View source for Hybrid power

{{Short description|Combinations between different technologies to generate electric power}}
{{About|generating electricity from more than one source at the same location|vehicles propelled by more than one type of power|Hybrid vehicle|electric vehicles propelled by more than one type of power|Hybrid electric vehicle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
[[File:Light-plant-Fig1198-Page989-Ch45-Hawkins-Electrical-Guide.png|thumb|Early hybrid power system. The [[Petrol engine|gasoline/kerosine engine]] drives the [[dynamo]] which charges the [[storage battery]].]]
'''Hybrid power''' are combinations between different technologies to produce power.

In [[power engineering]], the term 'hybrid' describes a combined power and energy storage system.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ginn|first1=Claire|title=Energy pick n' mix: are hybrid systems the next big thing?|url=https://blog.csiro.au/energy-pick-n-mix-hybrid-systems-next-big-thing/|website=www.csiro.au|date=8 September 2016|publisher=[[CSIRO]]|accessdate=9 September 2016}}</ref>  

Examples of power producers used in hybrid power are [[photovoltaics]], [[wind turbine]]s, and various types of [[engine-generator]]s{{snd}} e.g. diesel gen-sets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.powerengineeringint.com/articles/print/volume-19/issue-8/features/fuel-savings-make-a-powerful-case-for-hybrid-diesel-generator-systems.html|title = News Archives| date=September 2023 }}</ref>

Hybrid power plants often contain a renewable energy component (such as PV) that is balanced via a second form of generation or storage such as a diesel genset, fuel cell or battery storage system. They can also provide other forms of power such as heat for some applications.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Badwal|first1=Sukhvinder P. S.|last2=Giddey|first2=Sarbjit S.|last3=Munnings|first3=Christopher|last4=Bhatt|first4=Anand I.|last5=Hollenkamp|first5=Anthony F.|title=Emerging electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies|journal=Frontiers in Chemistry|date=24 September 2014|volume=2|pages=79|doi=10.3389/fchem.2014.00079|pmid=25309898|pmc=4174133|bibcode=2014FrCh....2...79B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ginn|first1=Claire|title=Energy pick n' mix: are hybrid systems the next big thing?|url=https://blog.csiro.au/energy-pick-n-mix-hybrid-systems-next-big-thing/|website=www.csiro.au|date=8 September 2016|publisher=CSIRO|accessdate=9 September 2016}}</ref>

==Hybrid power system==
Hybrid systems, as the name implies, combine two or more modes of electricity generation together, usually using renewable technologies such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbines.  Hybrid systems provide a high level of energy security through the mix of generation methods, and often will incorporate a storage system (battery, [[fuel cell]]) or small fossil fueled generator to ensure maximum supply reliability and security.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1109/JSTSP.2018.2848624|bibcode = 2018ISTSP..12..806K|title = Intelligent Soft Computing-Based Security Control for Energy Management Architecture of Hybrid Emergency Power System for More-Electric {{sic|nolink=y|Aircrafts}}|journal = IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing|volume = 12|issue = 4|pages = 806|last1 = Kamal|first1 = Mohasinina Binte|last2 = Mendis|first2 = Gihan J.|last3 = Wei|first3 = Jin|year = 2018|s2cid = 51908378}}</ref>

Hybrid renewable energy systems are becoming popular as [[stand-alone power system]]s for providing electricity in remote areas due to advances in [[renewable energy]] technologies and subsequent rise in prices of [[petroleum]] products. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power, usually consists of two or more renewable energy sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Ginn|first1=Claire|title=Energy pick n' mix: are hybrid systems the next big thing?|url=https://blog.csiro.au/energy-pick-n-mix-hybrid-systems-next-big-thing/|website=www.csiro.au|date=8 September 2016|publisher=CSIRO|accessdate=9 September 2016}}</ref>

==Types==

===Hydro and solar===
{{Expand section|date=November 2021}}
[[Floating solar]] is usually added to existing hydro rather than building both together.

