View source for History of science and technology

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{{for-multi|historical accounts of the development of science|History of science|historical accounts of the development of technology|History of technology|approaches to the study of history of science and technology|Historiography of science}}
The '''history of science and technology''' ('''HST''') is a field of [[history]] that examines the understanding of the natural world (science) and the ability to manipulate it ([[technology]]) at different points in time. This academic discipline also studies the cultural, economic, and political impacts of and contexts for scientific practices.

==Academic study of history of science==
{{See also|Historiography of science|History of technology|History of mathematics}}
History of science is an academic discipline with an international community of specialists. Main professional organizations for this field include the [[History of Science Society]], the [[British Society for the History of Science]], and the [[European Society for the History of Science]].

Much of the study of the history of science has been devoted to answering questions about what science ''is'', how it ''functions'', and whether it exhibits large-scale patterns and trends.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dp1f03arcbYC&q=What+is+science&pg=PR11 |title=What is this thing called science? |publisher=Hackett Pub. |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-87220-452-2}}</ref>

=== History of the academic study of history of science ===
{{Globalize|date=June 2022|section}}[[Historiography of science|Histories of science]] were originally written by practicing and retired scientists,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reingold |first1=Nathan |year=1986 |title=History of Science Today, 1. Uniformity as Hidden Diversity: History of Science in the United States, 1980-1960 |journal=British Journal for the History of Science |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=243–262 |doi=10.1017/S0007087400023268|s2cid=145350145 }}</ref> starting primarily with [[William Whewell|William Whewell's]] ''History of the Inductive Sciences'' (1837), as a way to communicate the virtues of science to the public.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

[[Auguste Comte]] proposed that there should be a specific discipline to deal with the history of science.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bourdeau |first1=Michel |title=Auguste Comte |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/comte/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=15 October 2023 |date=2023}}</ref>

The development of the distinct [[Academia|academic]] discipline of the history of science and technology did not occur until the early 20th century.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Historians have suggested that this was bound to the changing role of science during the same time period.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

After [[World War I]], extensive resources were put into teaching and researching the discipline, with the hopes that it would help the public better understand both Science and Technology as they came to play an exceedingly prominent role in the world.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In the decades since the end of [[World War II]], history of science became an academic discipline, with [[graduate school]]s, [[research institute]]s, public and private patronage, [[peer-review]]ed [[Academic journal|journals]], and professional societies.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==== Formation of academic departments ====
{{Globalize|date=June 2022|section}}In the [[United States]], a more formal study of the history of science as an independent discipline was initiated by [[George Sarton]]'s publications, ''Introduction to the History of Science'' (1927) and the journal [[Isis (journal)|''Isis'']] (founded in 1912).{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} Sarton exemplified the early 20th-century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} He shared with many of his contemporaries a [[Whig history#In the history of science|Whiggish]] belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

The study of the history of science continued to be a small effort until the rise of [[Big Science]] after World War II.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} With the work of [[I. Bernard Cohen]] at Harvard, the history of science began to become an established subdiscipline of history in the United States.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dauben |first1=Joseph W. |last2=Gleason |first2=ML |last3=Smith |first3=GE |name-list-style=vanc |year=2009 |title=Seven Decades of History of Science |journal=Isis |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=4–35 |doi=10.1086/597575 |pmid=19554868 |s2cid=31401544}}</ref>

In the United States, the influential bureaucrat [[Vannevar Bush]], and the president of Harvard, [[James Bryant Conant|James Conant]], both encouraged the study of the history of science as a way of improving general knowledge about how science worked, and why it was essential to maintain a large scientific workforce.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

== Universities with history of science and technology programs ==

=== Argentina ===
* [[Instituto Tecnológico de Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires Institute of Technology]], Argentina, has been offering courses on History of the Technology and the Science.
** [[National Technological University]], Argentina, has a complete history program on its offered careers.

