View source for Gas-filled tube

{{Short description|Assembly of electrodes at either end of an insulated tube filled with gas}}
{{About|tubes producing visible discharges or used for switching purposes|the use of gas-filled tubes for radiation detection|Gaseous ionization detector}}
{{see also|Gas-discharge lamp}}
[[File:Compact-Fluorescent-Bulb.jpg|thumb|A [[compact fluorescent lamp|compact fluorescent bulb]] is a household application of a gas-filled tube]]

A '''gas-filled tube''', also commonly known as a '''discharge tube''' or formerly as a '''[[Julius Plücker|Plücker]] tube''', is an arrangement of [[electrode]]s in a [[gas]] within an [[dielectric|insulating]], temperature-resistant [[envelope]]. Gas-filled tubes exploit phenomena related to [[electric discharge in gases]], and operate by [[ionisation|ionizing]] the gas with an applied [[voltage]] sufficient to cause [[electrical conduction]] by the underlying phenomena of the [[Townsend discharge]].  A [[gas-discharge lamp]] is an [[electric light]] using a gas-filled tube; these include [[fluorescent lamp]]s, [[metal-halide lamp]]s, [[sodium-vapor lamp]]s, and [[neon light]]s.  Specialized gas-filled tubes such as [[krytron]]s, [[thyratron]]s, and [[ignitron]]s are used as switching devices in electric devices.

The voltage required to initiate and sustain discharge is dependent on the [[pressure]] and composition of the fill gas and geometry of the tube. Although the envelope is typically glass, power tubes often use [[ceramic]]s, and military tubes often use glass-lined metal. Both [[hot cathode]] and [[cold cathode]] type devices are encountered.

==Gases in use==

===Hydrogen===
[[Hydrogen]] is used in tubes used for very fast switching, e.g. some [[thyratron]]s, [[dekatron]]s, and [[krytron]]s, where very steep edges are required. The build-up and recovery times of hydrogen are much shorter than in other gases.<ref name="ch2"/> Hydrogen thyratrons are usually hot-cathode. Hydrogen (and deuterium) can be stored in the tube in the form of a metal [[hydride]], heated with an auxiliary filament;  hydrogen by heating such storage element can be used to replenish cleaned-up gas, and even to adjust the pressure as needed for a thyratron operation at a given voltage.<ref name="cdvandt">C. A. Pirrie and H. Menown [http://www.cdvandt.org/Evolution%20of%20Hydrogen%20Thyratron.pdf "The Evolution of the Hydrogen Thyratron"], Marconi Applied Technologies Ltd, Chelmsford, U.K.</ref>

===Deuterium===
[[Deuterium]] is used in [[ultraviolet]] lamps for [[ultraviolet spectroscopy]], in [[neutron generator]] tubes, and in special tubes (e.g. [[crossatron]]). It has higher breakdown voltage than hydrogen. In fast switching tubes it is used instead of hydrogen where high voltage operation is required.<ref name="pasley1"/> For a comparison, the hydrogen-filled CX1140 thyratron has anode voltage rating of 25 kV, while the deuterium-filled and otherwise identical CX1159 has 33 kV. Also, at the same voltage the pressure of deuterium can be higher than of hydrogen, allowing higher rise rates of current before it causes excessive anode dissipation. Significantly higher peak powers are achievable. Its recovery time is however about 40% slower than for hydrogen.<ref name="cdvandt"/>

===Noble gases===
[[File:Edelgase in Entladungsroehren.jpg|thumb|right|[[Noble gas]] discharge tubes; from left to right: [[helium]], [[neon]], [[argon]], [[krypton]], [[xenon]]]]

