View source for Educational technology in Saudi Arabia

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This article describes the history of using '''educational technology in Saudi Arabia'''. It highlights the history of using [[educational technology]] in the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] since the mid-1700s, the beginning, the improvements and the current status.  It also describes the rapid increase in using [[technology]] in schools, institutes and universities, and presents the attitudes of Saudi people towards this global phenomenon.

==Timeline of education and technology in Saudi Arabia==
[[Education in Saudi Arabia]] has gone through diverse stages. Regarding the technology emergence in Education in Saudi Arabia, it is displayed below that technology has emerged just recently.

===Emergence of education in Saudi Arabia===
[[File:Kuttab.jpg|thumb|Saudi [[Kuttab]] (elementary school) teaching]]
#In 1930s, formal primary [[education]] began in [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Albalawi p15">{{cite book|last=Albalawi|first=M.|title=Critical factors related to the implementation of web-based instruction by higher-education faculty at three universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|year=2007|publisher=The University of West Florida|page=15}}</ref>
#In 1945, [[Ibn Saud|King Abdulaziz bin Abdelrahman Al-Saud]], the country's founder, had initiated an extensive program to establish schools in the kingdom.<ref name="Albalawi p15" />
#In 1954, the Ministry of Education was established.<ref name="Albalawi p15" />

===Emergence of technical education in Saudi Arabia===
#In the early 1950s, technical education and vocational training in Saudi Arabia started and was integrated with general education.<ref name="Al-Asmari p30">{{cite book|last=Al-Asmari|first=A.|title=The Use of the Internet Among EFL Teachers at the Colleges of Technology in Saudi Arabia|year=2005|publisher=The Ohio State University|pages=30–31}}</ref>
#In 1980, [[Technical and Vocational Training Corporation|General Organization for Technical Education and Vocational Training (GOTEVOT)]] was formally established. It acknowledged the need for technological education at the college level to generate highly qualified national cadres.<ref name="Al-Asmari p30" />
[[File:Learning Resources Centre2.jpg|thumb|Learning Resources Centre]]

===Pre-internet technology and education in Saudi Arabia===
#In 1979, Saudi radio channels broadcast radio education programs with support from the [https://archive.today/20130418004054/http://www.mohe.gov.sa/en/default.aspx Ministry of Higher Education] and the Ministry of Education. Although not official distance-learning programs, these radio programs were designed to assist students in the traditional learning system.<ref>{{cite book|last=Albalawi|first=M.|title=Critical factors related to the implementation of web-based instruction by higher-education faculty at three universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|year=2007|publisher=The University of West Florida|page=22}}</ref>
#In around 1980, correspondence education started when students participated in courses provided by international universities outside the kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|last=Albalawi|first=M.|title=The Use of the Internet Among EFL Teachers at the Colleges of Technology in Saudi Arabia|year=2007|publisher=The University of West Florida|page=21}}</ref>
#In 1985, Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries launched two communications satellites called [[ArabSat]]....Their use in...education is limited only by the imagination and resources of the user.<ref>{{cite book|last=Albalawi|first=M.|title=Critical factors related to the implementation of web-based instruction by higher-education faculty at three universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|year=2007|publisher=The University of West Florida|page=26}}</ref>

===Post-internet technology and education in Saudi Arabia===
[[File:Internet usage in ksa.png|thumb|The number and percentage of the population of internet users in Saudi Arabia (2001–2011)]]
#In 1993, [[King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals]] (KFUPM) in [[Dhahran]] becomes the first Saudi institution to connect to the [[internet]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Is Saudi Arabia Ready for E-Learning? – A Case Study|year=n.d.|page=1|author1=Chanchary, F.  |author2=Islam, S.}}</ref>
#In 1994, Internet was first introduced to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia when state [[academic]], medical and research institutions got access to it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Internet.gov.sa.|url=http://www.internet.gov.sa/learn-the-web/guides/internet-in-saudi-arabia/view?set_language=en|access-date=2012-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113232034/http://www.internet.gov.sa/learn-the-web/guides/internet-in-saudi-arabia/view?set_language=en|archive-date=2012-11-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>   
#In 1997, public access to Internet was allowed.<ref name="Ali, S. ; Sait, S. & Al-Tawil, K. 2003 393">{{cite journal|title=Perceptions about e-Learning in Saudi Arabia|journal=ICASE World Conference on Science & Technology Education, Penang, Malaysia|date=April 2003|page=393|author1=Ali, S. |author2=Sait, S. |author3=Al-Tawil, K. }}</ref>
#In 1999, the Internet was provided for college and [[government]] use.<ref name="Altowjry 2004 35">{{cite book|last=Altowjry|first=A.|title=Reforming Higher Education in Saudi Arabia: The use of Telecommunications Technology|year=2004|publisher=Rochester Institute of Technology|page=35}}</ref> Then, Internet access begins the move from government and academic into the mainstream. Though the first few years did not notice much progress, but in following years, Internet subscription and use increased rapidly.<ref>{{cite book|title=Is Saudi Arabia Ready for E-Learning? – A Case Study|publisher=Najran University, Saudi Arabia|author1=Chanchary, F.  |author2=Islam, S|page=1}}</ref>
#In 2000, Al-Sharhan suggested that a country like Saudi Arabia with a land area of over 2 million square kilometers and a population of 16 million should consider the adoption of the use of satellite technology in its educational system.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Al-Sharhan|first=J.|title=Education and the Satellite: Possibilities for Saudi Arabia?|journal=Int'l J of Instructional Media|year=2000|volume=27 | issue = 1|page=54}}</ref> In addition, the general public was granted Internet access.<ref name="Altowjry 2004 35"/>
#In the early 21st century, Saudi universities use Interactive Television Technology (ITT) transmitted via fiber optic lines- a technology that provides visual and auditory communication to students in remote area who are seeking an education.<ref>{{cite book|last=Albalawi|first=M.|title=Critical factors related to the implementation of web-based instruction by higher-education faculty at three universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|year=2007|publisher=The University of West Florida|page=24}}</ref>
#In 2001, [[King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology|King Abdul Aziz City of Science and Technology]] (KACST) decided to fund a study that will explore the use of Internet along three major topics: .... Implications of the Internet technology for education ....<ref name="Ali, S. ; Sait, S. & Al-Tawil, K. 2003 393"/> Also, [[Saudi Telecom Company]] (STC) introduced [[asymmetric digital subscriber line]] (ADSL) service for the kingdom, which significantly reduced the cost of the Internet service. ADSL made it possible for all the universities to implement more [[web-based instruction]] (WBI).<ref>{{cite book|last=Albalawi|first=M.|title=Critical factors related to the implementation of web-based instruction by higher-education faculty at three universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|year=2007|publisher=The University of West Florida|page=31}}</ref>
#In 2002, Saudi Arabia's nationwide educational system consisted of 11 universities, over 24.000 schools, 48 women's colleges, and over 30 colleges.<ref>{{cite book|last=Albalawi|first=M.|title=Critical factors related to the implementation of web-based instruction by higher-education faculty at three universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|year=2007|publisher=The University of West Florida|page=16}}</ref>

