View source for Information and communications technology in Kosovo

{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{update|date=December 2014}}
[[Information and communication technology]] (ICT) in [[Kosovo]] has experienced a remarkable development since 1999.<ref name="STIKKBC" /> From being almost non-existent 10 years ago, Kosovar companies in the [[information technology]] (IT) domain offer today wide range of ICT services to their customers both local as well as to foreign companies.<ref name="STIKKBC" /> Kosovo has the youngest population in [[Europe]],<ref name=young>{{cite web | title=Country report - Kosovo | url=http://ibde.org/component/content/article/163-country-report-kosovo.html | access-date=2013-02-23 | year=2011 | publisher=International Business and diplomatic exchange - IBDE | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055834/http://ibde.org/component/content/article/163-country-report-kosovo.html | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> with advanced knowledge in ICT.<ref name="cisco" />

Today, public and private education institutions in the IT field, through certified learning curricula by companies such as [[CISCO]]<ref name="cisco" /> and [[Microsoft]], provide education to thousands of young Kosovars while the demand for this form of training is still rising.<ref name="IK">{{cite web | title=Investing in Kosovo | url=http://www.eciks.org/english/publications/InvestinginKosovo_2011_Web.pdf | access-date=2013-02-22 | year=2011 | publisher=Economic Initiative for Kosovo - ECIKS | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104072918/http://www.eciks.org/english/publications/InvestinginKosovo_2011_Web.pdf | archive-date=4 November 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kosovo has two authorized [[mobile network operators]] and is the only country in the region not having awarded any [[UMTS]] license. Kosovo has neither awarded licenses for fixed wireless access, nor made the 900 and 1800&nbsp;MHz bands technology neutral.<ref name="CULLEN">{{cite web | title=Final study report | url=http://www.cullen-international.com/ressource/224/0/final-study-report-31-march-2011.pdf | access-date=2013-02-20 | year=2011 | publisher=Cullen International | archive-date=19 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219012544/http://www.cullen-international.com/ressource/224/0/final-study-report-31-march-2011.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> Currently around 1,200,000 customers of "Vala" [[Post and Telecom of Kosovo]] (PTK). As of March 2007 the second [[GSM]] license granted to [[IPKO]] – [[Telekom Slovenije]]. Currently IPKO has over 1,000,000 users.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ipko 1 milion konsumatorë | url= https://www.facebook.com/IPKO.Rrethiyt/videos/3268440450094587/ | access-date=2022-08-13 | publisher=Ipko facebook }}</ref> Following the Brussels Agreement, Kosovo has its own telephone dialing code: 383. Before this assignment, network operators in Kosovo used either 387 (Monaco) or 386 (Slovenia).<ref name="ICTProfile" /> All other codes were to have been superseded by the new code on 15 January 2017, but some are still in use.<ref name="Phone Code Change">{{cite web | title=Kosovo Dialing Code Change | url=http://telegrafi.com/kosova-siguron-kodin-telefonik-383/ | access-date=14 July 2017 | year=2017}}</ref>

The infrastructure of ICT sector in Kosovo is mainly built of [[microwave]] [[Telecommunications network|network]], [[optic]] and [[coaxial cable]] ([[DOCSIS]]). The telecom industry is liberalized and legislation is introduced adopting [[European union]]regulatory principles and promoting competition. Some of the main internet providers are PTK, IPKO, [[Kujtesa]] and Artmotion.<ref name=ICTProfile>{{cite web | title=Analysis of ICT industry in Kosovo. | url=http://www.esicenter.bg/content/EN/library/ICT%20sector%20analysis_Kosovo_v1.pdf | access-date=2013-02-16 | year=2011 | publisher=Kosovo Economic development through quality and networking | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225512/http://www.esicenter.bg/content/EN/library/ICT%20sector%20analysis_Kosovo_v1.pdf | archive-date=3 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
First ICT companies in Kosovo can be found as early 1984, these companies where mainly focused on [[radio]] [[telecommunication]] and audio-video systems, while in early and mid '90s more companies were created, mainly specializing in [[personal computer]] sales. ICT industry in Kosovo boomed after 1999 with a lot of new companies being created,<ref name="STIKKBC" /> among which IPKO which now one of the major [[telecommunication]] providers and one of the biggest foreign investments in Kosovo.<ref>{{cite web | title=Telekom Slovenije buys 75% of Kosovo ISP | url=http://www.telegeography.com/products/commsupdate/articles/2006/05/30/telekom-slovenije-buys-75-of-kosovan-isp/ | access-date=2013-02-18 | year=2006 | publisher=telegeography.com}}</ref>

