View source for Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention

[[File:Composition of normal air vs. hypoxic air.png|thumb|Composition of normal air vs. hypoxic air]]

'''Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention''', also known as '''oxygen reduction system''' ('''ORS'''), is an [[active fire protection]] technique based on a permanent reduction of the oxygen concentration in the protected rooms. Unlike traditional [[fire suppression systems]] that usually extinguish fire after it is [[Fire detection|detected]], hypoxic air is able to prevent fire.

==Description==
In a volume protected by hypoxic air, a normobaric hypoxic atmosphere is continuously retained:  hypoxic means that the [[partial pressure]] of the oxygen is lower than at the sea level, normobaric means that the [[barometric pressure]] is equal to the barometric pressure at the sea level. Usually 1/4 to 1/2 of the [[oxygen]] contained in the [[air]] (that is, 5 to 10% of the air) is replaced by the same amount of [[nitrogen]]: as a consequence a hypoxic atmosphere containing around 15 Vol% of oxygen and 85 Vol% of nitrogen is created. In a normobaric hypoxic environment, common materials cannot ignite or burn when exposed to a localized small scale ignition source.<ref>https://www.nist.gov/publications/aircraft-cargo-fire-suppression-using-low-pressure-dual-fluid-water-mist-and-hypoxic Brooks, J.  Aircraft Cargo Fire Suppression Using Low Pressure Dual Fluid Water Mist and Hypoxic Air. NIST SP 984-2; NIST Special Publication 984-2;</ref> A reduction of the oxygen level to 15% does not achieve conditions where a fire cannot occur or is extinguished. However, it reduces the probability of a fire occurring by increasing the ignition energy needed, and there are also indications of increased ignition times.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/fam.2197 | volume=38 | issue=5 | title=Advantages and challenges with using hypoxic air venting as fire protection | year=2013 | journal=Fire and Materials | pages=559–575 | last1 = Nilsson | first1 = Martin| url=https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/3971117 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Design and operation ==
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[[File:Hypoxic air for fire prevention - concept.PNG|thumb|Hypoxic Air Fire Prevention system - Concept]]
Air with a reduced oxygen content is injected to the protected volumes to lower the oxygen concentration until the desired oxygen concentration is reached. Then, because of [[air infiltration]],  the oxygen concentration inside the protected volumes rises: when it exceeds a certain threshold, low-oxygen air is again injected to the protected volumes until the desired oxygen concentration is reached. [[Oxygen sensor]]s  are installed in the protected volumes to continuously monitor the oxygen concentration.

The exact oxygen level to retain in the protected volumes is determined after a careful assessment of materials, configurations, and hazards.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chiti|first=Stefano|title=A Pilot Study on Hypoxic Air Performance at the Interface of Fire Prevention and Fire Suppression|journal=FIRESEAT 2011: The Science of Suppression|date=November 9, 2011|url=http://www.see.ed.ac.uk/FIRESEAT/files11/FS11-Proc-Chiti.pdf}}</ref> Tables list [[Limiting oxygen concentration|ignition-limiting oxygen thresholds]] for some materials. Alternatively, the ignition-limiting threshold is determined by performing a proper ignition test described in BSI PAS 95:2011 Hypoxic air fire prevention systems specification.<ref name="shop.bsigroup.com">{{cite web|title=PAS 95:2011 Hypoxic air fire prevention systems. Specification|url=http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030203949|publisher=BSI}}</ref>

Smoke detectors are installed in protected volumes because, similar to [[Gaseous fire suppression|gas suppression systems]],  hypoxic air does not prevent [[smoldering]] and [[Pyrolysis|pyrolyzing]] processes.

Air with low oxygen concentration is produced by hypoxic air generators, also known as air splitting units. There are three different types of hypoxic air generators: [[Nitrogen generator|membrane-based]], [[Pressure swing adsorption|PSA-based]], and [[Vacuum swing adsorption|VSA-based]]. VSA-based hypoxic air generators usually have a lower energy consumption compared to PSA-based and membrane-based generators. Hypoxic air generators can be located inside or outside the protected rooms. Hypoxic air systems can be integrated with the building management system and can include  systems to recover the heat generated by the hypoxic air generator that, would otherwise be wasted.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chiti|first=Stefano|author2=Jensen Geir |author3=Fjerdingen Ola Thomas |title=Hypoxic Air Technology: Fire Protection Turns Preventive.|journal=Proceedings of the International Workshop on Fire Safety and Management.|date=March 2011}}</ref>

Air with low oxygen concentration is transported to the protected volumes through dedicated pipes or, more simply, via an existing [[HVAC|ventilation system]]. In the latter case, dedicated pipes or ducts are not required.

== Applications ==
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The benefits of preventing a fire instead of suppressing it makes hypoxic air suitable for applications where a fire would cause unacceptable damage.  Unlike traditional fire-suppression systems, dedicated pipes or nozzles are not required. 

Hypoxic air for fire prevention are used in{{fact|date=June 2022}}:
* [[Data centers]] / ICT facilities
* Storage of high value items
* [[Archives]]
* Freezer and cold storage
* Large warehouses
* Paper mills
* Heritage applications
* Telecom
* Electrical substation
* Utilities
* Document Storage
* High-bay Warehouses

The reduction of artifact degradation and food deterioration is a plus for applications like food warehouses, storage and archives.

=== Other uses of hypoxic air ===
Hypoxic air fire prevention systems can also be used for purposes other than fire prevention, for example:

* [[Altitude tent|High altitude training]]
* Health{{examples|date=August 2013}}
* Preserving artifacts and objects from degradation or [[Corrosion|oxidation]]
* Preserving food from [[Food deteriotration|deterioration]], commonly known as [[Modified Atmosphere Packaging|modified atmosphere packaging]].