=== Australia ===
* [[The University of Sydney]] offers both undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in the History and Philosophy of Science, run by the Unit for the History and Philosophy of Science, within the Science Faculty. Undergraduate coursework can be completed as part of either a Bachelor of Science or a Bachelor of Arts Degree.  Undergraduate study can be furthered by completing an additional Honours year. For postgraduate study, the Unit offers both coursework and research-based degrees. The two course-work based postgraduate degrees are the Graduate Certificate in Science (HPS) and the Graduate Diploma in Science (HPS). The two research based postgraduate degrees are a Master of Science (MSc) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).<ref>{{cite web | author = The University of Sydney | title = History and Philosophy of Science | url = http://www.usyd.edu.au/hps | access-date = December 3, 2009 }}</ref>

=== Belgium ===
* [[University of Liège]], has a Department called Centre d'histoire des Sciences et Techniques.<ref>{{cite web | author = Université de Liège | title = CHST | url = http://chst.european-is.net/ | access-date = January 3, 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100205103256/http://chst.european-is.net/ | archive-date = February 5, 2010 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

=== Canada ===
* [[Carleton University]] Ottawa offer courses in Ancient Science and Technology in its Technology, Society and Environment program.
* [[University of Toronto]] has a program in History and Philosophy of Science and Technology.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Toronto | title = History and Philosophy of Science and Technology | url = http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/ihpst/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Huron University College]] offers a course in the History of Science which follows the development and philosophy of science from 10,000 BCE to the modern day.<ref>url = https://huronatwestern.ca/sites/default/files/Interdisc%20outlines/HISTSCI%202200E%20updated%20Winter%202020%20-%20Doyle.pdf |</ref>
* [[University of King's College]] in Halifax, Nova Scotia has a History of Science and Technology Program.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of King's College | title = History of Science & Technology | date = 8 September 2016 | url = http://ukings.ca/area-of-study/history-of-science-and-technology | access-date = November 14, 2016 }}</ref>

=== France ===
* [[Nantes University]] has a dedicated Department called Centre François Viète.<ref>{{Cite web|last=TEISSIER|first=Pierre|title=Accueil – Centre François Viète d'épistémologie et d'histoire des sciences et des techniques|url=https://cfv.univ-nantes.fr/|access-date=2021-12-17|website=Centre François Viète|language=fr-FR}}</ref>
* [[Paris 7 - Denis Diderot University|Paris Diderot University]] (Paris 7) has a Department of History and Philosophy of Science.
* A CNRS research center in History and Philosophy of Science [http://www.sphere.univ-paris-diderot.fr/spip.php?rubrique48 SPHERE], affiliated with Paris Diderot University, has a dedicated [http://www.rehseis.cnrs.fr/spip.php?article958 history of technology] section.
* [[University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne|Pantheon-Sorbonne University]] (Paris 1)  has a dedicated [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416200543/http://www-ihpst.univ-paris1.fr/ Institute of History and Philosophy of Science and Technics].
* The [[École Normale Supérieure]] de Paris has a history of science department.

=== Germany ===
* [[Technische Universität Berlin]], has a program in the History of Science and Technology.<ref>{{cite web|author=Berlin Technical University |title=Philosophy, Theory of Science, and History of Science and Technology |url=http://www.tu-berlin.de/fak1/philosophie/ |access-date=July 30, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719212353/http://www.tu-berlin.de/fak1/philosophie/ |archive-date=July 19, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Greece ===
* The [[University of Athens]] has a Department of Philosophy and History of Science

=== India ===
History of science and technology is a well-developed field in India. At least three generations of scholars can be identified.
The first generation includes D.D.Kosambi, Dharmpal, Debiprasad Chattopadhyay and Rahman. The second generation mainly consists of [[Ashis Nandy]], [[Deepak Kumar (historian)|Deepak Kumar]], [[Dhruv Raina]], [[S. Irfan Habib]], [[Shiv Visvanathan]], [[Gyan Prakash]], Stan Lourdswamy, V.V. Krishna, [[Itty Abraham]], Richard Grove, Kavita Philip, Mira Nanda and Rob Anderson. There is an emergent third generation that includes scholars like Abha Sur and Jahnavi Phalkey.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Mohit M |date=November 6, 2021 |title="'Access to science is what every society needs': Jahnavi Phalkey" |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/access-to-science-is-what-every-society-needs-jahnavi-phalkey/article37337395.ece |url-status=live |access-date=November 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121073601/https://www.thehindu.com/society/access-to-science-is-what-every-society-needs-jahnavi-phalkey/article37337395.ece |archive-date=November 21, 2023}}</ref>

'''''Departments and Programmes'''''