==Telecommunications==
{{Infobox company
|  logo           = 
|  name   = Post and Telecom of Kosovo
|  type   = [[Joint stock company]]
|  foundation     = {{start date|1965}}
|  location       = [[Pristina]], [[Kosovo]]
|  key_people     = Ejup Qerimi, [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]
|  industry       = [[Telecommunication|Communications Services]]
|  products       = Fixed telephony<br />Mobile telephony<br />xDSLs<br />Postal Services
}}

{{Infobox company
|  logo           = [[File:IPKO logo.svg|132px]]
|  name   = iPKO Telecommunications, L.L.C
|  type   = [[limited liability company]]
|  foundation     = 1999
|  location       = Pristina, Kosovo
|  key_people     = Robert Erzin, [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]
|  industry       = [[Telecommunication|Communications Services]]
|  products       = Fixed telephony<br />Mobile telephony<br />Cable Internet<br />DTV
}}

{{Infobox company
|  logo           = 
|  name   = Dukagjini Telecommunications - D3 Mobile, L.L.C
|  type   = [[limited liability company]]
|  foundation     = 2008
|  location       = Pristina, Kosovo
|  key_people     = Kujtim Gacaferri, [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]
|  industry       = [[Telecommunication|Communications Services]]
|  products       = Mobile telephony - MVNO
}}

{{Infobox company
|logo           =  
|  name   = Dardaphone - Z-Mobile
|  type   = [[limited liability company]]
|  foundation     = 2010
|  location       = Pristina, Kosovo
|  key_people     = Milot Gjkolli, [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]
|  industry       = [[Telecommunication|Communications Services]]
|  products       = Mobile telephony - MVNO
}}

{{Infobox company
|  logo           = [[File:Kujtesa kosovo.gif|132px]]
|  name   = Kujtesa Net
|  type   = [[limited liability company]]
|  foundation     = 1995
|  location       = Pristina, Kosovo
|  key_people     = Arbër Arifi, [[Chief Executive Officer|CEO]]
|  industry       = [[Telecommunication|Communications Services]]
|  products       = Cable Internet<br />DTV
}}

According to Regulatory Authority of Electronics and Postal Communication 2011 report, 86 telecommunication licenses have been issued since 2004.<ref name="ART" />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em;"
|-
! scope="col" | Licenses
! scope="col" | Number
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Internet Service Providers || style="text-align: center;" | 38
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Value-Added Services || style="text-align: center;" | 29
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| International Telecommunication Services  || style="text-align: center;" | 6
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| International Telecommunication Peering || style="text-align: center;" | 6
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Fixed Telephony Services || style="text-align: center;" | 3
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Mobile Telephony Services - GSM|| style="text-align: center;" | 2
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| MVNO (Mobile Virtual Network Operator) || style="text-align: center;" | 2

|}

===Mobile Telephony===
In 2010, 74 percent of the population was subscribed to mobile phone services, or a total number of 1,537,164<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.art-ks.org/repository/docs/Pasqyre%20e%20tregut%20te%20telekomunikacionit%20%20K3%20-2010.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725014334/http://www.art-ks.org/repository/docs/Pasqyre%20e%20tregut%20te%20telekomunikacionit%20%20K3%20-2010.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2007, PTK reported growth of subscribers from 300,000 to 800,000 in less than a year.<ref>http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK675.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> In 2006, the number was 562,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2151rank.html |title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-date=24 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124010553/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2151rank.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

You are required to show your ID to get a Sim card and pre-paid can be bought for 5 euros.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}
There are many shops selling used mobile phones and sim unlocking services. {{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

Two licensed [[Mobile network operator]]s offer their services in competition with two [[MVNO]]s. The market, however, remains concentrated with the incumbent‟s mobile subsidiary controlling over 65% of the market. [[Mobile broadband]] services are not available as no UMTS licenses have been awarded. So far, there are no plans to carry out the re-farming of 900/1800&nbsp;MHz bands or assign [[frequency spectrum]] for mobile broadband.<ref name="CULLEN" />

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em;"
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Date
! scope="col" | Type
! scope="col" | Validity
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| [[Post and Telecom of Kosovo|PTK]] SH.a/Vala (+377 Monaco prefix) 3G and 4G LTE || style="text-align: center;" | 30/07/2004
|| GSM 900/1800&nbsp;MHz || 15 Years
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| [[IPKO]] Telecommunications LLC (+386 Slovenia prefix) 3G active || style="text-align: center;" | 06/03/2007
|| GSM 900/1800&nbsp;MHz || 15 Years
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Dukagjini Telecommunications sh.a. (D3 Mobile)  || style="text-align: center;" | 24/06/2008
|| MVNO || 15 Years
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Dardaphone.net LLC (Z Mobile) || style="text-align: center;" | 12/06/2008
|| MVNO || 15 Years
|}