=== Solar and wind ===
[[File:Hybrid Power System.gif|thumb|upright=1.15|Hybrid solar and wind system]][[File:Block diagram.jpg|thumb|500px|Block diagram of a PV/wind hybrid energy system]]

<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Hybrid system.jpg|Typical wind and solar hybrid system
File:Hybrid system, 2400W windturbines, 4000W solar modules, island Zirje, Croatia.jpg|Hybrid on [[Žirje, Croatia|Žirje]], Croatia
File:Hybrid System.jpg|[[Small wind turbine|Small wind]] and solar hybrid system
</gallery>

Another example of a hybrid energy system is a [[photovoltaic]] array coupled with a [[wind turbine]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hybrid photovoltaic systems|url=http://www.pvresources.com/en/hybrid.php|url-status=dead|publisher=Denis Lenardic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101128022703/http://pvresources.com/en/hybrid.php|archivedate=2010-11-28}}</ref> This would create more output from the wind turbine during the winter, whereas during the summer, the [[Photovoltaic module|solar panels]] would produce their peak output. Hybrid energy systems often yield greater economic and environmental returns than wind, solar, [[Geothermal power|geothermal]] or trigeneration stand-alone systems by themselves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Memon|first1=Shebaz A.|last2=Upadhyay|first2=Darshit S.|last3=Patel|first3=Rajesh N.|date=2021-12-15|title=Optimal configuration of solar and wind-based hybrid renewable energy system with and without energy storage including environmental and social criteria: A case study|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X21011300|journal=Journal of Energy Storage|language=en|volume=44|pages=103446|doi=10.1016/j.est.2021.103446|s2cid=243474285|issn=2352-152X}}</ref>

[[File:Eole et Helios.jpg|thumb|150px|Horizontal axis wind-turbine, combined with a solar panel on a lighting pylon at [[Weihai]], [[Shandong]] province, China]]A combine use of wind-solar systems results, in many places, to a smoother power output since the resources are anti-correlated. Therefore, the combined use of wind and solar systems is crucial for a large-scale grid integration.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120617|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120617|title=A review on the complementarity between grid-connected solar and wind power systems|year=2020|last1=Weschenfelder|first1=Franciele|last2=De Novaes Pires Leite|first2=Gustavo|last3=Araújo Da Costa|first3=Alexandre Carlos|last4=De Castro Vilela|first4=Olga|last5=Ribeiro|first5=Claudio Moises|last6=Villa Ochoa|first6=Alvaro Antonio|last7=Araújo|first7=Alex Maurício|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=257|page=120617|s2cid=213306736}}</ref>

In 2019 [[Pelican Rapids, Minnesota|in western Minnesota]], a $5m hybrid system was installed. It runs 500&nbsp;kW of solar power through the inverter of a 2 MW wind turbine, increasing the [[capacity factor]] and reducing costs by $150,000 per year. Purchase contracts limits the local distributor to a 5% maximum of self-generation.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Jossi|first1=Frank|date=11 March 2019|title=Wind-solar pairing cuts equipment costs while ramping up output|url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/2019/03/11/windsolar-pairing-cuts-equipment-costs-while-ramping-up-output/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218220537/https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/2019/03/11/windsolar-pairing-cuts-equipment-costs-while-ramping-up-output/|archive-date=2019-12-18|website=Renewable Energy World|publisher=Energy News Network}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Hughlett|first1=Mike|date=2019-09-23|title=Minnesota wind-solar hybrid project could be new frontier for renewable energy|url=http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-wind-solar-hybrid-project-could-be-new-frontier-for-renewable-energy/560906672/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010001520/http://www.startribune.com/minnesota-wind-solar-hybrid-project-could-be-new-frontier-for-renewable-energy/560906672/|archive-date=2019-10-10|publisher=[[Star Tribune]]}}</ref>

The [[Pearl River Tower]] in [[Guangzhou]], China, will mix solar panel on its windows and several wind turbines at different stories of its structure, allowing this tower to be energy positive.{{fact|date=November 2021}}

In several parts of China & India, there are lighting pylons with combinations of solar panels and wind-turbines at their top. This allows space already used for lighting to be used more efficiently with two complementary energy productions units. Most common models use horizontal axis wind-turbines, but now models are appearing with vertical axis wind-turbines, using a helicoidal shaped, twisted-[[Savonius]] system.{{fact|date=November 2021}}

[[Solar panel]]s on the already existing [[wind turbine]]s has been tested, but produced blinding rays of light that posed a threat to [[airplane]]s. A solution was to produce tinted solar panels that do not reflect as much light. Another proposed design was to have a [[vertical axis wind turbine]] coated in solar cells that are able to absorb sunlight from any angle.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jha|first1=AR|title=Wind Turbine Technology|date=2011|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781439815069}}</ref>

Other solar hybrids include solar-wind systems. The combination of wind and solar has the advantage that the two sources complement each other because the peak operating times for each system occur at different times of the day and year. The power generation of such a hybrid system is more constant and fluctuates less than each of the two component subsystems.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 July 2012|title=Hybrid Wind and Solar Electric Systems|url=http://energy.gov/energysaver/articles/hybrid-wind-and-solar-electric-systems|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906002321/http://www.energy.gov/energysaver/articles/hybrid-wind-and-solar-electric-systems|archive-date=6 September 2015|access-date=12 May 2015|website=energy.gov|publisher=DOE}}</ref>