[[Noble gas]]es are frequently used in tubes for many purposes, from lighting to switching. Pure noble gases are employed in switching tubes. Noble-gas-filled thyratrons have better electrical parameters than mercury-based ones.<ref name="pasley1">[http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Library/Pasley1.html "Pulse Power Switching Devices – An Overview"]</ref> The electrodes undergo damage by high-velocity ions. The neutral atoms of the gas slow the ions down by collisions, and reduce the energy transferred to the electrodes by the ion impact. Gases with high molecular weight, e.g. xenon, protect the electrodes better than lighter ones, e.g. neon.<ref name="lamptech">[http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Documents/FL%20Gases.htm "The Fluorescent Lamp – Gas Fillings"]. Lamptech.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-05-17.</ref>
*[[Helium]] is used in [[helium–neon laser]]s and in some thyratrons rated for high currents and high voltages. Helium provides about as short deionization time as hydrogen, but can withstand lower voltage, so it is used much less often.<ref>[http://www.cdvandt.org/thyratron_various.htm Thyratron various]. Cdvandt.org. Retrieved on 2011-05-17.</ref>
*[[Neon]] has low ignition voltage and is frequently used in low-voltage tubes. Discharge in neon emits relatively bright red light; neon-filled switching tubes therefore also act as indicators, shining red when switched on. This is exploited in the [[decatron]] tubes, which act as both counters and displays. Its red light is exploited in [[neon signage]]. Used in [[fluorescent tube]]s with high power and short length, e.g. industrial lighting tubes. Has higher voltage drop in comparison with argon and krypton. Its low atomic mass provides only a little protection to the electrodes against accelerated ions; additional screening wires or plates can be used for prolonging the anode lifetime. In fluorescent tubes it is used in combination with mercury.<ref name="lamptech"/>
*[[Argon]] was the first gas used in fluorescent tubes and is still frequently used due to its low cost, high efficiency, and very low striking voltage. In fluorescent tubes it is used in combination with mercury.<ref name="lamptech"/> It was also used in early [[Rectifier#Argon gas electron tube|rectifier tubes]]; first thyratrons were derived from such argon-filled tubes.
*[[Krypton]] can be used in fluorescent lamps instead of argon; in that application it reduces the total energy losses on electrodes from about 15% to 7%. The voltage drop per lamp length is however lower than with argon, which can be compensated by smaller tube diameter. Krypton-filled lamps also require higher starting voltage; this can be alleviated by using e.g. 25%–75% argon-krypton mixture. In fluorescent tubes it is used in combination with mercury.<ref name="lamptech"/>
*[[Xenon]] in pure state has high breakdown voltage, making it useful in higher-voltage switching tubes. Xenon is also used as a component of gas mixtures when production of ultraviolet radiation is required, e.g. in [[plasma display]]s, usually to excite a [[phosphor]]. The wavelength produced is longer than with argon and krypton and penetrates the phosphors better. To lower the ionization voltage, neon-xenon or helium-xenon are used; above {{cvt|350|torr|kPa|lk=on}}, helium has lower breakdown voltage than neon and vice versa. At concentrations of 1% and less of xenon, the [[Penning effect]] becomes significant in such mixtures, as most of xenon ionization occurs by collision with excited atoms of the other noble gas; at more than few percents of xenon, the discharge ionizes xenon directly due to most energy of the electrons being spent on direct ionization of xenon.<ref>Po-Cheng Chen, Yu-Ting Chien, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305085642/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADP011307 "Gas Discharge and Experiments for Plasma Display Panel"], Defense Technical Information Center Compilation Part Notice ADP011307</ref>
*[[Radon]], despite being a noble gas, is dangerously [[radioactivity|radioactive]] and its most stable isotope has a [[half-life]] of less than four days.<ref name=Ullmann>{{Ullmann | first1=Cornelius |last1=Keller |first2=Walter |last2=Wolf |first3=Jashovam |last3=Shani | title = Radionuclides, 2. Radioactive Elements and Artificial Radionuclides | doi = 10.1002/14356007.o22_o15}}</ref> Consequently, it is not commonly used in electronic devices.
*[[Penning mixture]]s are used where lower ionization voltage is required, e.g. in the [[neon lamp]]s, [[Geiger–Müller tube]]s and other gas-filled [[particle detector]]s. A classical combination is about 98–99.5% of neon with 0.5–2% of argon, used in, e.g. [[neon bulb]]s and in monochrome [[plasma display]]s.