{{blockquote|GSM-services in Kosovo are provided currently by Vala, a subsidiary of PTK, and IPKO, a company owned by Telekom Slovenije, which has acquired the second mobile operator license in Kosovo and has started operations in late 2007. Vala has over 850,000 subscribers, mostly using the pre-paid system, whereas IPKO has gained over 300,000 subscribers within just a few months.<ref>http://www.invest-ks.org/?cont=38</ref>}}

There are three virtual operators :
* [[D3 Mobile]] (virtual operator)-043 prefix<ref name="PrePaidGSM: Kosovo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.prepaidgsm.net/en/kosovo.html|title = PrePaidGSM: Kosovo}}</ref>
* [[Z Mobile]]  (virtual operator)-045 prefix<ref name="PrePaidGSM: Kosovo"/>
* [[Zog Mobile]]  (Powered by IPKO)-043 prefix<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.zogmobile.com/index.html |title=Zog Mobile |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-date=18 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318203518/http://zogmobile.com/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Fixed Telephony===

Fixed telephony penetration rate is among the lowest in Europe about 5 lines per 100 inhabitants in 2011, in contrast with neighboring countries and European Union countries where penetration rates are 25% and 40% respectfully.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.art-ks.org/repository/docs/Pasqyre%20e%20tregut%20te%20telekomunikacionit%20%20K3%20-2010.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725014334/http://www.art-ks.org/repository/docs/Pasqyre%20e%20tregut%20te%20telekomunikacionit%20%20K3%20-2010.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="ART" />

There are currently three licensed Fixed Telephony providers in Kosovo:

*PTK
*IPKO
*KONET (leased lines)

PTK is by far the leading provider with market share of 94.4%, IPKO has only 5.6%. Number of subscribers dropped in 2011 to 86,014 from 88,372 in 2010, marking a drop of 2,358 or 2.67% of subscriber base.<ref name="ART" />

===Dialing Code===
After the breakup of [[Yugoslavia]], with dialing code 38, Kosovo used the Serbian dialing code, 381 for new and existing landlines. As mobile networks were introduced, PTK adopted the code 377 (Monaco) and IPKO adopted the code 386 (Slovenia). This situation resulted in the highly unusual simultaneous use of three international dialing codes.

In September 2012 the [[Assembly of Kosovo]] approved a resolution on replacing the various dialing codes in use with the Albanian country code 355. While this initiative draw a lot of media attention, it never saw the light of day.<ref>{{cite web | title=+355 bashkon Kosovën me Shqipërinë | url=http://www.top-channel.tv/artikull.php?id=241750 | access-date=2013-02-18| year=2012 | publisher=TOP Channel}}</ref>

In January 2016 after ongoing political discussions between Kosovo and Serbia, it was agreed that Kosovo would get its own country code: 383. This code is available for all mobile and fixed-line operators, all of whom were using other international telecom country code.<ref>{{cite web | title=Kosovo to get its country code, +383 | url=http://digjitale.com/kosovo-country-code-383/ | access-date=2016-04-16 | year=2016 | publisher=Digjitalel | archive-date=19 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419091314/http://digjitale.com/kosovo-country-code-383/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The code 383 has now been formally assigned, and is in the process of adoption. This code was to have replaced all former codes on 15 January 2017, but the transition has yet to be complete.<ref name="Phone Code Change" />

===Internet===
Total of 38 licensed companies provide internet services in Kosovo, 6 of them with direct peering towards international gateways. Number of technologies are used to provide internet to end users, most popular being the cable DOCSIS technology with 68.95% of the market, followed by 25.43% xDSL and 5.62% other technologies like FTTX and wireless.<ref name="ART" />

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em;"
|-
! scope="col" | Technology
! scope="col" | %
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Cable/DOCSIS || style="text-align: center;" | 68.95%
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| xDSL || style="text-align: center;" | 25.43%
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Wireless  || style="text-align: center;" | 4.57%
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| FTTx || style="text-align: center;" | 0.64%
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Other  || style="text-align: center;" | 0.41%
|}

In contrast with other countries, majority of market share is owned by private operators, with a total of 74.57%. The biggest operator being IPKO with 51.21% followed by Kujtesa with 19.08% and PTK with 25.43%.<ref name="ART" />

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em;"
|-
! scope="col" | Operator
! scope="col" | Technology
! scope="col" | Users
! scope="col" | (%)
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| [[IPKO]] || style="text-align: center;" | DOCSIS
|| 73,354 || style="text-align: center;" | 51.21%
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| [[Post and Telecom of Kosovo|PTK]] || style="text-align: center;" | xDSL
|| 36,432 || style="text-align: center;" | 25.43%
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| [[Kujtesa]]  || style="text-align: center;" | DOCSIS
|| 27,331|| style="text-align: center;" | 19.08%
|}

