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{{Short description|South Korean media marketing system}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
'''Cultural technology''' ({{Korean|hangul=문화기술|hanja={{linktext|文化|技術}}|rr=munhwagisul}}) is a system used by [[South Korea]]n talent agencies to promote [[K-pop]] culture throughout the world as part of the [[Korean Wave]]. The system was developed by [[Lee Soo-man]], founder of talent agency and record company [[SM Entertainment]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|url=https://hbr.org/2011/07/what-marketers-can-learn-from|title=What Marketers Can Learn from Korean Pop Music|last1=Chang|first1=Dae Ryun|date=2011-07-21|work=Harvard Business Review|access-date=2017-06-20|last2=Choi|first2=Kyongon|archive-date=2017-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190529/https://hbr.org/2011/07/what-marketers-can-learn-from|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/factory-girls-2|title=Factory Girls: Cultural technology and the making of K-pop|last=Seabrook|first=John|date=2012-10-08|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=2017-06-20|archive-date=2019-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724200424/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/10/08/factory-girls-2|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==

===Coinage===
During a speech at the [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]] in 2011, Lee said he coined the term "cultural technology" about fourteen years prior, when S.M. Entertainment decided to promote its [[K-pop]] artists to all of [[Asia]].<ref name=":1" /> In the late 1990s, Lee and his colleagues created a manual on cultural technology, which specified the steps needed to popularize K-pop artists outside South Korea.

"The manual, which all S.M. employees are instructed to learn, explains when to bring in foreign composers, producers, and choreographers; what chord progressions to use in what country; the precise color of eyeshadow a performer should wear in a particular country; the exact hand gestures he or she should make; and the camera angles to be used in the videos (a three-hundred-and-sixty-degree group shot to open the video, followed by a montage of individual closeups)," according to ''[[The New Yorker]].''<ref name=":1" />

===The Four Core Stages===
The cultural technology system originally employed by SM Entertainment since the 1990s existed in four stages: Casting, Training, Producing, and Marketing/Managing.<ref name=":5">{{cite AV media|people=Lee Soo-man|date=1 February 2016|title=SMTOWN: New Culture Technology, 2016|language=ko|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ky5NvWsXnn8|access-date=12 May 2018}}</ref> Each of these four stages were curated to help spread the Hallyu wave through the development of its artists, and are present in the strategies of many other South Korean talent agencies when creating, debuting, and marketing groups.

====Casting====
While the majority of K-pop idols are from South Korea, some are from Japan, China, or Thailand. Many of Korea's entertainment companies, such as SM's Global Auditions, Bighit's Hit It auditions, and YG's Next Generation, host worldwide auditions. Scouting and streetcasting are also common, with members like BTS's Jin recruited for their looks or other surface reasons.<ref name=":13">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/inside-bts-mania-a-day-in-the-life-of-the-k-pop-superstars-w514229|title=Inside BTS Mania - A Day in the Life of the K-Pop Superstars|last=Martins|first=Chris|date=2017-12-19|magazine=Rolling Stone|access-date=2018-05-12|archive-date=2021-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523120250/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/inside-bts-mania-a-day-in-the-life-of-the-k-pop-superstars-129689/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sometimes, casting agents go to dance schools to recruit the top dancers to be trained further at the entertainment company.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/10/arts/music/Cramming-for-Stardom-at-K-Pop-School.html|title=Cramming for Stardom at Korea's K-Pop Schools|last=Sang Hun|first=Choe|date=2013-08-09|work=New York Times|access-date=2018-05-12|archive-date=2018-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513083427/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/10/arts/music/Cramming-for-Stardom-at-K-Pop-School.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Training====
{{See also|SM Rookies}}
Idols train extensively before debut. They receive training in dance, vocal activities, presentation, and other areas that will benefit them in the industry. Oftentimes, this training will last for years at a time, and trainees are in the proverbial dungeon.<ref name=":1" />