The [[National Institute of Science, Technology and Development Studies]] had a research group active in the 1990s which consolidated social history of science as a field of research in India. 
Currently there are several institutes and university departments offering HST programmes.
*Jawaharlal Nehru University has an Mphil-PhD program that offer specialisation in Social History of Science. It is at the History of Science and Education group of the Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies (ZHCES) in the School of Social Sciences. Renowned Indian science historians Deepak Kumar and Dhruv Raina teach here. Also, *Centre for Studies in Science Policy has an Mphil-PhD program that offers specialization in Science, Technology, and Society along with various allied subdisciplines.
*Central University of Gujarat has an MPhil-PhD programme in Studies in Science, Technology & Innovation Policy at the Centre for Studies in Science, Technology & Innovation Policy (CSSTIP), where Social History of Science and Technology in India is a major emphasis for research and teaching.
* [[Banaras Hindu University]] has programs: one in History of Science and Technology at the Faculty of Science and one in Historical and Comparative Studies of the Sciences and the Humanities at the Faculty of Humanities.
* [[Andhra University]] has now set History of Science and Technology as a compulsory subject for all the First year B-Tech students.

=== Israel ===
*[[Tel Aviv University]]. The Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas is a research and graduate teaching institute within the framework of the School of History of [[Tel Aviv University]].<ref>{{cite web | author = Tel Aviv University | title = History and Philosophy of Science | url = http://www.tau.ac.il/~cohn/ | access-date = December 4, 2009 }}</ref>
*[[Bar Ilan University|Bar-Ilan University]] has a graduate program in Science, Technology, and Society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sts-biu.org/|title=The Graduate Program in Science, Technology and Society at Bar-Ilan University|website=STS @ BIU}}</ref>

=== Japan ===
*[[Kyoto University]] has a program in the Philosophy and History of Science.<ref>{{cite web | author = Kyoto University | title = Philosophy and History of Science | url = http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/phisci/indexe.html |date= November 20, 2010 |access-date=September 16, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Tokyo Institute of Technology]] has a program in the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Science and Technology.<ref name="Department of History and Philosophy of Science">{{cite web | author = Tokyo Institute of Technology |title=Department of History and Philosophy of Science |url=http://hps.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index_en.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019134927/http://hps.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index_en.php |archive-date=2009-10-19 |access-date=September 16, 2013}}</ref>
*[[The University of Tokyo]] has a program in the History and Philosophy of Science.<ref name="Department of History and Philosophy of Science"/>

=== Netherlands ===
* [[Utrecht University]], has two co-operating programs: one in History and Philosophy of Science at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and one in Historical and Comparative Studies of the Sciences and the Humanities at the Faculty of Humanities.<ref>{{cite web|author=Utrecht University |title=History and Philosophy of Science |url=http://www1.phys.uu.nl/masters/histphilmaster/ |access-date=July 30, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614024909/http://www1.phys.uu.nl/masters/histphilmaster/ |archive-date=June 14, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Utrecht University |title=Historical and Comparative Studies of the Sciences and Humanities |url=http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/homelet/master/hiscompstudies/ |access-date=July 30, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614005154/http://www2.let.uu.nl/Solis/homelet/master/hiscompstudies/ |archive-date=June 14, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Poland ===

* [[Institute for the History of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences]] offers PhD programmes and [[Habilitation|habilitation degrees]] in the fields of History of Science, Technology and Ideas.