Others include:
* [[Artmotion]]
* [[ArdiNet]]
* [[OrangeNet]]
* [[I.T.S.]]
* [[ComNet]]
* [[NegeNet]]
* [[Telekom Srbija]]

===Internet Penetration===
Internet penetration in Kosovo is 96%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://stikk.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/STIKK_IK_Report_Internet_Penetration_V3-final-1.pdf|title=Internet Penetration and Usage in Kosovo|last=STIKK Kosovo ICT Association|date=October 2019}}</ref>  Laptops are the most frequent device found in almost half of the Kosovo households (48%), followed by a computer (39%).<ref name=":0" />  On average, households in Kosovo have a 20 Mbps download and 6 upload internet speed.<ref name=":0" />

Vast majority of the Kosovo population (81%) use the internet every day, and the internet is used by the absolute majority (96%) of the Kosovo population at least at some occasion.<ref name=":0" />  In addition, the internet usage is almost equally distributed across majority of age groups and is mostly used by students and employed people.<ref name=":0" />

Internet is used three and a half hours daily on average by the Kosovo citizens.  Incomparably, mobile phones are the most frequent device (73%) used to access the internet.<ref name=":0" />

A very important discovery of the research is that 93% of Kosovo citizens use the internet for communication.<ref name=":0" />  All other reasons of usage are drastically lower compared to the communication.  Consequently, as well as related to the reasons why the internet is used mostly in terms of applications and webpages visited, communication platforms are used the most.<ref name=":0" />

The vast majority of Kosovo citizens (98%) possess a mobile phone, and close to half of them (43%) possesses internet subscription on their phone.<ref name=":0" />

===Digital Television===
[[Digital television transition]] is still an ongoing process in Kosovo, limiting the [[analog television]] broadcast domain to only three national channels.<ref>{{cite web | title=Introduction of digital broadcasting in Kosovo and the region – strategies | url=http://www.kpm-ks.org/materiale/dokument/1283522801.4732.pdf | access-date=2013-02-23 | year=2009 | publisher=Independent media commission | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074500/http://www.kpm-ks.org/materiale/dokument/1283522801.4732.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Due to this conditions all four major telecommunications companies in Kosovo now broadcast [[digital TV]] on other mediums. While IPKO and Kujtesa have chosen to reuse the existing coaxial network, PTK which offers xDSL services went for [[IPTV]], Artomotion offers digital TV to selected users in Pristina.
IPKO has recently launched an IPTV solution, tailored towards mobile customers. Currently platform is available in [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and via a web browser.<ref>{{cite web | title=IPKO prezenton TVIM - televizionon digjital ne WEB, telefona te menqur dhe tablete | url=http://www.gazetaexpress.com/?cid=1,14,104310 | access-date=2013-02-23| year=2013 | publisher=http://www.gazetaexpress.com}}</ref>

===Metro WiFi===

[[File:IPKO phone shop - Pristina - Kosovo.JPG|thumb|IPKO phone shop in Pristina (February 2013)]]

Due to missing [[3G]]/[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] licenses in Kosovo, and a growing demand for mobile broadband services from subscribers, both telecommunication providers PTK and IPKO turned to [[Municipal wireless network]] (Muni Wi-Fi). Both operators cover the majority of cities around Kosovo and touristic destinations like Prekaz<ref>{{cite web | title=PTK launches Wi-Fi service in 60 locations of Kosovo | url=http://www.telecompaper.com/news/ptk-launches-wifi-service-in-60-locations-of-kosovo--742467 | access-date=2013-02-24  | publisher=http://www.telecompaper.com}}</ref> and [[Brezovica, Kosovo|Brezovica]],<ref>{{cite web | title=IPKO: Internet WiFi falas në sheshin Nënë Tereza dhe Brezovicë | url=http://www.gazetaexpress.com/index.php/artikujt/rubrika/C112/C6/?cid=1,14,72404 | access-date=2013-02-24  | publisher=http://www.gazetaexpress.com}}</ref> with more cities to be covered later.

===Kosovo Internet Exchange Point===

[[File:Telephone shop signage - Pristina.JPG|thumb|Internet & telephone shop signage in Pristina (February 2013)]]