Combining fire prevention, indoor climate and reduction of artefacts/food degradation is a completely new approach for a fire safety system.

== Effects on health ==

Fire-prevention systems which result in the oxygen content being less than 19.5% are not permitted for occupied spaces without providing employees supplemental respirators by federal regulation (OSHA) in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=INTERPRETATIONS&p_id=27004|title = Clarification of OSHA denial of FirePASS's variance request and respiratory protection requirements in oxygen-deficient atmospheres. &#124; Occupational Safety and Health Administration}}</ref>

However, hypoxic air is considered by some to be safe to breathe for most people.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 21499843 | doi=10.1007/s11325-011-0521-1 | volume=16 | issue=2 | title=Short-term exposure to hypoxia for work and leisure activities in health and disease: which level of hypoxia is safe? | journal=Sleep Breath | pages=435–42 | last1 = Burtscher | first1 = M | last2 = Mairer | first2 = K | last3 = Wille | first3 = M | last4 = Gatterer | first4 = H | last5 = Ruedl | first5 = G | last6 = Faulhaber | first6 = M | last7 = Sumann | first7 = G | year=2011| s2cid=34051780 }}</ref> Medical studies have been undertaken on this topic.
Angerer and Novak's conclusion is that "working environments with low oxygen concentrations to a minimum of 13% and normal barometric pressure do not impose a health hazard, provided that precautions are observed, comprising medical examinations and limitation of exposure time."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Angerer|first=Peter|author2=Nowak|journal=International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health|date=March 2003|volume=76|issue=2|pages=87–102|pmid=12733081|doi=10.1007/s00420-002-0394-5|title=Working in permanent hypoxia for fire protection-impact on health|s2cid=2923682}}</ref> Küpper et al. say that oxygen concentration between 17.0 and 14.8% does not cause any risk for healthy people by hypoxia. It also does not cause risks for people with chronic diseases of moderate severity. The ability for strenuous work is reduced as the concentration decreases with the time that exertion can be sustained becoming very low below these levels, below around 17% it may be necessary to take breaks outside the environment if more than 6 hours is to be spent inside, especially if any physical exertion is performed<ref>{{cite web|last=Küpper|first=Thomas|title=Work in Hypoxic Conditions|url=http://www.theuiaa.org/upload_area/files/1/UIAA_MedCom_Rec_No%2015_Work_in_Hypoxic_Conditions_2_9%282%29.pdf|publisher=THE INTERNATIONAL MOUNTAINEERING AND CLIMBING FEDERATION}}</ref>

Pressurized [[aircraft cabin]]s are typically maintained at 75&nbsp;kPa, the pressure found at {{convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on}} altitude, resulting in an oxygen partial pressure of about 16&nbsp;kPa, which is the same as a 15% oxygen concentration in a hypoxic-air application at sea-level pressure.  However, passengers are sedentary and crew members have immediate access to supplemental oxygen.

Hypoxic air is to be considered clean air and not contaminated air when assessing oxygen depletion hazards.

Information relating access to the protected areas i.e. oxygen-reduced atmosphere are illustrated:

* AI, Arbeitsinspektorat;
* SUVA, Schweizerische Unfallversicherungsanstalt;
* DGUV, Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung;
* UIAA, Medical commission of Union Internationale Des Associations D’Alpinisme.

== Applicable standards and guidelines, system verification ==

* [[UL (safety organization)|UL]] 67377 Oxygen Reduction Fire Prevention System Units<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ulstandards.ul.com/access-standards/|title = Access Standards}}</ref>
* [[BSI Group|BSI]] PAS 95:2011 - Hypoxic air fire prevention systems. Specification<ref name="shop.bsigroup.com"/>
* VdS 3527en:2007 - Inerting and Oxygen Reduction Systems, Planning and Installation <ref>{{cite web|title=VdS 3527en - Inerting and Oxygen Reduction Systems, Planning and Installation|url=http://vds.de/en/|publisher=VdS}}</ref>
* [[Austrian Standards International]]
** ÖNORM F 3073: Planning, engineering, assembly, commissioning and servicing of oxygen reduction systems
** ÖNORM F 3007: Oxygen reduction system
** ÖNORM F 3008: Oxygen reduction system - CIE UNIT control unit
*TRVB S 155: Engineering, installation and operation requirements for oxygen reduction systems using nitrogen in buildings from a fire prevention technology standpoint
* EN 16750:2017 Fixed firefighting systems — Oxygen reduction systems — Design, installation, planning and maintenance
* ISO 20338:2019 Oxygen reduction systems for fire prevention — Design, installation, planning and maintenance

Inspection body accreditation criteria are established according to ISO/IEC 17010 for third party verification of hypoxic air fire prevention system conformance to BSI PAS 95:2011 and VdS 3527en:2007 <ref>{{cite web|title=Certification of Hypoxic Air Fire Prevention Systems|url=http://www.cowiprojects.com/COWIHYpoxicAirTechnologyServices/accreditation/certification.htm|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130119205656/http://www.cowiprojects.com/COWIHYpoxicAirTechnologyServices/accreditation/certification.htm|archivedate=2013-01-19}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Inerting system]]
* [[Tank blanketing]]

== References ==
<references/>

{{Fire protection}}

[[Category:Active fire protection]]
[[Category:Safety equipment]]
[[Category:Fire suppression]]
[[Category:Industrial gases]]