===Elemental vapors (metals and nonmetals)===
*[[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] vapors are used for applications with high current, e.g. lights, [[mercury-arc valve]]s, [[ignitron]]s. Mercury is used because of its high vapor pressure and low ionization potential. Mercury mixed with an inert gas is used where the energy losses in the tube have to be low and the tube lifetime should be long. In mercury-inert gas mixtures, the discharge is initially carried primarily by the inert gas; the released heat then serves to evaporate enough mercury to reach the desired vapor pressure. Low-voltage (hundreds volts) rectifiers use saturated mercury vapor in combination with a small amount of inert gas, allowing cold start of the tubes. High-voltage (kilovolts and more) rectifiers use pure mercury vapor at low pressure, requiring maintenance of maximum temperature of the tube. The liquid mercury serves as a reservoir of mercury, replenishing the vapors that are used up during the discharge. Unsaturated mercury vapor can be used, but as it can not be replenished, the lifetime of such tubes is lower.<ref name="ch2"/> The strong dependence of vapor pressure on mercury temperature limits the environments the mercury-based tubes can operate in. In low-pressure mercury lamps, there is an optimum mercury pressure for the highest efficiency. Photons emitted by ionized mercury atoms can be absorbed by nearby nonionized atoms and either reradiated or the atom is deexcited nonradiatively, too high mercury pressure therefore causes losses of light. Too low mercury pressure leads to too few atoms present to get ionized and radiate photons. The optimum temperature for low-pressure mercury lamps is at about 42&nbsp;°C, when the saturated vapor pressure of mercury (present as a drop of about 1&nbsp;mg of liquid mercury in the tube, as a reservoir compensating for losses by clean-up) reaches this optimum. In lamps intended for operation at higher ambient temperatures, and at a wider temperature range, mercury is present in the form of an [[Amalgam (chemistry)|amalgam]] with e.g. [[bismuth]] and [[indium]]; the vapor pressure above amalgam is lower than above liquid mercury.<ref name="handopto">[https://books.google.com/books?id=3GmcgL7Z-6YC&dq=gas+discharge+properties+mercury+neon+hydrogen+deuterium&pg=PA57 ''Handbook of optoelectronics'', Volume 1] by John Dakin, Robert G. W. Brown, p. 52, CRC Press, 2006 {{ISBN|0-7503-0646-7}}</ref> Mercury is used in [[fluorescent tube]]s as a source of visible and ultraviolet light for exciting the [[phosphor]]; in that application it is usually used together with argon, or in some cases with krypton or neon. Mercury ions deionize slowly, limiting the switching speed of mercury-filled thyratrons. Ion bombardment with mercury ions of even relatively low energies also gradually destroys oxide-coated cathodes.<ref name="cdvandt"/>
*[[Sodium]] vapors are used in [[sodium-vapor lamp]]s.
*[[Sulfur]] vapors are used in [[sulfur lamp]]s.
*Vapors of many metals, alone or together with a noble gas, are used in many [[laser]]s.

===Other gases===
[[File:Gase-in-Entladungsroehren.jpg|thumb|right|Other gases in discharge tubes; from left to right: [[hydrogen]], [[deuterium]], [[nitrogen]], [[oxygen]], [[mercury (element)|mercury]] ]]
*[[Air]] can be used in some low-demanding applications.
*[[Nitrogen]] at relatively high pressure tends to be used in [[surge arrester]]s, due to its short build-up time, giving the tubes fast response time to voltage surges.<ref name="ch2"/>
*[[Halogen]]s and [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]] vapors absorb ultraviolet radiation and have high electron affinity. When added to inert gases, they quench the discharge; this is exploited in e.g. [[Geiger–Müller tube]]s.<ref name="ch2"/>

===Insulating gases===
{{main|Dielectric gas}}
In special cases (e.g., high-voltage switches), gases with good dielectric properties and very high breakdown voltages are needed. Highly [[electronegative]] elements, e.g., [[halogen]]s, are favored as they rapidly recombine with the ions present in the discharge channel. One of the most popular choices is [[sulfur hexafluoride]], used in special high-voltage applications. Other common options are dry pressurized [[nitrogen]] and [[halocarbon]]s.

==Gas-tube physics and technology==
{{see also |Townsend discharge}}
[[File:Glow discharge current-voltage curve English.svg|thumb|right|300px|Voltage-current characteristics of electrical discharge in neon at {{cvt|1|torr|Pa|lk=off}}, with two planar electrodes separated by 50&nbsp;cm.<br/>
A: random pulses by [[cosmic radiation]]<br/>
B: saturation current<br/>
C: avalanche [[Townsend discharge]]<br/>
D: self-sustained Townsend discharge<br/>
E: unstable region: [[corona discharge]]<br/>
F: sub-normal [[glow discharge]]<br/>
G: normal glow discharge<br/>
H: abnormal glow discharge<br/>
I: unstable region: glow-arc transition<br/>
J: [[electric arc]]<br/>
K: electric arc<br/>
The A-D region is called a dark discharge; there is some ionization, but the current is below 10 microamperes and there is no significant amount of radiation produced.<br/>
The D-G region exhibits a [[Negative resistance|negative differential resistance]]<br/>
The F-H region is a region of glow discharge; the plasma emits a faint glow that occupies almost all the volume of the tube; most of the light is emitted by excited neutral atoms.<br/>
The I-K region is a region of arc discharge; the plasma is concentrated in a narrow channel along the center of the tube; a great amount of radiation is produced.]]
The fundamental mechanism is the Townsend discharge, which is the sustained multiplication of electron flow by ion impact when a critical value of electric field strength for the density of the gas is reached. As the electric field is increased various phases of discharge are encountered as shown in the accompanying plot. The gas used dramatically influences the parameters of the tube. The breakdown voltage depends on the gas composition and electrode distance; the dependencies are described by [[Paschen's law]].