The Internet Exchange Point (KOSIX), the first of its kind in Kosovo, started operating on 23 June 2011, and it operates as a functional unit within Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA). Its function is to provide the ISPs operating in Kosovo, an Internet exchange point for local traffic exchange.
Valuable and continuous contributions for the implementation of this project have given: [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) offered throughout their program Kosovo Private Enterprise Program, [[Norwegian government]] offered through Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Norwegian embassy respectively, Cisco Systems International BV, and [[Universiteti i Prishtinës|University of Prishtina]] which have offered adequate space within the buildings of Electrical and Computer Engineering Faculty.<ref>{{cite web | title=About KOSIX | url=http://www.kosix.net/en-us/aboutkosix.aspx | access-date=2013-02-18 | year=2012 | publisher=KOSIX | archive-date=15 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315001308/https://www.kosix.net/en-us/aboutkosix.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Currently four national ISPs are interconnected via KOSIX, there is no cost for peering.<ref>{{cite web | title=Members KOSIX | url=http://www.kosix.net/en-us/members.aspx | access-date=2013-02-18 | year=2012 | publisher=KOSIX | archive-date=4 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104054010/http://www.kosix.net/en-us/members.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em;"
|-
! scope="col" | ISP Name
! scope="col" | AS Number

|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| PTK || style="text-align: center;" | AS8661
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| IPKO || style="text-align: center;" | AS21246
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| KUJTESA  || style="text-align: center;" | AS29170
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ARTMOTION || style="text-align: center;" | AS33983
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| TELKOS || style="text-align: center;" | AS206262
|}

==Economical aspects==

ICT in Kosovo consists of relatively young companies (most of them incorporated after 1999) and with predominantly small companies with less than 20 employees.  53.8 percent of ICT companies are individual business while [[limited Liability Company]] (28.6 percent). Businesses specializing in maintenance and manufacturing are purely individual, while other sub-sectors are served by a mix of individual and LLC businesses. Other forms of incorporation are rare, with 4.4 percent being [[Limited Partnership]], and 2.2 percent [[Joint-Stock Company]]. The rest (5.5) are either [[public companies]] or have the unusual status of [[NGO]]s.
Currently, the ICT companies are determined to grow and prosper within the Kosovo market, while very few companies seek expansion in markets outside Kosovo.<ref name="STIKKBC">{{cite web | title=Kosovo ICT Business Catalogue | url=http://stikk-ks.org/images/stories/publikime/ICT_Business_Catalog.pdf | access-date=2013-02-18 | year=2010 | publisher=STIKK }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{unreliable source?|date=June 2013}}{{page needed|date=June 2013}}</ref>

According to TRA report, ICT industry generated €239,518,037.36, 83.19 of which is generated by Mobile network operator, 8.37% from Fix telephony operators, 7.77% from Internet service providers and 0.68% from [[leased lines]].<ref name="ART">{{cite web | title=Annual Report 2011 | url=http://www.art-ks.org/repository/docs/Raporti%20Vjetor%202011%20i%20Autoritetit%20Rregullator%20te%20Telekomunikacionit1.pdf | access-date=2013-02-20 | year=2011 | publisher=RAEPC | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304162940/http://www.art-ks.org/repository/docs/Raporti%20Vjetor%202011%20i%20Autoritetit%20Rregullator%20te%20Telekomunikacionit1.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Market===

The structure of the ICT market in Kosovo is diverse in the variety of activities, sales being the main activity<ref name=ICT_Decoded>{{cite web | title=ICT in Kosovo – a sector decoded | url=http://www.stikk-ks.org/images/stories/publikime/Demand_Supply_Survey_IQ_Consulting.pdf | access-date=2013-02-20 | year=2010 | publisher=Kosovo Private Enterprise Program}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> 62 percent of the ICT companies have reported to import goods for retail, meanwhile their exports are minimal and their market share growth is seen to be within Kosovo, and could reach as far as [[North Macedonia]] and [[Albania]]. The average annual turnover in the sector is 250,000 euros, with an increasing number of companies reporting turnovers in millions of euros.<ref name="ICT_Decoded" />
[[File:The structure of the ICT market in Kosovo.png|thumb|The structure of the ICT market in Kosovo]]

*Sales - 33%
*Retail Sales - 18.7%
*Maintenance and Repair - 17.6%
*Software Development - 13.2%
*Consulting - 7.7
*ISP - 7.7%
*Training - 5.5%
*Engineering Services - 4.4%

===Ownership===

The ICT sector is dominated by domestic firms. According to the survey, 80.2 percent of the respondents represented companies that are 100% domestically owned.<ref name="ICT_Decoded" /> Only 6.6 percent of the companies are entirely owned by foreigners. Mixed ownership is rare (3.3 percent). The other 3.3 percent that answered "Other" were either mostly owned by foreign companies or public/state-owned companies. Foreign investors are mostly present in the sub-sectors: consulting, information services, vendors, manufacturing/assembling, and retail.<ref name="ICT_Decoded" />

===Size and Employment===

The majority of ICT companies is small.  More than three-quarters (77.1 percent) employ from one to twenty employees. Only a handful of the companies have more than 100 employees.  Most of the employees working in the ICT sector are male, leaving the female employees in a tiny minority. Around 19 percent of the companies do not have any female employees at all.  Over 93 per cent employ up to 10 women, 6 per cent of the firms employ between 11 and 20, and only 1.4 percent up to 30.  There is one large company which employs 230 female workers.<ref name="ICT_Decoded" />