=== Hydro and wind ===
A wind-hydro system generates [[electric energy]] combining wind turbines and [[pumped storage]]. The combination has been the subject of long-term discussion, and an experimental plant, which also tested wind turbines, was implemented by [[Nova Scotia Power]] at its [[Wreck Cove]] hydro electric power site in the late 1970s, but was decommissioned within ten years. Since, no other system has been implemented at a single location as of late 2010.<ref name="ieee">{{cite journal|last1=Papaefthymiou|first1=Stefanos V.|last2=Karamanou|first2=Eleni G.|last3=Papathanassiou|first3=Stavros A.|last4=Papadopoulos|first4=Michael P.|year=2010|title=A Wind-Hydro-Pumped Storage Station Leading to High RES Penetration in the Autonomous Island System of Ikaria|journal=IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy|publisher=[[IEEE]]|volume=1|issue=3|pages=163|bibcode=2010ITSE....1..163P|doi=10.1109/TSTE.2010.2059053|s2cid=993988}}</ref>

Wind-hydro stations dedicate all, or a significant portion, of their wind power resources to pumping water into pumped storage reservoirs. These reservoirs are an implementation of [[grid energy storage]].

Wind and its generation potential is inherently variable. However, when this energy source is used to pump water into reservoirs at an elevation (the principle behind pumped storage), the potential energy of the water is relatively stable and can be used to generate electrical power by releasing it into a [[hydropower]] plant when needed.<ref name="ie2">{{cite journal|last1=Garcia-Gonzalez|first1=Javier|last2=de la Muela|first2=Rocío Moraga Ruiz|last3=Santos|first3=Luz Matres|last4=Gonzalez|first4=Alicia Mateo|date=22 April 2008|title=Stochastic Joint Optimization of Wind Generation and Pumped-Storage Units in an Electricity Market|journal=IEEE Transactions on Power Systems|publisher=[[IEEE]]|volume=23|issue=2|pages=460|bibcode=2008ITPSy..23..460G|doi=10.1109/TPWRS.2008.919430|s2cid=8309731}}</ref> The combination has been described as particularly suited to islands that are not connected to larger grids.<ref name="ieee" />

During the 1980s, an installation was proposed in the Netherlands.<ref name="Corporation1983">{{cite journal|author=Bonnier Corporation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qq6GBPoHQpAC&pg=PA85|title=Popular Science|journal = The Popular Science Monthly|date=April 1983|publisher=Bonnier Corporation|pages=85, 86|issn=0161-7370|access-date=17 April 2011}}</ref> The [[IJsselmeer]] would be used as the reservoir, with wind turbines located on its dike.<ref name="Hau2006">{{cite book|author=Erich Hau|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4bhObd65IAC&pg=PA568|title=Wind turbines: fundamentals, technologies, application, economics|publisher=Birkhäuser|year=2006|isbn=978-3-540-24240-6|pages=568, 569|access-date=17 April 2011}}</ref> Feasibility studies have been conducted for installations on the island of [[Ramea]] ([[Newfoundland and Labrador]]) and on the [[Lower Brule Indian Reservation]] ([[South Dakota]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Feasibility Study of Pumped Hydro Energy Storage for Ramea Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System|url=https://www.mun.ca/harriscentre/reports/arf/2009/ARF_Iqbal_RameaHybrid.pdf|access-date=2011-04-17|publisher=[[Memorial University of Newfoundland]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Final Report: Lower Brule Sioux Tribe Wind-Pumped Storage Feasibility Study Project|url=http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/tribalenergy/pdfs/lowerbrule03final.pdf|access-date=2011-04-17|publisher=United States Department of Energy|archive-date=27 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027223007/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/tribalenergy/pdfs/lowerbrule03final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

An installation at [[Ikaria Island]], Greece, had entered the construction phase as of 2010.<ref name="ieee" />

