provides-inaccurate-responses-to-drug-questions-302005250.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

A January 2024 study conducted by researchers at [[Cohen Children's Medical Center]] found that GPT-4 had an accuracy rate of 17% when diagnosing pediatric medical cases.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barile |first1=Joseph |last2=Margolis |first2=Alex |last3=Cason |first3=Grace |last4=Kim |first4=Rachel |last5=Kalash |first5=Saia |last6=Tchaconas |first6=Alexis |last7=Milanaik |first7=Ruth |date=January 2, 2024 |title=Diagnostic Accuracy of a Large Language Model in Pediatric Case Studies |url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.5750 |journal=[[JAMA Pediatrics]] |volume=178 |issue=3 |pages=313–315 |doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.5750 |pmid=38165685 |pmc=10762631 |pmc-embargo-date=January 2, 2025 |issn=2168-6203 |access-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218161953/https://jamanetwork.com/abusenotice |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mole |first=Beth |date=January 3, 2024 |title=ChatGPT bombs test on diagnosing kids' medical cases with 83% error rate |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/01/dont-use-chatgpt-to-diagnose-your-kids-illness-study-finds-83-error-rate/ |access-date=January 5, 2024 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us |archive-date=January 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117155406/https://arstechnica.com/science/2024/01/dont-use-chatgpt-to-diagnose-your-kids-illness-study-finds-83-error-rate/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Law====
In January 2023, Massachusetts [[Massachusetts Senate|State Senator]] [[Barry Finegold]] and [[Massachusetts House of Representatives|State Representative]] [[Josh S. Cutler]] proposed a bill partially written by ChatGPT, "An Act drafted with the help of ChatGPT to regulate generative artificial intelligence models like ChatGPT",<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bill S.31 |url=https://malegislature.gov/Bills/193/S31/BillHistory |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=malegislature.gov |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207214930/https://malegislature.gov/Bills/193/S31/BillHistory |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Annear |first=Steve |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Two elected officials drafted legislation to regulate artificial intelligence technology — with some help from ChatGPT |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/01/24/metro/this-state-senator-drafted-legislation-regulate-artificial-intelligence-technology-with-some-help-chatgpt/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=[[The Boston Globe]] |language=en-US |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211926/https://www.bostonglobe.com/2023/01/24/metro/this-state-senator-drafted-legislation-regulate-artificial-intelligence-technology-with-some-help-chatgpt/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last1=Garrity |first1=Kelly |last2=Kashinsky |first2=Lisa |date=July 13, 2023 |title=ChatGPT enters the legislative chat |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/massachusetts-playbook/2023/07/13/chatgpt-enters-the-legislative-chat-00106066 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=[[POLITICO]] |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211926/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/massachusetts-playbook/2023/07/13/chatgpt-enters-the-legislative-chat-00106066 |url-status=live }}</ref> which would require companies to disclose their algorithms and data collection practices to the office of the [[Massachusetts Attorney General|State Attorney General]], arrange regular risk assessments, and contribute to the prevention of plagiarism.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Quach |first=Katyanna |date=December 2, 2023 |title=Local council in Brazil passes ChatGPT-written proposal |url=https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/02/chatgpt_law_brazil/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=[[The Register]] |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211926/https://www.theregister.com/2023/12/02/chatgpt_law_brazil/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The bill was officially presented during a hearing on July 13.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

On April 11, 2023, a judge of a session court in [[Pakistan]] used ChatGPT to decide the bail of a 13-year-old accused in a matter. The court quoted the use of ChatGPT assistance in its verdict:

{{Cquote
| quote = Can a juvenile suspect in Pakistan, who is 13 years old, be granted bail after arrest?
}}

The AI language model replied:

{{Cquote
| quote = Under the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, according to section 12, the court can grant bail on certain conditions. However, it is up to the court to decide whether or not a 13-year-old suspect will be granted bail after arrest.
}}

The judge asked ChatGPT other questions about the case and formulated his final decision in light of its answers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 13, 2023 |title=Pakistani judge uses ChatGPT to make court decision |work=Gulf News |url=https://www.gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistani-judge-uses-chatgpt-to-make-court-decision-1.95104528 |url-status=live |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420095432/https://gulfnews.com/amp/world/asia/pakistan/pakistani-judge-uses-chatgpt-to-make-court-decision-1.95104528 |archive-date=April 20, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 11, 2023 |title=AI revolution is here': Pakistani court takes help from ChatGPT to grant bail in rape case |work=Pakistan Observer |url=https://pakobserver.net/ai-revolution-is-here-pakistani-court-takes-help-from-chatgpt-to-grant-bail-in-rape-case |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420095431/https://pakobserver.net/ai-revolution-is-here-pakistani-court-takes-help-from-chatgpt-to-grant-bail-in-rape-case |url-status=live}}</ref>