[[File:Number of employees in the companyv2.png|frameless|580px | Number of employees in the company]]

===Average Salary===

This list is a result of a survey conducted by USAID, Kosovo Private Enterprise Program with 829 ICT companies.<ref>{{cite web | title=Skills Gap Analysis for Information and Communication Technology | url=http://www.stikk-ks.org/images/stories/publikime/Skills%20Gap%20Analysis%20for%20Information%20and%20Communication%20Technology.pdf | access-date=2013-02-20 | year=2011 | publisher=STIKK }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em;"
|-
! scope="col" | Job Title
! scope="col" | Number of employees
! scope="col" | (%)
! scope="col" | Average Salary
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Telecomm. Network Engineers || style="text-align: center;" | 123
|| 14.8% || style="text-align: center;" | 450
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Software and Application Programmers || style="text-align: center;" | 76
|| 9.2% || style="text-align: center;" | 487
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Project Managers  || style="text-align: center;" | 65
|| 7.8%|| style="text-align: center;" | 507
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Managers || style="text-align: center;" | 48
|| 5.8% || style="text-align: center;" | 641
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Web Designers and Developers || style="text-align: center;" | 42
|| 5.1% || style="text-align: center;" | 550
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Hardware Technicians || style="text-align: center;" | 42
|| 5.1% || style="text-align: center;" | 406
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Trainers || style="text-align: center;" | 41
|| 4.9% || style="text-align: center;" | 450
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Sales Representatives || style="text-align: center;" | 39
|| 4.7% || style="text-align: center;" | 316
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Electrical Engineers || style="text-align: center;" | 32
|| 3.9% || style="text-align: center;" | 500
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Database Developers || style="text-align: center;" | 27
|| 3.3% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Business Development Managers || style="text-align: center;" | 22
|| 2.7% || style="text-align: center;" | 683
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Account Manager || style="text-align: center;" | 21
|| 2.5% || style="text-align: center;" | 550
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Database Administrators || style="text-align: center;" | 20
|| 2.4% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Telecommunications Technicians || style="text-align: center;" | 18
|| 2.2% || style="text-align: center;" | 350
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT and Telecomm. Technicians || style="text-align: center;" | 18
|| 2.2% || style="text-align: center;" | 230
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Professionals (vendor certifications) || style="text-align: center;" | 17
|| 2.1% || style="text-align: center;" | 600
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Network Administrators || style="text-align: center;" | 16
|| 1.9% || style="text-align: center;" | 500
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Telecommunications Field Engineers || style="text-align: center;" | 15
|| 1.8% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Web Administrators || style="text-align: center;" | 14
|| 1.7% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Systems Administrators || style="text-align: center;" | 13
|| 1.6% || style="text-align: center;" | 950
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Telecommunications Engineers || style="text-align: center;" | 12
|| 1.4% || style="text-align: center;" | 600
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Network Analysts and Network Designers || style="text-align: center;" | 11
|| 1.3% || style="text-align: center;" | 450
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Multimedia Designers || style="text-align: center;" | 11
|| 1.3% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Electronic Equipment Trades Workers || style="text-align: center;" | 11
|| 1.3% || style="text-align: center;" | 400
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Telecommunications Cable Technicians || style="text-align: center;" | 10
|| 1.2% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Business Analysts || style="text-align: center;" | 10
|| 1.2% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Radio communications Technicians || style="text-align: center;" | 9
|| 1.1% || style="text-align: center;" | 230
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Network and Support Professionals || style="text-align: center;" | 8
|| 1.0% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Systems Test Engineers || style="text-align: center;" | 7
|| 0.8% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Telecommunications Trade Workers || style="text-align: center;" | 6
|| 0.7% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| Systems Analysts || style="text-align: center;" | 6
|| 0.7% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Support Technicians || style="text-align: center;" | 6
|| 0.7% || style="text-align: center;" | 300
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Quality Assurance Engineers || style="text-align: center;" | 6
|| 0.7% || style="text-align: center;" | 325
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Security Specialists || style="text-align: center;" | 4
|| 0.5% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|-
| style="padding:0 3em 0 1em;"| ICT Customer Support Officers || style="text-align: center;" | 4
|| 0.4% || style="text-align: center;" | No Answer
|}

===Kosovo Association of information and technology (STIKK)===

According to statute, STIKK is a non-profit association founded and registered in accordance with the Law on Freedom of Association and Non-Governmental Organization. STIKK represents the interests of the information and communications technology of Kosova, and the interests of professionals in ITC industry.