The island of [[El Hierro]] is where the first world's first wind-hydro power station is expected to be complete.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 April 2011|title=El Hierro, an island in the wind|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/apr/19/canary-island-renewable-energy-lehir|access-date=25 April 2011}}</ref> [[Current TV]] called this "a blueprint for a sustainable future on planet Earth". It was designed to cover between 80-100% of the island's power and was set to be operational in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=A blueprint for green|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/a-blueprint-for-green|access-date=29 October 2018|website=Thenational.ae|date=5 September 2009}}</ref> However, these expectations were not realized in practice, probably due to inadequate reservoir volume and persistent problems with grid stability.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 February 2017|title=An Independent Evaluation of the El Hierro Wind & Pumped Hydro System|url=http://euanmearns.com/an-independent-evaluation-of-the-el-hierro-wind-pumped-hydro-system/|access-date=29 October 2018|website=Euanmearns.com}}</ref>

[[100% renewable energy]] systems require an over-capacity of wind or solar power.<ref>{{Cite news|title=100% renewable energy sources require overcapacity: To switch electricity supply from nuclear to wind and solar power is not so simple|language=en|work=ScienceDaily|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/170125120742.htm|access-date=2017-09-15}}</ref>

===Solar PV and solar thermal===
Though [[photovoltaics|Solar PV]] generates cheaper intermittent power during the day light time, it needs the support of sustainable power generation sources to provide round the clock power. [[concentrated solar power|Solar thermal]] plants with thermal storage are clean [[load following power plant|sustainable power generation]] to supply electricity round the clock.<ref>{{cite web|title=Solar Reserve awarded AU$78/MWh Concentrated Solar Power contract|url=http://helioscsp.com/solarreserve-awarded-au78mwh-concentrated-solar-power-contract/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023182318/http://helioscsp.com/solarreserve-awarded-au78mwh-concentrated-solar-power-contract/|archive-date=23 October 2020|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=LuNeng 50 MW Concentrated Solar Power tower EPC bid reopened overseas suppliers win over|url=http://helioscsp.com/luneng-50mw-concentrated-solar-power-tower-epc-bid-reopened-oversea-suppliers-win-over/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913044410/http://helioscsp.com/luneng-50mw-concentrated-solar-power-tower-epc-bid-reopened-oversea-suppliers-win-over/|archive-date=13 September 2017|accessdate=12 September 2017}}</ref> They can cater the load demand perfectly and work as base load power plants when the  extracted solar energy is found excess in a day.<ref name="sther">{{cite web|title=Aurora: What you should know about Port Augusta's solar power-tower|date=21 August 2017|url=http://reneweconomy.com.au/aurora-what-you-should-know-about-port-augustas-solar-power-tower-86715/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822053448/http://reneweconomy.com.au/aurora-what-you-should-know-about-port-augustas-solar-power-tower-86715/|archive-date=22 August 2017|accessdate=22 August 2017}}</ref> Proper mix of solar thermal (thermal storage type) and [[Photovoltaics|solar PV]] can fully match the load fluctuations without the need of costly battery storage.<ref>{{cite web|title=SolarReserve receives environmental approval 390 MW solar thermal facility storage in Chile|url=https://solarthermalmagazine.com/2017/07/19/solarreserve-receives-environmental-approval-390-megawatt-solar-thermal-facility-storage-chile/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829033653/https://solarthermalmagazine.com/2017/07/19/solarreserve-receives-environmental-approval-390-megawatt-solar-thermal-facility-storage-chile/|archive-date=29 August 2017|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SolarReserve Bids 24-Hour Solar At 6.3 Cents In Chile|date=13 March 2017|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2017/03/13/solarreserve-bids-24-hour-solar-6-3-cents-chile/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023182221/https://cleantechnica.com/2017/03/13/solarreserve-bids-24-hour-solar-6-3-cents-chile/|archive-date=23 October 2020|accessdate=29 August 2017}}</ref>