=== Russia ===

=== Spain ===
*[[University of the Basque Country]], offers a master's degree and PhD programme in History and Philosophy of Science and runs since 1952 ''THEORIA. International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science''.<ref>{{cite web| author = University of the Basque Country| title = Máster Universitario en Filosofía, Ciencia y Valores| url = http://www.masterfilosofiacienciayvalores.ehu.es/p106-2000/es/pls/entrada/plew0050.htm_next?p_cod_idioma=CAS&p_en_portal=S&p_anyo_acad=act&p_cod_master=106&p_menu=1| language = es| access-date = August 31, 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130613073416/http://www.masterfilosofiacienciayvalores.ehu.es/p106-2000/es/pls/entrada/plew0050.htm_next?p_cod_idioma=CAS&p_en_portal=S&p_anyo_acad=act&p_cod_master=106&p_menu=1| archive-date = June 13, 2013| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = University of the Basque Country | title = THEORIA. International Journal for Theory, History and Foundations of Science | url = http://www.ehu.es/ojs/index.php/THEORIA/index | access-date = August 20, 2011 }}</ref> The university also sponsors the [[Basque Museum of the History of Medicine and Science]], the only open museum of History of Science of [[Spain]], that in the past offered also PhD courses.
* [[Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona]], offers a master's degree and PhD programme in HST together with the [[Universitat de Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite web | author = Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona | title = Centre d'Història de la Ciència | url = http://www.uab.cat/cehic/ | access-date = April 10, 2008 }}</ref>
* [[Universitat de València]], offers a master's degree and PhD programme in HST together with the [[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas]].<ref>{{cite web | author = Universitat Valencia | title = Instituto de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia Lopez Piñero | url = http://www.ihmc.uv-csic.es/ | access-date = April 10, 2010 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100409065820/http://www.ihmc.uv-csic.es/ | archive-date = April 9, 2010 }}</ref>

=== Sweden ===
* [[Linköping University|Linköpings universitet]], has a Science, Technology, and Society program which includes HST.<ref>{{cite web | author = Linköping University | title = ''Tema Teknik och social förändring'' | url = http://www.tema.liu.se/tema-t/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>

=== Switzerland ===
* [[University of Bern]], has an undergraduate and a graduate program in the History and Philosophy of Science.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Bern | title = History and Philosophy of Science | url = http://www.philoscience.unibe.ch | access-date = December 21, 2006 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090212215554/http://philoscience.unibe.ch/ | archive-date = February 12, 2009 }}</ref>

'''<big>Ukraine</big>'''

* State University of Infrastructure and Technologies, has a Department of Philosophy and History of Science and technology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The State University of Infrastructure and Technologies of Ukraine has a Department of Philosophy and History of Science and technology|url=http://duit.edu.ua/kizt/uzt/fint/}}</ref>

=== United Kingdom ===
* [[University of Bristol]] has a masters and PhD program in the Philosophy and History of Science.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Bristol | title = Department of Philosophy | url = http://www.bris.ac.uk/philosophy/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[University of Cambridge]] has an undergraduate course and a large masters and PhD program in the History and Philosophy of Science (including the History of Medicine).<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Cambridge | title = History and Philosophy of Science | url = http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[University of Durham]] has several undergraduate History of Science modules in the Philosophy department, as well as Masters and PhD programs in the discipline.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Durham | title = Department of Philosophy | url = http://www.dur.ac.uk/philosophy/undergrad/courses/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[University of Kent]] has a Centre for the History of the Sciences, which offers Masters programmes and undergraduate modules.<ref name="Kent">{{cite web|title=History of the Sciences – School of History – University of Kent|url=https://www.kent.ac.uk/history/centres/sciences/index.html|website=www.kent.ac.uk|access-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>
* [[University College London]]'s [[Department of Science and Technology Studies]] offers undergraduate programme in History and Philosophy of Science, including two BSc single honour degrees (UCAS V550 and UCAS L391), plus both major and minor streams in history, philosophy and social studies of science in UCL's Natural Sciences programme. The department also offers MSc degrees in History and Philosophy of Science and in the study of contemporary Science, Technology, and Society. An MPhil/PhD research degree is offered, too.<ref>{{cite web | author = University College London | title = Science and Technology Studies | url = http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref> UCL also contains a Centre for the History of Medicine.<ref>{{cite web | author = University College London | title = The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine  | url = http://www.ucl.ac.uk/histmed/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref> This operates a small teaching programme in History of Medicine.
* [[University of Leeds]] has both undergraduate and graduate programmes in History and Philosophy of Science in the Department of Philosophy.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Leeds | title = History & Philosophy of Science | url = http://www.philosophy.leeds.ac.uk/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060804001519/http://www.philosophy.leeds.ac.uk/ | archive-date = August 4, 2006 }}</ref>
*[[University of Manchester]] offers undergraduate modules and postgraduate study in History of Science, Technology and Medicine and is sponsored by the Wellcome Trust.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Manchester | title = History of Science, Technology and Medicine |  url = http://www.chstm.manchester.ac.uk/ | access-date = December 12, 2007 }}</ref>
*[[University of Oxford]] has a one-year graduate course in 'History of Science: Instruments, Museums, Science, Technology' associated with the [[Museum of the History of Science]].<ref>{{cite web|author=University of Oxford |title=History of Science: Instruments, Museums, Science, Technology |url=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/course/ |access-date=July 30, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719083457/http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/course/ |archive-date=July 19, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The [[London Centre for the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology]] – this Centre closed in 2013. It was formed in 1987 and ran a taught MSc programme, jointly taught by [[University College London]]'s [[Department of Science and Technology Studies]] and [[Imperial College London]]. The Masters programme transferred to UCL.<ref>{{cite web | author = London Centre for the History of Science, Medicine and Technology | title = History of Science, Medicine and Technology | url = http://www.londoncentre-hstm.ac.uk}}</ref>