==Educational aspects==
The increasing number of vacancies for ICT professionals in Kosovo is reflecting the increasing progress of the
industry, although thanks to the high quality of the university education of IT specialists, and the increasing interest
of young people in modern technologies, there are no signs of systematic shortages in ICT employment, except a
registered under-supply of specialists in the field of software development and programming. The number of ICT
graduates grows each year and the leader in providing the needed skills to the industry is the Faculty of Electrical
and Computer Engineering of the University of Pristina. ICT skilled professionals are also supplied by the
University for Business and Technology, the American University in Kosovo, as well as a few vocational education
providers.<ref name="USID">{{cite web | title=ICT country profile | url=http://www.rciproject.com/itprofiles_files/ICT_Country_Profile-Kosovo.pdf | access-date=2013-02-20 | year=2011 | publisher=Regional competitiveness initiative | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130191846/http://www.rciproject.com/itprofiles_files/ICT_Country_Profile-Kosovo.pdf | archive-date=30 January 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

According to the Kosovo Accreditation Agency there are currently 13 higher education institutions, public and private, accredited to offer ICT related study programs in their curricula.<ref name="ICT-KOSEU">{{cite web | title=Kosovo ICT RTD technological audit report | url=http://www.ictkoseu.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/D2.1_KOSEU_ICTRTD_TECH_AUDIT2.pdf | access-date=2013-02-18 | year=2013 | publisher=ICT-KOSEU | archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141123035204/http%3A//www.ictkoseu.eu/wp%2Dcontent/uploads/2013/01/D2.1_KOSEU_ICTRTD_TECH_AUDIT2.pdf | archive-date=23 November 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== The State University of Pristina ===

*Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering,<ref>{{cite web | title=Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering | url=http://fiek.uni-pr.edu | access-date=2013-02-24}}</ref>
*Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Computer Science,<ref>{{cite web | title=Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Computer Science | url=http://fshmn.uni-pr.edu | access-date=2013-02-24}}</ref>
*Faculty of Applied Technical Sciences, Mitrovica.<ref>{{cite web | title=Faculty of Applied Technical Sciences, Mitrovica | url=http://fshtam.uni-pr.edu | access-date=2013-02-24}}</ref>

=== The State University of Prizren ===

*Faculty of Computer Science.<ref>{{cite web | title=Faculty of Computer Science | url=http://uni-prizren.com | access-date=2013-02-24}}</ref>

=== Private Universities ===

*[[American University in Kosovo]] - has since 2003 an Information Technology program in bachelor studies,<ref>{{cite web | title=American University in Kosovo | url=http://www.aukonline.org/ | access-date=2013-02-24 | archive-date=6 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406212407/http://www.aukonline.org/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*University for Business and Technology - has an ICT related program both in bachelor and master studies.<ref>{{cite web | title=University for Business and Technology | url=http://www.ubt-uni.net | access-date=2013-02-24}}</ref>
AAB College https://aab-edu.net/ AAB College is the first non-public institution of higher education in Kosovo

=== Private Colleges ===

*AAB Riinvest - has an ICT related program - Software Engineering in bachelor studies, and also the same one in the master studies.<ref>{{cite web | title=AAB Riinvest | url=http://www.universitetiaab.com | access-date=2013-02-24}}</ref>
*European College Dukagjini - has two bachelor programs related to ICT as of 2011: Management and Informatics, and Applied Informatics.<ref>{{cite web | title=European College Dukagjini | url=http://www.dukagjinicollege.eu/en.html | access-date=2013-02-24 | archive-date=16 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816143217/http://www.dukagjinicollege.eu/en.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*College Iliria - has two programs related to ICT: Management and Informatics, and Applied Informatics. Even though they have few master programs, none of them is related to ICT.<ref>{{cite web | title=College Iliria | url=http://www.uiliria.org/ui/ | access-date=2013-02-24 | archive-date=7 May 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507230509/http://www.uiliria.org/ui/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Vizioni Per Arsim has a bachelor program related to ICT:– Computer Science.<ref>{{cite web | title=Vizioni Per Arsim | url=http://91.187.98.171/vizionipa/index.html | access-date=2013-02-24 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130403141516/http://91.187.98.171/vizionipa/index.html | archive-date=3 April 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Other ===

*[https://cacttus.education/ CACTTUS Education] - since 2016 has a number of programs in systems and software engineering offering two year professional vocational Education in ICT
*Professional training centers and academies (Cisco, Microsoft, [[European Computer Driving Licence|ECDL]], [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]], [[RedHat]] etc.)
*Universities abroad.