During the day time, the additional auxiliary power consumption of a solar thermal storage power plant is nearly 10% of its rated capacity for the process of extracting solar energy in the form of thermal energy.<ref name="sther" /> This auxiliary power requirement can be made available from cheaper solar PV plant by envisaging hybrid solar plant with a mix of solar thermal and solar PV plants at a site. Also to optimise the cost of power, generation can be from the cheaper solar PV plant (33% generation) during the day light whereas the rest of the time in a day is from the solar thermal storage plant (67% generation from [[Solar power tower]] and [[parabolic trough]] types) for meeting 24 hours base load operation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cheap Baseload Solar At Copiapó Gets OK In Chile|date=25 August 2015|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2015/08/25/cheap-baseload-solar-copiapo-gets-ok-chile-exclusive-info/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916053211/https://cleantechnica.com/2015/08/25/cheap-baseload-solar-copiapo-gets-ok-chile-exclusive-info/|archive-date=16 September 2017|accessdate=1 September 2017}}</ref> When solar thermal storage plant is forced to idle due to lack of sunlight locally during cloudy days in monsoon season, it is also possible to consume (similar to a lesser efficient, huge capacity and low cost battery storage system) the cheap surplus / infirm power from solar PV, wind and hydro power plants by heating the hot molten salt to higher temperature for converting stored thermal energy in to electricity during the peak demand hours when the electricity sale price is profitable.<ref>{{cite web|title=Salt, silicon or graphite: energy storage goes beyond lithium ion batteries|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=5 April 2017|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/apr/06/salt-silicon-or-graphite-energy-storage-goes-beyond-lithium-ion-batteries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901024120/https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/apr/06/salt-silicon-or-graphite-energy-storage-goes-beyond-lithium-ion-batteries|archive-date=1 September 2017|accessdate=1 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commercializing Standalone Thermal Energy Storage|date=8 January 2016|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/print/volume-18/issue-110/features/thermal-renewable-energy/commercializing-standalone-thermal-energy-storage.html|accessdate=1 September 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921065700/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/print/volume-18/issue-110/features/thermal-renewable-energy/commercializing-standalone-thermal-energy-storage.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Solar PV, battery and grid===
[[File:PV-system-intelligent-hybrid-inverter.png|thumb|System diagram of intelligent hybrid inverters used in domestic setting.]]
Solar PV gives variable output which can be buffered with battery storage. However, large variations exist in production over the day, as well in many places seasonally. The battery helps match the power with the load. A ''hybrid solar inverter'' additionally allows the storage of low cost electricity drawn down on cheap tariffs.<ref>Solar Hybrid Systems Design and Application By Ahmet Aktas, Yagmur Kircicek · 2021</ref>

=== Wind-hydrogen system ===
[[File:Wind hydrogen.JPG|450px|frameless|left]]

One method of storing wind energy is the [[Hydrogen production|production of hydrogen]] through the [[electrolysis]] of [[water]]. This [[hydrogen]] is subsequently used to generate electricity during periods when demand can not be matched by wind alone. The energy in the [[Hydrogen storage|stored hydrogen]] can be converted into electrical power through [[fuel cell]] technology or a [[Internal combustion engine#Fuels|combustion engine]] linked to an [[electrical generator]].

Successfully [[Hydrogen storage|storing hydrogen]] has many issues which need to be overcome, such as [[Hydrogen embrittlement|embrittlement]] of the materials used in the power system.

This technology is being developed in many countries. In 2007 there was an [[Initial public offering|IPO]] of an Australian firm called Wind Hydrogen that aimed to commercialise this technology in both Australia and the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title="WHL Energy Limited (WHL)" is an Australian publicly listed company focused on developing and commercializing energy assets including wind energy, solar, biomass and clean fossil fuels|url=http://www.whlenergy.com/|access-date=4 July 2010|website=Whlenergy.com}}</ref> In 2008 the company changed its name and turned its operations to fossil fuel exploration.<ref>{{cite web|date=2011|title=Updated company presentation|url=https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20110916/pdf/4214974brv18pw.pdf|access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref>

In 2007, technology test sites included:

{| class="wikitable floatleft"
|-
! Community
! Country
! Wind MW
|-
| [[Ramea, Newfoundland and Labrador]]<ref>[http://www.acoa.ca/e/media/press/press.shtml?3738 "Remote Community Wind-Hydrogen-Diesel Energy Solution"] Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> 
| [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland, Canada]]
|0.3
|-
| Prince Edward Island Wind-Hydrogen Village<ref>[http://www.gov.pe.ca/envengfor/index.php3?number=1007450&lang=E "Prince Edward Island Wind-Hydrogen Village"] Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> 
| [[Prince Edward Island|PEI, Canada]]
|
|-
| [[Lolland]]<ref>[http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=48873 "First Danish Hydrogen Energy Plant Is Operational"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231034/http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=48873|date=26 September 2007}} Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> 
| [[Region Sjælland|Denmark]]
|
|-
| [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]]<ref>[http://www.areavoices.com/renewnd/?blog=10613 "North Dakota has first wind-to-hydrogen plant in nation"] Renew ND. Retrieved 27 October 2007.</ref>
| [[North Dakota|North Dakota, US]]
|
|-
| Koluel Kaike<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065548/http://www.wbcsd.org/plugins/DocSearch/details.asp?type=DocDet&ObjectId=14610 "Clean Patagonian Energy from Wind and Hydrogen"] Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007</ref> 
| [[Santa Cruz Province (Argentina)|Santa Cruz, Argentina]]
|
|-
| Ladymoor Renewable Energy Project (LREP)<ref>[http://www.wind-hydrogen.com/Citrus%20(Windfarm%208pp%20A5).pdf "Proposals for Ladymoor Renewable Energy Project"] Renew ND. Retrieved 2 November 2007 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718053333/http://www.wind-hydrogen.com/Citrus%20(Windfarm%208pp%20A5).pdf|date=18 July 2011}}</ref> 
| Scotland
|
|-
| Hunterston Hydrogen Project
| Scotland
|
|-
| RES2H2<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060517153440/http://www.infotools.hfpeurope.org/demoactive/greece/demos/proj001.html "RES2H2 - Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with the Hydrogen Vector"] Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> 
| [[Greece]]
| 0.50
|-
|[[Unst]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071025060018/http://www.sref.co.uk/whats.php "Promoting Unst Renewable Energy (PURE) Project Update"] Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> 
|Scotland
| 0.03
|-
| [[Utsira]]<ref>[http://www.azom.com/details.asp?newsID=4445 "Hydro Continues Utsira Project"]{{Dead link|date=November 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Renew ND. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> 
| Norway
| 0.60
|}
{{clear}}