===Gas pressure===
The gas pressure may range between {{cvt|0.001|and(-)|1000|torr|Pa|sigfig=2|lk=off}}; most commonly, pressures between 1–10 torr are used.<ref name="ch2"/> The gas pressure influences the following factors:<ref name="ch2"/>
*[[breakdown voltage]] (also called ignition voltage)
*[[current density]]
*operating voltage
*backfire voltage<ref>{{cite conference |title=Surface-Controlled Mercury-pool Rectifier |date=February 1940 |volume=28 |number=2 |page=52 |publisher=Institute of Radio Engineers |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-IRE/40s/IRE-1940-02.pdf |accessdate=July 16, 2023}}</ref>
*tube lifetime (lower pressure tubes tend to have shorter lifetimes due to using up of the gas)
*cathode [[sputtering]], reduced at higher pressures

Above a certain value, the higher the gas pressure, the higher the ignition voltage. High-pressure lighting tubes can require a few kilovolts impulse for ignition when cold, when the gas pressure is low. After warming up, when the volatile compound used for light emission is vaporized and the pressure increases, reignition of the discharge requires either significantly higher voltage or reducing the internal pressure by cooling down the lamp.<ref name="handopto"/> For example, many sodium vapor lamps cannot be re-lit immediately after being shut off; they must cool down before they can be lit up again.

The gas tends to be used up during the tube operation, by several phenomena collectively called '''clean-up'''. The gas atoms or molecules are [[adsorption|adsorbed]] on the surfaces of the electrodes. In high voltage tubes, the accelerated ions can penetrate into the electrode materials. New surfaces, formed by sputtering of the electrodes and deposited on e.g. the inner surfaces of the tube, also readily adsorb gases. Non-inert gases can also chemically react with the tube components. Hydrogen may diffuse through some metals.<ref name="ch2"/>

For removal of gas in vacuum tubes, [[getter]]s are used. For resupplying gas for gas-filled tubes, '''replenishers''' are employed. Most commonly, replenishers are used with hydrogen; a filament made from a hydrogen-absorbing metal (e.g. zirconium or titanium) is present in the tube, and by controlling its temperature the ratio of absorbed and desorbed hydrogen is adjusted, resulting in controlling of the hydrogen pressure in the tube. The metal filament acts as a hydrogen storage. This approach is used in e.g. hydrogen thyratrons or neutron tubes. Usage of saturated mercury vapor allows using a pool of liquid mercury as a large storage of material; the atoms lost by clean-up are automatically replenished by evaporation of more mercury. The pressure in the tube is however strongly dependent on the mercury temperature, which has to be controlled carefully.<ref name="ch2"/>

Large rectifiers use saturated mercury vapor with a small amount of an inert gas. The inert gas supports the discharge when the tube is cold.

The mercury arc valve current-voltage characteristics are highly dependent on the temperature of the liquid mercury. The voltage drop in forward bias decreases from about 60 volts at 0&nbsp;°C to somewhat above 10 volts at 50&nbsp;°C and then stays constant; the reverse bias breakdown ("arc-back") voltage drops dramatically with temperature, from 36&nbsp;kV at 60&nbsp;°C to 12&nbsp;kV at 80&nbsp;°C to even less at higher temperatures. The operating range is therefore usually between 18–65&nbsp;°C.<ref name="refeng">[https://books.google.com/books?id=R67HARlhisYC&dq=gas+filled+tube+hydrogen+neon+argon+mercury&pg=PA2-IA342 ''Reference Data for Engineers: Radio, Electronics, Computers and Communications''] by Wendy Middleton, Mac E. Van Valkenburg, pp. 16–42, Newnes, 2002 {{ISBN|0-7506-7291-9}}</ref>