=== United States ===
Academic study of the history of science as an independent discipline was launched by [[George Sarton]] at Harvard with his book ''Introduction to the History of Science'' (1927) and the [[Isis (journal)|''Isis'' journal]] (founded in 1912).  Sarton exemplified the early 20th century view of the history of science as the history of great men and great ideas. He shared with many of his contemporaries a Whiggish belief in history as a record of the advances and delays in the march of progress. The History of Science was not a recognized subfield of American history in this period, and most of the work was carried out by interested Scientists and Physicians rather than professional Historians.<ref>Nathan Reingold, "History of Science Today, 1. Uniformity as Hidden Diversity: History of Science in the United States, 1920–1940," ''British Journal for the History of Science'' 1986 19(3): 243–262</ref>  With the work of [[I. Bernard Cohen]] at Harvard, the history of Science became an established subdiscipline of history after 1945.<ref>{{cite journal | last1= Dauben | first1= JW | last2= Gleason | first2= ML | last3= Smith | first3= GE | title= Seven decades of history of science: I. Bernard Cohen (1914–2003), second editor of Isis | journal= Isis; an International Review Devoted to the History of Science and Its Cultural Influences | volume= 100 | issue= 1 | pages= 4–35 | year= 2009 | pmid = 19554868 | doi = 10.1086/597575 | s2cid= 31401544 }}</ref>