=== Wind and diesel ===

A wind-diesel hybrid power system combines [[diesel generator]]s and wind turbines,<ref name="Wales AK">[http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/31755.pdf Wales, Alaska High-Penetration Wind-Diesel Hybrid Power System] National Renewable Energy Laboratory</ref> usually alongside ancillary equipment such as energy storage, power converters, and various control components, to generate electricity. They are designed to increase capacity and reduce the cost and environmental impact of electrical generation in remote communities and facilities that are not linked to a [[power grid]].<ref name="Wales AK" /> Wind-diesel hybrid systems reduce reliance on diesel fuel, which creates pollution and is costly to transport.<ref name="Wales AK" />

Wind-diesel generating systems have been under development and trialled in a number of locations during the latter part of the 20th century. A growing number of viable sites have been developed with increased reliability and minimized technical support costs in remote communities.{{Cn|date=September 2022}}

The successful integration of wind energy with diesel generating sets relies on complex controls to ensure correct sharing of intermittent wind energy and controllable diesel generation to meet the demand of the usually variable load. The common measure of performance for wind diesel systems is Wind Penetration which is the ratio between Wind Power and Total Power delivered, e.g. 60% wind penetration implies that 60% of the system power comes from the wind. Wind Penetration figures can be either peak or long term. Sites such as [[Mawson Station]], Antarctica, as well as [[Coral Bay, Western Australia|Coral Bay]] and [[Bremer Bay]] in Australia have peak wind penetrations of around 90%. Technical solutions to the varying wind output include controlling wind output using variable speed wind turbines (e.g. [[Enercon]], [[Denham, Western Australia]]), controlling demand such as the heating load (e.g. Mawson), [[Flywheel energy storage|storing energy in a flywheel]] (e.g. Powercorp, Coral Bay). Some installations are now being converted to [[Wind-Hydrogen Hybrid Power Systems|wind hydrogen]] systems such as on [[Ramea]] in Canada which is due for completion in 2010.{{Cn|date=September 2022}}

Recently,{{When|date=September 2022}} in Northern Canada wind-diesel hybrid power systems were built by the mining industry. In remote locations at Lac de Gras, in Canada's Northwest Territories, and Katinniq, Ungava Peninsula, Nunavik, two systems are used to save fuel at mines. There is another system in Argentina.<ref>{{cite web|title=Database: Solar & wind systems in the mining industry ...|url=http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/database-solar-wind-power-plants/|access-date=12 May 2015|website=Th-Energy.net}}</ref>

===Combined cycle hydrogen power plant===
[[File:Variable_renewable_energy.svg|thumb|Renewable and conventional energy production in Germany over two weeks in 2022. In hours with low wind and [[Photovoltaics|PV]] production, hard coal and gas fill the gap. [[Nuclear power|Nuclear]] and [[Biomass (energy)|biomass]] show almost no flexibility. PV follows the increased consumption during daytime hours but varies seasonally.]]
[[Wind power|Wind]] and [[solar power]] are [[variable renewable energy]] sources that aren't as consistent as [[base load]] energy and a [[combined cycle hydrogen power plant]] could help renewables by capturing excess energy, with [[Electrolysis of water|electrolysis]], when they produce to much and fill the gaps with that energy when they aren't producing as much.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.powermag.com/ready-for-the-energy-transition-hydrogen-considerations-for-combined-cycle-power-plants/ | title=Ready for the Energy Transition: Hydrogen Considerations for Combined Cycle Power Plants | date=29 October 2021 }}</ref>