In ''Mata v. Avianca, Inc., 22-cv-1461 (PKC)'', a [[personal injury]] lawsuit against [[Avianca|Avianca Airlines]] filed in the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern New York U.S. District Court]] in May 2023 (with [[Senior status|Senior Judge]] [[P. Kevin Castel]] presiding), the plaintiff's attorneys reportedly used ChatGPT to generate a [[Motion (legal)|legal motion]]. ChatGPT generated numerous fictitious legal cases involving fictitious airlines with fabricated quotations and internal citations in the legal motion. Castel noted numerous inconsistencies in the opinion summaries, and called one of the cases' legal analysis "gibberish".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brodkin |first1=Jon |title=Lawyers have real bad day in court after citing fake cases made up by ChatGPT |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/06/lawyers-have-real-bad-day-in-court-after-citing-fake-cases-made-up-by-chatgpt/ |work=Ars Technica |date=June 23, 2023 |language=en-us |access-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-date=January 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126071502/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/06/lawyers-have-real-bad-day-in-court-after-citing-fake-cases-made-up-by-chatgpt/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The plaintiff's attorneys faced potential judicial sanction and [[disbarment]] for filing the motion and presenting the fictitious legal decisions ChatGPT generated as [[Authentication (law)|authentic]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Goswami|first=Rohan|date=May 30, 2023|title=ChatGPT cited 'bogus' cases for a New York federal court filing. The attorneys involved may face sanctions.|publisher=CNBC|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/30/chatgpt-cited-bogus-cases-for-a-new-york-federal-court-filing.html|access-date=May 30, 2023|archive-date=May 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530161531/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/30/chatgpt-cited-bogus-cases-for-a-new-york-federal-court-filing.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Neumeister|first=Larry|date=June 8, 2023|title=Lawyers blame ChatGPT for tricking them into citing bogus case law|publisher=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-courts-e15023d7e6fdf4f099aa122437dbb59b|access-date=November 8, 2023|archive-date=November 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108131752/https://apnews.com/article/artificial-intelligence-chatgpt-courts-e15023d7e6fdf4f099aa122437dbb59b|url-status=live}}</ref> The case was dismissed and the attorneys were fined $5,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mata v. Avianca, Inc. |url=https://casetext.com/case/mata-v-avianca-inc-2 |website=Casetext |access-date=February 13, 2024 |archive-date=February 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213030046/https://casetext.com/case/mata-v-avianca-inc-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Use with caution': How ChatGPT landed this US lawyer and his firm in hot water |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-24/us-lawyer-uses-chatgpt-to-research-case-with-embarrassing-result/102490068 |work=ABC News |date=June 24, 2023 |language=en-AU |access-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109010855/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-24/us-lawyer-uses-chatgpt-to-research-case-with-embarrassing-result/102490068 |url-status=live }}</ref> 

In October 2023, the council of [[Porto Alegre|Porto Alegre, Brazil]], unanimously approved a local ordinance proposed by councilman [[Ramiro Rosário]] that would exempt residents from needing to pay for the replacement of stolen water consumption meters; the bill went into effect on November 23. On November 29, Rosário revealed that the bill had been entirely written by ChatGPT, and that he had presented it to the rest of the council without making any changes or disclosing the chatbot's involvement.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last1=Jeantet |first1=Diane |last2=Savarese |first2=Mauricio |last3=LeBlanc |first3=Steve |last4=O'Brien |first4=Matt |date=November 30, 2023 |title=Brazilian city enacts an ordinance that was secretly written by ChatGPT |url=https://apnews.com/article/brazil-artificial-intelligence-porto-alegre-5afd1240afe7b6ac202bb0bbc45e08d4 |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=AP News |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |language=en |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207215714/https://apnews.com/article/brazil-artificial-intelligence-porto-alegre-5afd1240afe7b6ac202bb0bbc45e08d4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Paúl |first=María Luisa |date=December 4, 2023 |title=A Brazilian city passed a law about water meters. ChatGPT wrote it. |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/12/04/ai-written-law-porto-alegre-brazil/ |access-date=December 7, 2023 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205015659/https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2023/12/04/ai-written-law-porto-alegre-brazil/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The city's council president, Hamilton Sossmeier, initially criticized Rosário's initiative, saying it could represent "a dangerous precedent",<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 29, 2023 |title=Lei escrita por inteligência artificial é aprovada por vereadores em Porto Alegre; 'precedente perigoso', diz presidente da Câmara |url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/11/29/lei-escrita-por-inteligencia-artificial-e-aprovada-por-vereadores-em-porto-alegre-precedente-perigoso-diz-presidente-da-camara.ghtml |access-date=December 7, 2023 |website=[[G1 (website)|G1]] |language=pt-br |archive-date=December 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207213810/https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/11/29/lei-escrita-por-inteligencia-artificial-e-aprovada-por-vereadores-em-porto-alegre-precedente-perigoso-diz-presidente-da-camara.ghtml |url-status=live }}</ref> but later said he "changed his mind": "unfortunately or fortunately, this is going to be a trend."<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Language|Technology}}
* {{Annotated link|Tay (chatbot)}}
* {{Annotated link|Poe (chatbot)}}
* {{Annotated link|Ernie Bot}}
* {{Annotated link|Intelligent agent}}
* {{Annotated link|Virtual assistant}}
* {{Annotated link|Ethics of artificial intelligence}}
* {{Annotated link|Turing test}}