* [[Arizona State University]]'s Center for Biology and Society offers several paths for MS or PhD students who are interested in issues surrounding the history and philosophy of the science.<ref>{{cite web | author = Arizona State University | title = Center for Biology and Society – Education | url = http://cbs.asu.edu/education.php | access-date = October 11, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110830023006/http://cbs.asu.edu/education.php | archive-date = August 30, 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[California Institute of Technology]] offers courses in the History and Philosophy of Science to fulfill its core humanities requirements.
* [[Case Western Reserve University]] has an undergraduate interdisciplinary program in the History and Philosophy of Science<ref>{{cite web | author = Case Western Reserve University | title = History and Philosophy of Science | url = http://www.case.edu/artsci/hpst/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref> and a graduate program in the History of Science, Technology, Environment, and Medicine (STEM).<ref>{{cite web | author = Case Western Reserve University | title = History of Science, Technology, Environment, and Medicine | url = http://www.case.edu/artsci/hsty/graduate.html#stem | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Cornell University]] offers a variety of courses within the Science and Technology course. 
* [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] has an undergraduate and graduate program in the History of Technology and Society.<ref>{{cite web | author = Georgia Institute of Technology | title = School of History, Technology, and Society | url = http://www.hts.gatech.edu/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Harvard]] has an undergraduate and graduate program in History of Science<ref>{{cite web | author = Harvard University | title = Department of the History of Science | url = http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsdept/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Indiana University (Bloomington)|Indiana University]] offers undergraduate courses and a masters and PhD program in the History and Philosophy of Science.<ref name="Department of History and Philosophy of Science"/>
* [[Johns Hopkins University]] has an undergraduate and graduate program in the History of Science, Medicine, and Technology.<ref>{{cite web | author = Johns Hopkins University | title = History of Science, Medicine, and Technology | url = http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/graduateprograms/history_of_science/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060803100249/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/graduateprograms/history_of_science/ | archive-date = August 3, 2006 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[Lehigh University]] offers an undergraduate level STS concentration (founded in 1972) and a graduate program with emphasis on the History of Industrial America.<ref>{{cite web | author = Lehigh University | title = The Science, Technology, and Society Program | url = http://www.lehigh.edu/~insts/insts.html | access-date = July 30, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060713222724/http://www.lehigh.edu/~insts/insts.html | archive-date = July 13, 2006 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] has a Science, Technology, and Society program which includes HST.<ref>{{cite web | author = Massachusetts Institute of Technology | title = Program in Science, Technology, and Society | url = http://web.mit.edu/sts/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Michigan State University]] offers an undergraduate major and minor in History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Science through its [[Lyman Briggs College]].<ref>{{cite web | author = Michigan State University | title = HPS at LBC | url = http://www.lymanbriggs.msu.edu/current/hps.cfm | access-date = 26 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121211214336/http://lymanbriggs.msu.edu/current/hps.cfm | archive-date = 11 December 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[New Jersey Institute of Technology]] has a Science, Technology, and Society program which includes the History of Science and Technology<ref>{{cite web | author = New Jersey Institute of Technology | title = Program in Science, Technology, and Society | url = http://catalog.njit.edu/undergraduate/programs/sts.php | access-date = February 28, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070203002838/http://catalog.njit.edu/undergraduate/programs/sts.php | archive-date = February 3, 2007 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[Oregon State University]] offers a Masters and Ph.D. in History of Science through its Department of History.<ref>{{cite web|author=Oregon State University |title=Graduate Programs |url=http://oregonstate.edu/cla/history/grad/ |access-date=May 15, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022131754/http://oregonstate.edu/cla/history/grad/ |archive-date=October 22, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Princeton University]] has a program in the History of Science.<ref>{{cite web | author = Princeton University | title = Program in History of Science | url = http://www.princeton.edu/~hos/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] has a Science and Technology Studies department
* [[Rutgers]] has a graduate Program in History of Science, Technology, Environment, and Health.<ref>{{cite web | author = Rutgers University | title = History of Science, Technology, Environment, and Health | url = http://history.rutgers.edu/graduate/doctoral-program/major-programs-a-fields/53-academics/graduate-phd-program/260-graduate-study-in-history-of-sciencetechnology-environment-and-health/ | access-date = May 19, 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Stanford]] has a History and Philosophy of Science and Technology program.<ref>{{cite web | author = Stanford University | title = History and Philosophy of Science and Technology | url = http://hpst.stanford.edu/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[Stevens Institute of Technology]] has an undergraduate and graduate program in the History of Science.
* [[University of California, Berkeley]] offers a graduate degree in HST through its History program, and maintains a separate sub-department for the field.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of California, Berkeley | title = History of science and technology | url = http://ohst.berkeley.edu | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[University of California, Los Angeles]] has a relatively large group History of Science and Medicine faculty and graduate students within its History department, and also offers an undergraduate minor in the History of Science.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of California, Los Angeles | title = History of Science Program | url = http://www.history.ucla.edu/graduate/fields/science.html | access-date = July 30, 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060828033216/http://www.history.ucla.edu/graduate/fields/science.html | archive-date = August 28, 2006 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] has an interdisciplinary graduate program emphasis in Technology & Society through the [[Center for Information Technology & Society]].<ref>{{cite web | author = University of California Santa Barbara | title = Center for Information Technology & Society | url = http://cits.ucsb.edu | access-date = October 6, 2010 }}</ref>
* [[University of Chicago]] offers a B.A. program in the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Science and Medicine<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Chicago | title = 2021–2022 Catalog – History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Science and Medicine (HIPS) | url = http://collegecatalog.uchicago.edu/thecollege/scienceandmedicinehips/ | access-date = September 6, 2021 }}</ref> as well as M.A. and Ph.D. degrees through its Committee on the Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Chicago | title = Committee on the Conceptual and Historical Studies of Science – About Us | url = https://chss.uchicago.edu/ | access-date = September 6, 2021 }}</ref>
* [[University of Florida]] has a Graduate Program in 'History of Science, Technology, and Medicine' at the University of Florida provides undergraduate and graduate degrees.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Florida | title = Department of History | url = http://www.history.ufl.edu/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[University of Minnesota]] has a Ph.D. program in History of Science, Technology, and Medicine as well as undergraduate courses in these fields.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Minnesota | title = History of Science, Technology, and Medicine | url = http://hstm.umn.edu/ | access-date = April 21, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[University of Oklahoma]] has an undergraduate minor and a graduate degree program in History of Science.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Oklahoma | title = Department of the History of Science  | url = http://www.ou.edu/cas/hsci/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[University of Pennsylvania]] has a program in History and Sociology of Science.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Pennsylvania | title = History & Sociology of Science | url = http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/hss2/hss/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>
* [[University of Pittsburgh]]'s Department of History and Philosophy of Science offers graduate and undergraduate courses.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Pittsburgh | title = History & Philosophy of Science | url = http://www.hps.pitt.edu/ | access-date = June 8, 2010 }}</ref>
* [[University of Puget Sound]] has a Science, Technology, and Society program, which includes the history of Science and Technology.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Puget Sound| title = Science, Technology, & Society | url = http://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/departments-and-programs/undergraduate/science-technology--society/| access-date = February 14, 2011 }}</ref>
* [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] has a program in History of Science, Medicine and Technology. It offers M.A. and Ph.D. degrees as well as an undergraduate major.<ref>{{cite web | author = University of Wisconsin–Madison | title = History of Science | url = http://histsci.wisc.edu/ | access-date = June 24, 2008 }}</ref>
*[[Wesleyan University]] has a Science in Society program.<ref>{{cite web | author = Wesleyan University | title = Science in Society program | url = http://www.wesleyan.edu/sisp/ | access-date = April 29, 2009 }}</ref>
* [[Yale University]] has a program in the History of Science and Medicine.<ref>{{cite web | author = Yale University | title = History of Science and Medicine | url = http://www.yale.edu/hshm/ | access-date = July 30, 2006 }}</ref>