===Emergence of e-learning===
#In 2003, [[Umm al-Qura University|Aum Alqura University]] and King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals calibrated to establish [[e-learning]] center under the deanery of academic development to be the main task help academic population in university to benefit from learning technology to develop the process of education.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aldraiby|first=O.|title=E-learning and Its Effectiveness in Saudi Arabia|year=2010|publisher=King Abdul-Aziz University|location=Saudi Arabia|page=394}}</ref>

#Starting from 2006, there is a significant development in E-learning in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="Mokali 2012 7">{{cite book|last=Mokali|first=K.|title=Factors That Affect Faculty Attitudes Toward Adoption of Technology -Rich Blended Learning|year=2012|publisher=Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas|page=7}}</ref>
#In 2007, [http://www.elc.edu.sa/portal/ National Center for E-learning and Distance Learning] was established.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Center for E-learning and Distance Learning|url=http://www.elc.edu.sa/portal/index.php?mod=news&apage=3&annID=73|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=2013-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404223243/http://www.elc.edu.sa/portal/index.php?mod=news|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also, [[Television in Saudi Arabia|Saudi television]] channels broadcast educational programs with assistance from the Ministry of Higher Education and the Ministry of Education. As with the use of radio offerings, those programs are not official [[distance learning]], but they are presented to help students who are in the traditional learning system.<ref>{{cite book|last=Albalawi|first=M.|title=Critical factors related to the implementation of web-based instruction by higher-education faculty at three universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia|year=2007|publisher=The University of West Florida|pages=23–24}}</ref> 
#In 2008, Al-Harbi (2011) stated that e-learning in Saudi Arabia is still in its infancy with a paucity of information on its use at the time of the study.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Al-Harbi|first=K.|title=E-Learning in the Saudi Tertiary Education: Potential and Challenges|journal=Applied Computing and Informatics Journal|year=2011|volume= 9|page=45}}</ref> Saudi Arabia called for a national plan to adopt information technology across the country. The plan recommends implementation of e-learning and distance learning, and their prospective applications in higher education.<ref>{{cite book|title=Is Saudi Arabia Ready for E-Learning? – A Case Study|year=n.d.|publisher=Najran University, Saudi Arabia|author1=Chanchary, F.  |author2=Islam, S.|page=1}}</ref>
#In 2009, the first [http://eli.elc.edu.sa international conference e-learning and distance learning] was held and organized by the Ministry of Higher Education and National Center for E-learning and Distance Learning.<ref>{{cite web|title=International conference e-learning and distance learning|url=http://eli.elc.edu.sa/2009/|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=2016-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111040228/http://eli.elc.edu.sa/2009/|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
#In 2010, the list of distance education in higher education institutions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was officially published and ratified.<ref name="Abdulaziz 1">{{cite web|title=العمادة في سطور|url=http://elearning.kau.edu.sa/Pages-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1.aspx|publisher=King Abdulaziz University|access-date=2012-12-28|archive-date=2014-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209101609/http://elearning.kau.edu.sa/Pages-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>   
#In 2011, The King Abdullah Ibn Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, the Premier and the Chairman of Higher Education Council, has approved the council's decision on the establishment of [[Saudi Electronic University]].<ref name="Mokali 2012 7"/>
#In the school year 2011–2012, there were first distance education graduate students of King Abdulaziz University among Saudi universities.<ref name="Abdulaziz 1" />

==Internet connection for everyone==

===Recent statistics===
The number of the internet users grew from around million in 2001 to an estimated 13 million at the end of  9 M 2011.<ref>[http://blog.ethosinteract.com/2012/02/06/internet-user-in-saudi-arabia-ethos-interactive/ blog.ethosinteract.com]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Saudi Arabia}}
* [[Education in Saudi Arabia]]
* [[Technical and Vocational Training Corporation|Technical and Vocational Training Corporation (TVTC)]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Education in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Technology in society]]