===Gas purity===
The gas in the tube has to be kept pure to maintain the desired properties; even small amount of impurities can dramatically change the tube values. The presence of non-inert gases generally increases the breakdown and burning voltages. The presence of impurities can be observed by changes in the glow color of the gas. Air leaking into the tube introduces oxygen, which is highly electronegative and inhibits the production of electron avalanches. This makes the discharge look pale, milky, or reddish. Traces of mercury vapors glow bluish, obscuring the original gas color. Magnesium vapor colors the discharge green. To prevent [[outgassing]] of the tube components during operation, a [[bake-out]] is required before filling with gas and sealing. Thorough degassing is required for high-quality tubes; even as little as 10<sup>−8</sup>&nbsp;torr&nbsp;(≈1&nbsp;μPa) of oxygen is sufficient for covering the electrodes with monomolecular oxide layer in few hours. Non-inert gases can be removed by suitable [[getter]]s. For mercury-containing tubes, getters that do not form [[Amalgam (chemistry)|amalgam]]s with mercury (e.g. [[zirconium]], but not [[barium]]) have to be used. Cathode sputtering may be used intentionally for gettering non-inert gases; some reference tubes use [[molybdenum]] cathodes for this purpose.<ref name="ch2"/>

Pure inert gases are used where the difference between the ignition voltage and the burning voltage has to be high, e.g. in switching tubes. Tubes for indication and stabilization, where the difference has to be lower, tend to be filled with [[Penning mixture]]s; the lower difference between ignition and burning voltages allows using lower power supply voltages and smaller series resistances.<ref name="ch2">Hajo Lorens van der Horst, [http://www.electricstuff.co.uk/ch2.pdf Chapter 2: The construction of a gas-discharge tube] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225112615/http://electricstuff.co.uk/ch2.pdf |date=2010-12-25 }} ''1964 Philips Gas-Discharge Tubes book''</ref>

==Lighting and display gas-filled tubes==
[[Fluorescent lamp|Fluorescent lighting]], [[Compact fluorescent lamp|CFL lamps]], [[Mercury-vapor lamp|mercury]] and [[sodium-vapor lamp|sodium discharge lamps]] and [[Metal-halide lamp|HID lamps]] are all gas-filled tubes used for lighting.

[[Neon lamp]]s and [[neon signage]] (most of which is not neon based these days) are also low-pressure gas-filled tubes.

Specialized historic low-pressure gas-filled tube devices include the [[Nixie tube]] (used to display numerals) and the [[Decatron]] (used to count or divide pulses, with display as a secondary function).

[[Xenon flash lamp]]s are gas-filled tubes used in [[camera]]s and [[strobe light]]s to produce bright flashes of light.

The recently developed [[sulfur lamp]]s are also gas-filled tubes when hot.

==Gas-filled tubes in electronics==
Since the ignition voltage depends on the ion concentration which may drop to zero after a long period of inactivity, many tubes are primed for ion availability:
* optically, by ambient light or by a 2-watt incandescent lamp, or by a glow discharge in the same envelope, 
* radioactively, by adding [[tritium]] to the gas, or by coating the envelope inside,
* electrically, with a ''keep-alive'' or ''primer'' electrode

===Power devices===
Some important examples include the [[thyratron]], [[krytron]], and [[ignitron]] tubes, which are used to switch high-voltage currents. A specialized type of gas-filled tube called a [[Surge protector#Gas discharge tube (GDT) spark gap|Gas Discharge Tube (GDT)]] is fabricated for use as [[surge protector]]s, to limit voltage surges in electrical and electronic circuits.

===Computing tubes===
The [[Schmitt trigger]] effect of the [[Negative resistance|negative differential resistance]]-region can be exploited to realize timers, [[Relaxation oscillator#Pearson–Anson electronic relaxation oscillator|relaxation oscillator]]s and [[Digital electronics|digital circuits]] with [[neon lamp]]s, ''trigger tubes'', ''relay tubes'', [[dekatron]]s and [[nixie tube]]s.