Before debut, idols and groups attempt to gain fans through pre-debut activities. SM Entertainment has a system in place called SM Rookies, which is a pre-debut team that hosts concerts and releases videos that strengthen the fanbase of the group even before their first single is released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soompi.com/2014/04/13/smrookies-announces-official-website-opening-with-video-teasr/|title=SMRookies Announces Official Website Opening with Video Teaser|publisher=[[Soompi]]|date=April 13, 2014|access-date=May 12, 2018|archive-date=September 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233151/https://www.soompi.com/2014/04/13/smrookies-announces-official-website-opening-with-video-teasr/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other forms of pre-debut activities include featuring in other, more seasoned idols' videos—like [[Nu'est]] in [[Orange Caramel]] or [[Exo (band)|Exo]] in [[Girls' Generation-TTS]] Twinkle or [[BTS (band)|BTS]] in [[Jo Kwon]]. One particular method of pre-debut training is coupled with casting in production shows, like [[Sixteen (TV series)|Sixteen]] and [[Produce 101]], in which members for a final group are selected and trained.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seoulbeats.com/2017/10/survival-shows-why-korea-just-cant-get-enough/|title=Survival Shows: Why Korea Just Can't Get Enough|publisher=SeoulBeats|date=October 15, 2017|access-date=May 12, 2018|archive-date=May 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513105646/http://seoulbeats.com/2017/10/survival-shows-why-korea-just-cant-get-enough/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source|reason=Per [[WP:KO/RS#UR]]|date=December 2023}}

====Producing====
The production of music is integral in culture technology. For cultural technology, production of music helps create differentiated content to set trends in the K-pop world—trends that vary from music to also costume, choreography, and music videos. SM in particular focuses heavily on the expansion globally.<ref name=":5" /> Some companies also outsource production to more internationally famed parties, like [[Cube Entertainment]]'s partnership with Skrillex for [[4minute]]'s [[Act. 7]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/2016/01/31/4minute-returns-with-mv-for-skrillex-collaboration-hate/|title=4Minute Returns With MV for Skrillex Collaboration "Hate"|publisher=[[Soompi]]|date=January 31, 2016|access-date=May 12, 2018|archive-date=May 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081731/https://www.soompi.com/2016/01/31/4minute-returns-with-mv-for-skrillex-collaboration-hate/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source|reason=Per [[WP:KO/RS#UR]]|date=December 2023}}

====Marketing/Managing====
In the marketing and management stage, talent agencies seek to broaden their reach. Often, idols have potential for being actors and actresses in dramas, or perhaps hosts/permanent members of variety shows like [[Kim Hee-chul]] in ''[[Knowing Bros]]''. This so-called omnidirectional marketing lineup ranges over lifestyle and seeks to reach many aspects of living, like music, TV, drama, entertainment, sports, and fashion.<ref name=":5" />

This is also where older groups find new life, like [[Super Junior]]. Companies are not complacent but experiment constantly to develop the best marketing for the best management system.<ref name=":5" />

Marketing also aspires to branch out to international audiences, sometimes via the implementation of variety shows. Despite being primarily in Korean, these variety shows are accessible to all due to the simplistic, easily understood nature of shows—game-oriented shows like Run BTS! or consistently subbed shows like [[Weekly Idol]] are popular in showing the fun-loving side of idols.

==Evolution into New Culture Technology==
In February 2016, SM hosted a press conference discussing the future of SM and its cultural technology. Lee Soo-man announced the implementation of New Culture Technology, an SM-specific system. While SM's cultural technology in the past relied on local, Korean artists like [[Rain (entertainer)|Rain]] and [[BoA]], the updated model tries to embed more and more foreign singers from strategic markets into larger girl or boy bands. These imported singers are then used to promote their acts back in their respective home countries.<ref name=":02" />

New Culture Technology is 5 projects—SM Station, EDM, Digital Platforms, [[SM Rookies|Rookies Entertainment]], and MCN—and one experimental group, [[NCT (band)|NCT]]. It is a convergence and expansion of SM's four core culture technologies developed and deals heavily with interaction and the desire to innovate through communication.

===SM Station===
{{see also|SM Station}}

SM announced their intention of creating a new song every week for 52 weeks. Through this constant output of music, they intend to stray away from conventional forms of music and show active movement in digital music market and physical album market through freely and continuously releasing music. Additionally, this SM Station will feature collaborations between artists, producers, composers, and company brands outside the SM label.<ref name=":5" />

The name of SM Station is both derived from the radio station and the metaphorical train station.<ref name=":5" />

===NCT===
{{see also|NCT (group)}}

Neo Culture Technology (NCT) introduced the idea of "Interactive". SM company tried to connect the targeting market, customers and artist, in order to lead the [[K-pop]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dy.163.com/v2/article/detail/EJH8GMQL05458IB7.html|title=NCT新文化技术，这一次，我想为SM娱乐和李秀满老师点个赞_网易订阅|website=dy.163.com|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=2019-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208025714/http://dy.163.com/v2/article/detail/EJH8GMQL05458IB7.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