=== Other hybrid power systems ===
At power stations that use [[compressed air energy storage]] (CAES), electrical energy is used to compress air and store it in underground facilities such as caverns or abandoned mines. During later periods of high electrical demand, the air is released to power turbines, generally using supplemental [[natural gas]].<ref name="wired">{{cite magazine|last1=Madrigal|first1=Alexis|date=9 March 2010|title=Bottled Wind Could Be as Constant as Coal|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/03/compressed-air-plants/|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|access-date=2011-07-15}}</ref> Power stations that make significant use of CAES are operational in [[McIntosh, Alabama]], Germany, and Japan.<ref name="aog">{{cite book|author1=Sio-Iong Ao|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI0JNXJ3R4EC&pg=PA41|title=Electrical Engineering and Applied Computing|author2=Len Gelman|date=29 June 2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-007-1191-4|page=41|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> System disadvantages include some energy losses in the CAES process; also, the need for supplemental use of fossil fuels such as natural gas means that these systems do not completely make use of renewable energy.<ref name="boise">{{cite web|title=Overview of Compressed Air Energy Storage|url=http://coen.boisestate.edu/WindEnergy/resources/ER-07-001.pdf|access-date=2011-07-15|publisher=[[Boise State University]]|page=2}}</ref>

The [[Iowa Stored Energy Park]], projected to begin commercial operation in 2015, will use wind farms in [[Iowa]] as an energy source in conjunction with CAES.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.isepa.com/FAQs.asp#7|access-date=2011-07-15|publisher=Iowa Stored Energy Project}}</ref>

Combining solar and geothermal is also possible.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-10|title=Zorlu to expand Alaşehir geothermal power plant with 3.6 MW solar unit|url=https://balkangreenenergynews.com/zorlu-to-expand-alasehir-geothermal-power-plant-with-3-6-mw-solar-unit/|access-date=2021-11-28|website=Balkan Green Energy News|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Solar and diesel ===
A common type is a photovoltaic diesel hybrid system,<ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas Hillig|date=24 February 2016|title=Hybrid Power Plants|url=http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/hybrid-power-plants/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183151/http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/hybrid-power-plants|archive-date=8 November 2016|access-date=5 May 2015|website=th-energy.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Amanda Cain|date=22 January 2014|title=What Is a Photovoltaic Diesel Hybrid System?|url=http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2014/01/what-is-a-photovoltaic-diesel-hybrid-system|url-status=live|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525172935/http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/bg/sma-america-llc/blog/what-is-a-photovoltaic-diesel-hybrid-system.html|archive-date=25 May 2017|access-date=12 May 2015|website=RenewableEnergyWorld.com}}</ref>  combining [[photovoltaics]] (PV) and [[diesel generator]]s, or diesel gensets, as PV has hardly any marginal cost and is treated with priority on the [[power grid|grid]]. The diesel gensets are used to constantly fill in the gap between the present load and the actual generated power by the PV system.<ref name="th-energy-hybrid">{{cite web|title=Hybrid power plants (wind- or solar-diesel)|url=http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/hybrid-power-plants/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183151/http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/hybrid-power-plants|archive-date=8 November 2016|access-date=12 May 2015|publisher=TH-Energy.net – A platform for renewables & mining}}</ref>

As solar energy is fluctuating, and the generation capacity of the diesel genesets is limited to a certain range, it is often a viable option to include [[Rechargeable battery|battery storage]] in order to optimize solar's contribution to the overall generation of the hybrid system.<ref name="th-energy-hybrid" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Kunal K. Shah, Aishwarya S. Mundada, Joshua M. Pearce. Performance of U.S. hybrid distributed energy systems: Solar photovoltaic, battery and combined heat and power. ''Energy Conversion and Management'' '''105''', pp. 71–80 (2015). DOI: 10.1016/j.enconman.2015.07.048|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2015.07.048|s2cid=107189983 |url=https://www.academia.edu/14674492|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422133906/https://www.academia.edu/14674492/Performance_of_U.S._hybrid_distributed_energy_systems_Solar_photovoltaic_battery_and_combined_heat_and_power|archive-date=2019-04-22|access-date=2015-08-15 |last1=Pearce |first1=Joshua }}</ref>