Thyratrons can also be used as [[triode]]s by operating them below their ignition voltage, allowing them to amplify analog signals as a [[Regenerative circuit|self-quenching superregenerative detector]] in [[radio control]] receivers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/r/RK61.pdf |title=''Subminiature gas triode type RK61'' data sheet |publisher=[[Raytheon|Raytheon Company]] |access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref>

===Indicators===
There were special neon lamps besides nixie tubes:
*''Tuneon'' early tuning indicator, a glass tube with a short wire anode and a long wire cathode that glows partially; the glow length is proportional to the tube current
*[[Phosphor]]ed neon lamp
*Luminescent trigger tube, used as latching indicators, or [[pixel]]s of [[dot-matrix display]]s
**Direct-glow trigger tube
**Phosphored trigger tube

===Noise diodes===
[[Hot-cathode]], gas-discharge [[Noise generator|noise diodes]] were available in normal [[Vacuum tube|radio tube]] glass envelopes for frequencies up to [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]], and as long, thin glass tubes with a normal [[Bayonet mount|bayonet light bulb mount]] for the filament and an anode [[top cap]], for [[Super high frequency|SHF]] frequencies and diagonal insertion into a [[waveguide]].

They were filled with a pure inert gas such as [[neon]] because [[Penning mixture|mixtures]] made the output temperature-dependent. Their burning voltage was under 200&nbsp;V, but they needed optical priming by an incandescent 2-watt lamp and a voltage surge in the 5-kV range for ignition.

One miniature [[thyratron]] found an additional use as a noise source, when operated as a diode in a transverse magnetic field.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/137/6/6D4.pdf |title=''6D4 Miniature triode thyratron'' data sheet |publisher=[[Sylvania Electric Products|Sylvania]] |access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref>

===Voltage-regulator tubes===
In the mid-20th century, [[voltage-regulator tube]]s were commonly used.

===Elapsed-time measurement===
Cathode sputtering is taken advantage of in the ''Time Totalizer'', a metal-vapor [[coulometer]]-based elapsed time meter where the sputtered metal is deposited on a collector element whose resistance therefore decreases slowly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/201/7/7414.pdf |publisher=[[Bendix Corporation]] |title= ''7414 Subminiature Time Totalizer'' data sheet |date=14 March 1959 |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref>

==List of -tron tubes==
<ref name="ch8">Hajo Lorens van der Horst [http://www.electricstuff.co.uk/ch8.pdf Chapter 8: Special tubes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225111751/http://electricstuff.co.uk/ch8.pdf |date=2010-12-25 }} ''1964 Philips Gas-Discharge Tubes book''</ref>
*Mercury pool tubes
**[[Excitron]], a mercury pool tube
**[[Gusetron]] or [[gausitron]], a mercury arc pool tube
**[[Ignitron]], a mercury pool tube
**[[Sendytron]], a mercury pool tube
*[[Trignitron]], a trade name for a mercury pool tube used in electric welders
**[[Capacitron]], a mercury pool tube
*[[Corotron]], a trade name for a gas-filled shunt regulator, usually contains small quantities of radioactive materials to set the regulated voltage
*[[Crossatron]], a modulator tube
*[[Kathetron]] or [[cathetron]], a hot cathode gas-filled [[triode]] with grid outside of the tube
*[[Neotron]], a pulse generator
*[[Permatron]], a hot cathode rectifier with anode current controlled by magnetic field
*[[Phanotron]], a rectifier
*[[Plomatron]], a grid-controlled mercury-arc rectifier
*[[Strobotron]], a cold cathode tube designed for high current narrow pulses, used in [[high-speed photography]]
*[[Takktron]], a cold cathode rectifier for low currents at high voltages
*[[Thyratron]], a hot cathode switching tube
*[[Trigatron]], a high-current switch similar to a spark gap
*[[Alphatron]], a form of ionization tube for measuring vacuum
*[[Dekatron]], a counting tube (see also [[nixie tube]] and [[neon light]])
*[[Plasmatron]], a hot cathode tube with controlled anode current
*[[Tacitron]], a low-noise thyratron with interruptible current flow
*[[Krytron]], a fast cold-cathode switching tube

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category multi|Gas discharge tube|Gas discharge lamps}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110917100347/http://www.ece.ualberta.ca/~schmaus/elect/pas1.html Pulse Power Switching Devices – An Overview (both vacuum and gas-filled switching tubes)]
*[http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/dectector1.htm Measurement of Radiation, Gas-Filled Detector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216181953/http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/dectector1.htm |date=2011-12-16 }}
*[http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_7/2.html Gas discharge tubes]

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