NCT (Neo Culture Technology) is the new artist group formed by SM that embodies the concepts of cultural technology. With the seemingly limitless combinations and groups, SM aspires to make the whole world a stage for NCT.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/7647980/nct-k-pop-group-guide-explainer|title=Examining NCT and Its Various K-Pop Units|last=Hermen|first=Tamar|date=2017-01-09|magazine=Billboard|access-date=2018-05-12|language=en|archive-date=2018-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423111109/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/7647980/nct-k-pop-group-guide-explainer|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since 2023, there are six NCT groups, who debuted on the digital song sales: NCT U, [[NCT 127]], [[NCT Dream]] [[WayV]], [[NCT DoJaeJung]], and [[NCT New Team|NCT Wish]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/8257671/nct-explained-empathy-album-world-digital-song-sales-chart-127-dream-u|title=Three NCT Teams Debut on World Digital Song Sales Chart: Your Guide to Each One|magazine=Billboard|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324051936/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/k-town/8257671/nct-explained-empathy-album-world-digital-song-sales-chart-127-dream-u|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of October 2023, the group consists of 26 members: [[Moon Tae-il|Taeil]], Johnny, [[Lee Tae-yong|Taeyong]], [[Nakamoto Yuta|Yuta]], Kun, [[Doyoung (singer)|Doyoung]], [[Ten (singer)|Ten]], [[Jaehyun (singer)|Jaehyun]], Winwin, Jungwoo, [[Mark Lee (singer)|Mark]], Xiaojun, Hendery, Renjun, [[Lee Je-no|Jeno]], [[Haechan]], [[Na Jae-min|Jaemin]], Yangyang, [[Zhong Chenle|Chenle]], Jisung, Sion, Riku, Yushi, Daeyoung, Ryo, and Sakuya.

'''<big>ScreaM Records</big>'''

ScreaM Records has been released by SM Entertainment as an EDM label since 2016 for "SM TOWN: New Culture Technology". ScreaM Records is made for "performances made to be enjoyed". It collaborates with inside and outside Korean well-known EDM DJs.

ScreaM Records has first launched collaborated song "Wave" E-Mart's home electronics store, Electro Mart.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/847713wpp/sm-entertainment-release-new-edm-label-scream-records|title=SM Entertainment Release New EDM Label ScreaM Records|date=2016-04-25|website=[[Soompi]]|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=2019-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208025714/https://www.soompi.com/article/847713wpp/sm-entertainment-release-new-edm-label-scream-records|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Unreliable source|reason=Per [[WP:KO/RS#UR]]|date=December 2023}}

"Our goal is to provide opportunities to producers who have yet to be discovered and produce world famous DJs from the Asian scene." a ScreaM Records representative said.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/109/0003305800|title=SM, EDM레이블 'ScreaM Records' 설립..5월6일 첫곡 발표|website=[[Naver News]]|language=ko|access-date=2019-12-08|archive-date=2019-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208025714/https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/now/article/109/0003305800|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Three stages of globalization==
According to Lee, there are three stages necessary to popularize Korean culture outside South Korea: exporting the product, collaborating with international companies to expand the product's presence abroad, and finally creating a joint venture with international companies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/08/201_88764.html|title=Lee reveals know-how of hallyu|last=Min-uck|first=Chung|date=2017-01-09|work=[[The Korea Times]]|access-date=2018-05-12|language=en|archive-date=2018-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511222008/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2012/08/201_88764.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As part of their joint ventures with international companies, South Korean talent agencies may hire foreign composers, producers, and choreographers to ensure K-pop songs feel "local" to foreign countries.<ref name=":02" />

==Etymology==
Despite Lee's claim that he coined the term "cultural technology," South Korean computer scientist Kwangyun Wohn said he coined the term "culture technology" in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apan.net/meetings/apan36/Session/OpeningPlenary/KwangyunWohn.php|title=Asia-Pacific Advanced Network 36th Meeting: Professor Kwangyun Wohn|website=Asia-Pacific Advanced Network|access-date=2017-06-20|archive-date=January 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115023657/https://apan.net/meetings/apan36/Session/OpeningPlenary/KwangyunWohn.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Cultural technology has also been one of six technology initiatives of the South Korean government since 2001.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}} In regards to cultural technology, the [[Korean Wave]] is considered one of the most successful outcomes of government support of exporting Korean entertainment products.{{Citation needed|date=June 2017}}

==See also==
* [[K-pop]]
* [[Korean idol]]
** [[Korean idols in advertising]]
* [[Korean Wave]]
** [[Fandom culture in South Korea]]
* [[Celebrity branding]]
* [[Content creation]]
* [[Content intelligence]]
* [[Content marketing]]
* [[Creator economy]]
* [[Influencer marketing]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{K-pop}}

[[Category:K-pop]]
[[Category:1990s neologisms]]
[[Category:SM Entertainment]]
[[Category:Digital media]]
[[Category:New media]]