==Prominent historians of the field==

{{resize|See also the list of [[George Sarton Medal|George Sarton medalists]].}}

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Wiebe Bijker]]
*[[Peter J. Bowler]]
*[[Janet Browne]]
*[[Stephen G. Brush]]
*[[James Burke (science historian)|James Burke]]
*[[Edwin Arthur Burtt]] (1892–1989)
*[[Johann Beckmann]] (1739–1811)
*[[Jim Bennett (historian)|Jim Bennett]]
*[[Herbert Butterfield]] (1900–1979)
*[[Martin Campbell-Kelly]]
*[[Georges Canguilhem]] (1904–1995)
*[[Allan Chapman (historian)|Allan Chapman]]
*[[I. Bernard Cohen]] (1914–2003)
*[[A. C. Crombie]] (1915–1996)
*[[E. J. Dijksterhuis]] (1892–1965)
*[[Pierre Duhem]] (1861–1916)
*[[A. Hunter Dupree]] (1921–2019)
*[[George Dyson (science historian)|George Dyson]]
*[[Jacques Ellul]] (1912–1994)
*[[Eugene S. Ferguson]] (1916–2004)
*[[Peter Galison]]
*[[Sigfried Giedion]]
*[[Charles Coulston Gillispie]]
*[[Robert Gunther]] (1869–1940)
*[[Paul Forman (historian)]]
*[[Donna Haraway]]
*[[Peter Harrison (historian)|Peter Harrison]]
*[[Ahmad Y Hassan]]
*[[John L. Heilbron]]
*[[Boris Hessen]]
*[[Reijer Hooykaas]]
*[[David A. Hounshell]]
*[[Thomas P. Hughes]]
*[[Evelyn Fox Keller]]
*[[Daniel Kevles]]
*[[Alexandre Koyré]] (1892–1964)
*[[Melvin Kranzberg]]
*[[Thomas Kuhn]]
*[[Deepak Kumar (historian)|Deepak Kumar]]
*[[Gilbert LaFreniere]]
*[[Bruno Latour]]
*[[David C. Lindberg]]
*[[G. E. R. Lloyd]]
*[[Jane Maienschein]]
*[[Anneliese Maier]]
*[[Leo Marx]]
*[[Lewis Mumford]] (1895–1990)
*[[John E. Murdoch]] (1927–2010)
*[[Otto Neugebauer]] (1899–1990)
*[[William R. Newman]]
*[[David F. Noble|David Noble]]
*[[Ronald Numbers]]
*[[David E. Nye]]
*[[Abraham Pais]] (1918–2000)
*[[Trevor Pinch]]
*[[Theodore Porter]]
*[[Lawrence M. Principe]]
*[[Raúl Rojas]]
*[[Michael Ruse]]
*[[A. I. Sabra]]
*[[Jan Sapp]]
*[[George Sarton]] (1884–1956)
*[[Simon Schaffer]]
*[[Howard Segal]] (1948–2020)
*[[Steven Shapin]]
*[[Wolfgang Schivelbusch]]
*[[Charles Singer]] (1876–1960)
*[[Merritt Roe Smith]]
*[[Stephen Snobelen]]
*[[M. Norton Wise]]
*[[Frances A. Yates]] (1899–1981)
{{div col end}}