==Notes==
{{Notefoot}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Biswas |first=Som |date=April 1, 2023 |title=ChatGPT and the Future of Medical Writing |url=https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/pdf/10.1148/radiol.223312 |journal=Radiology|language=en |volume=307 |issue=2 |pages=e223312 |doi=10.1148/radiol.223312 |pmid=36728748 |s2cid=256501098 |issn=0033-8419}}
* {{cite arXiv |last1=Chang |first1=Kent K. |last2=Cramer |first2=Mackenzie |last3=Soni |first3=Sandeep |last4=Bamman |first4=David |title=Speak, Memory: An Archaeology of Books Known to ChatGPT/GPT-4 |date=April 28, 2023 |class=cs.CL |eprint=2305.00118}}
* {{cite SSRN |last1=Cowen |first1=Tyler |last2=Tabarrok |first2=Alexander T. |title=How to Learn and Teach Economics with Large Language Models, Including GPT |date=March 17, 2023 |ssrn=4391863 |language=en}}
* {{cite podcast |url=https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/jonathan-gpt-swift/ |last=Cowen |first=Tyler|author-link=Tyler Cowen |title=Jonathan GPT Swift on Jonathan Swift (Ep. 175): How well does GPT4 do pretending to be the 18th-century satirist? |date=March 29, 2023}}
* {{cite arXiv |eprint=2203.02155 |title=Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback |display-authors=1 |class=cs.CL |date=March 4, 2022 |last1=Ouyang |first1=Long |last2=Wu |first2=Jeff |last3=Jiang |first3=Xu |last4=Almeida |first4=Diogo |last5=Wainwright |first5=Carroll L. |last6=Mishkin |first6=Pamela |last7=Zhang |first7=Chong |last8=Agarwal |first8=Sandhini |last9=Slama |first9=Katarina |last10=Ray |first10=Alex |last11=Schulman |first11=John |last12=Hilton |first12=Jacob |last13=Kelton |first13=Fraser |last14=Miller |first14=Luke |last15=Simens |first15=Maddie |last16=Askell |first16=Amanda |last17=Welinder |first17=Peter |last18=Christiano |first18=Paul |last19=Leike |first19=Jan |last20=Lowe |first20=Ryan}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Liebrenz |first1=Michael |last2=Schleifer |first2=Roman |last3=Buadze |first3=Anna |last4=Bhugra |first4=Dinesh |last5=Smith |first5=Alexander |date=February 2023 |title=Generating scholarly content with ChatGPT: ethical challenges for medical publishing |journal=The Lancet Digital Health |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=e105–e106 |doi=10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00019-5 |pmid=36754725 |s2cid=256655912 |issn=2589-7500|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web |url=https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/02/what-is-chatgpt-doing-and-why-does-it-work/ |title=What Is ChatGPT Doing … and Why Does It Work? |last=Wolfram |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Wolfram |date=February 14, 2023}}
* {{cite web |url=https://writings.stephenwolfram.com/2023/03/chatgpt-gets-its-wolfram-superpowers/ |title=ChatGPT Gets Its "Wolfram Superpowers"! |last=Wolfram |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Wolfram |date=March 23, 2023}}
* {{cite web |last1=Bartholomew |first1=Jem |last2=Mehta |first2=Dhrumil |title=How the media is covering ChatGPT |url=https://www.cjr.org/tow_center/media-coverage-chatgpt.php |website=Columbia Journalism Review |access-date=May 30, 2023 |language=en}}
* {{cite arXiv |last1=Zhao |first1=Wayne Xin |last2=Zhou |first2=Kun |last3=Li |first3=Junyi |display-authors=1 |title=A Survey of Large Language Models |date=2023 |class=cs.CL |eprint=2303.18223 }}
* [https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/prompt-engineering Prompt engineering] guide from OpenAI

==External links==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.deeplearning.ai/short-courses/chatgpt-prompt-engineering-for-developers/ ChatGPT Prompt Engineering for Developers], course by [[Andrew Ng]] and OpenAI
* [https://www.npr.org/2023/05/25/1178290105/ai-chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-series-part-one Can ChatGPT write a podcast episode?] (''[[Planet Money]]'' podcast, May 2023)
* [https://opentodebate.org/debate/will-chatgpt-do-more-harm-than-good/#/ Will Chat GPT do more harm than good?] ([[Gary Marcus]] and [[Keith Teare]] debate, February 2023)
* [https://www.wired.com/story/what-openai-really-wants/ "What OpenAI Really Wants"] by ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]''

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