The best business cases for diesel reduction with solar and wind energy can normally be found in remote locations because these sites are often not connected to the grid and transport of diesel over long distances is expensive.<ref name="Thomas Hillig">{{cite web |title=Renewables for the Mining Sector |url=http://www.decentralized-energy.com/articles/print/volume-16/issue-1/features/renewables-for-the-mining-sector.html |author=Thomas Hillig |website=decentralized-energy.com |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=24 February 2016 |archive-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705144249/http://www.decentralized-energy.com/articles/print/volume-16/issue-1/features/renewables-for-the-mining-sector.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of these applications can be found in the [[mining]] sector <ref>{{Cite web|title=Database "Renewable Energy & Mining": Wind & solar|url=http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/database-solar-wind-power-plants/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705142122/https://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/database-solar-wind-power-plants/|archive-date=2017-07-05|access-date=2015-05-05}}</ref> and on islands <ref name="th-energy-hybrid" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Thomas Hillig|date=January 2016|title=Sun For More Than Fun|url=http://www.solarindustrymag.com/issues/SI1601/FEAT_03_Sun-For-More-Than-Fun-Island-Resorts-Benefit-From-Solar-Power.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109081507/http://www.solarindustrymag.com/issues/SI1601/FEAT_03_Sun-For-More-Than-Fun-Island-Resorts-Benefit-From-Solar-Power.html|archive-date=2016-01-09|access-date=2016-02-24|website=solarindustrymag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Database: Solar & wind power plants on Islands|url=http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-on-islands/database-solar-wind-power-plants/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205212957/https://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-on-islands/database-solar-wind-power-plants/|archive-date=2017-02-05|access-date=2016-02-24}}</ref>

In 2015, a case-study conducted in seven countries concluded that in all cases generating costs can be reduced by hybridising mini-grids and isolated grids. However, financing costs for diesel-powered electricity grids with solar photovoltaics are crucial and largely depend on the ownership structure of the power plant. While cost reductions for state-owned utilities can be significant, the study also identified short-term economic benefits to be insignificant or even negative for non-public utilities, such as [[independent power producer]]s, given historical costs at the time of the study.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 May 2015|title=New study: Hybridising electricity grids with solar PV saves costs, especially benefits state-owned utilities|url=http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/current/2015/kw22/new-study-hybridising-electricity-grids-with-solar-pv-saves-costs-especially-benefits-state-owned-utilities.html|url-status=dead|publisher=SolarServer.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726213948/http://www.solarserver.com/solar-magazine/solar-news/current/2015/kw22/new-study-hybridising-electricity-grids-with-solar-pv-saves-costs-especially-benefits-state-owned-utilities.html|archivedate=26 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=May 2015|title=Renewable Energy in Hybrid Mini-Grids and Isolated Grids: Economic Benefits and Business Cases|url=http://fs-unep-centre.org/publications/renewable-energy-hybrid-mini-grids-and-isolated-grids-economic-benefits-and-business#overlay-context=publications|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820230219/http://fs-unep-centre.org/publications/renewable-energy-hybrid-mini-grids-and-isolated-grids-economic-benefits-and-business#overlay-context=publications|archive-date=2018-08-20|access-date=2015-06-01|publisher=Frankfurt School – UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance}}</ref>

=== More than 2 sources ===
Adding wave power to wind and solar may be possible.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Casey|first=Tina|date=2021-11-26|title=Crazy Floating Renewable Energy Gizmo|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2021/11/26/crazy-floating-all-in-one-renewable-energy-gizmo-has-everybody-suddenly-talking/|access-date=2021-11-28|website=CleanTechnica|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Stand-alone power system]]
*[[List of energy storage power plants]]
*[[Distributed generation]]
*[[Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.thespec.com/print/article/508196 HAMILTON SPECTATOR - Integrating fuel cell technology into wind turbine structure that can produce cryo-compressed hydrogen and oxygen that is stored on-site, and used to generate electrical power when there is no wind]
* [http://www.iahe.org International Association for Hydrogen Energy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827013347/http://www.iahe.org/ |date=27 August 2013 }}
* [http://www.h2euro.org European Hydrogen Association]
* [http://www.res2h2.com RES2H2]
* [http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_wind_hydrogen_animation.html NREL Wind Hydrogen]
* [http://www.th-energy.net/english/platform-renewable-energy-and-mining/database-solar-wind-power-plants THEnergy platform "Renewables & Mining"]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120628061556/http://www.heliocentris.com/en/didactic/products/renewable-energy-labs/new-energy-lab/setup.html Demonstration of an integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy System with system sketch]

{{Wind power}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hybrid Power}}
[[Category:Energy storage]]
[[Category:Electric power generation]]
[[Category:Renewable energy technology]]
[[Category:Wind power]]
[[Category:Power station technology]]
[[Category:Hydrogen production]]