==Journals and periodicals==
*''[[Annals of Science]]''
*''[[The British Journal for the History of Science]]''
*''[[Centaurus (journal)|Centaurus]]''
*''Dynamis''
*''[[History and Technology (magazine)]]''
*''[[History of Science and Technology (journal)]]''
*''[[History of Technology (book series)]]''
*''[[Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences]]'' (HSPS)
*''[[Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences]]'' (HSNS)
* [https://sciendo.com/journal/HOST ''HoST - Journal of History of Science and Technology'']
*''ICON''
*''[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]]''
*''[[Isis (journal)|Isis]]''
*''Journal of the History of Biology''
*''[[Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences]]''
*''[[Notes and Records of the Royal Society]]''
*''[[Osiris (journal)|Osiris]]''
*''Science & Technology Studies''
*''Science in Context''
*''Science, Technology, & Human Values''
*''Social History of Medicine''
*''[[Social Studies of Science]]''
*''[[Technology and Culture]]''
*''[[Transactions of the Newcomen Society]]''
*''[[Historia Mathematica]]''
*''Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society''

==See also==
* [[History of science]]
* [[History of technology]]
* [[Ancient Egyptian technology]]
* [[History of science and technology in China]]
* [[History of science and technology in Japan]]
* [[History of science and technology in France]]
* [[History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Mesopotamian science]]
* [[Productivity improving technologies (historical)]]
* [[Science and technology in Argentina]]
* [[Science and technology in Canada]]
* [[Science and technology in Iran]]
* [[Science and technology in the United States]]
* [[Science in the medieval Islamic world]]
* [[Science tourism]]
* [[Technological and industrial history of the United States]]
* [[Timeline of science and engineering in the Islamic world]]

==Professional societies==
* The British Society for the History of Science (BSHS)
* [[History of Science Society]] (HSS)
* Newcomen Society 
* [[Society for the History of Technology]] (SHOT)
* [[Society for the Social Studies of Science]] (4S)
* [[Scientific Instrument Society]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
'''Historiography of science'''
*[[H. Floris Cohen]], ''The Scientific Revolution: A Historiographical Inquiry'', University of Chicago Press 1994 – Discussion on the origins of modern science has been going on for more than two hundred years. Cohen provides an excellent overview.
*[[Ernst Mayr]], ''The Growth of Biological Thought'', Belknap Press 1985
*[[Michel Serres]],(ed.), ''A History of Scientific Thought'', Blackwell Publishers 1995
*''Companion to Science in the Twentieth Century'', John Krige (Editor), Dominique Pestre (Editor), Taylor & Francis 2003, 941pp
*The Cambridge History of Science,  Cambridge University Press
**Volume 4, Eighteenth-Century Science, 2003
**Volume 5, The Modern Physical and Mathematical Sciences, 2002

'''History of science as a discipline'''
*J. A. Bennett, 'Museums and the Establishment of the History of Science at Oxford and Cambridge', British Journal for the History of Science 30, 1997, 29–46
*Dietrich von Engelhardt, ''Historisches Bewußtsein in der Naturwissenschaft : von der Aufklärung bis zum Positivismus'', Freiburg [u.a.] : Alber, 1979
*A.-K. Mayer, 'Setting up a Discipline: Conflicting Agendas of the Cambridge History of Science Committee, 1936–1950.' Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 31, 2000

{{History of science}}
{{History of technology}}
{{Science and technology studies}}

[[Category:History of science and technology| ]]
[[Category:Historiography of science|*]]
[[Category:History of science|*]]
[[Category:History of technology|*]]
[[Category:History of industries|Science and technology]]
[[Category:Technological change]]
[[Category:Technology]]
[[Category:Technology systems]]
[[Category:Topical history overviews]]