==Legislation==

For a short period Kosovo has managed to adopt few very important pieces of legislation and a strategic framework to support the government’s efforts to regulate, promote and improve the development of the ICT sector in Kosovo. Some of the most important legislative acts that have influenced the progress of the sector are:<ref name="ICTProfile" />

===Laws===

*'''Telecommunications law'''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Telecommunications law | url=http://www.unmikonline.org/regulations/unmikgazette/02english/E2003regs/RE2003_16.pdf | access-date=2013-02-20 | year=2011 | publisher=The Assembly of Kosovo }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> – Adopted in 2002, the law governs all telecommunications services and all telecommunications service providers in Kosovo. The main objective of the Telecommunications law is to create a transparent legal and regulatory environment for the promotion of more investments in the sector and encourage competition.
*'''Law on Information Society Services'''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Law on the information society services | url=http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/2005_02-L23_en.pdf | access-date=2013-02-20 | year=2005 | publisher=The Assembly of Kosovo}}</ref> – Approved in 2005 with the aim of enabling the legal use of electronic documentation, and facilitate the implementation of e-commerce, e-signature and personal data protection.
*'''Law on Administrative Procedure'''<ref>{{cite web | title=The law on administrative procedure | url=http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/3437/file/Law%20on%20administrative%20procedure_eng.pdf | access-date=2013-02-21 | year=2011 | publisher=Assembly of Kosovo | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104214/http://legislationline.org/download/action/download/id/3437/file/Law%20on%20administrative%20procedure_eng.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> – created to control the electronic implementation of the activities of public administration.
*'''Law on Copyright and Related Rights'''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Law on copyright and related rights | url=http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/2004_45_en.pdf | access-date=2013-02-21 | year=2004 | publisher=Assembly of Kosovo}}</ref>
*'''Law on Scientific Research Activity'''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Law on scientific research activity | url=http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/2004_42_en.pdf | access-date=2013-02-21 | year=2004 | publisher=Assembly of Kosovo}}</ref>
*'''Law on the Protection of Personal Data'''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Official gazette of the Republic of Kosova | url=http://gazetazyrtare.rks-gov.net/Documents/GZRK_70_eng.pdf | access-date=2013-02-21 | year=2010 | publisher=Government of Kosovo }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*'''Law on Prevention and Fight against Cyber Crime'''.<ref>{{cite web | title=Law on prevention and fight of the cyber crime | url=http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/2010-166-eng.pdf | access-date=2013-02-21 | year=2010 | publisher=Assembly of Kosovo}}</ref>
*'''Law for Privacy and Database Access.'''<ref name="ICTProfile" />
*'''Law on Digital Signatures'''<ref>{{cite web | title=Part eight – electronic signatures in commerce | url=http://gazetazyrtare.rks-gov.net/Documents/8%20(anglisht).pdf | access-date=2013-02-21 | year=2005 | publisher=Assembly of Kosovo }}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*'''Postal Services Law'''<ref>{{cite web | title=Law on postal services | url=http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/2010-173-eng.pdf | access-date=2013-02-21 | year=2010 | publisher=Assembly of Kosovo}}</ref>

===Strategic Framework===

*'''eSEE Agenda Plus for the Development of Information Society in SEE 2007-2012'''<ref>{{cite web | title=ESEE Agenda+ for the development of information society in SEE 2007-2012 | url=http://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/ligjet/2010-173-eng.pdf | access-date=2013-02-21 | year=2007 | publisher=Stability packt - Electronic south eastern Europe initiative "ESEE"}}</ref> - Kosovo is an active member of the regional eSEE Initiative - (Electronic South East Europe). The main objective of the initiative is to integrate SEE countries into the global, knowledge-based economy through development of the Information Society, in line with the European Union i2010 framework.
*'''National Strategy for Information Society 2006-2012'''<ref name="ICTProfile" /> – The Strategy was adopted by the Government of Kosovo in 2006.
*'''Electronic Governance Strategy 2009-2015'''<ref>{{cite web | title=Electronic governance strategy 2009-2015 | url=http://map.rks-gov.net/userfiles/file/Strategjit%C3%AB%20dhe%20Planet/e_Governance_Strategy_2009_2015_approved_on_12122008_en.pdf | access-date=2013-02-21 | year=2008 | publisher=Ministry of Public Services Department of Information Technology }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> – Published by the Department of Information Technology of the Ministry of Public Services of Kosovo in 2008, ensuring the provision of governmental institutions’ services through information technology and communication (WAN, Internet, mobile network) to citizens, businesses and others.
*'''E-learning Strategy for Kosovo 2011 - 2015'''<ref>{{cite web | title=eLearning Strategy: Action Plan 2011-2015 | url=http://www.itpilotproject.eu/presentations/Action%20Plan.pdf | access-date=2013-02-21 | year=2011 | publisher=EuropeAid/127855/D/SER/KOS }}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> – Prepared by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology with the main objective to transform e-learning into an integral part of the overall national educational system.
*'''Strategy for Development of Pre-university Education 2007–2017'''<ref>{{cite web | title=Strategy for the development of preuniversity education in Kosovo 2007-2017 | url=http://www.see-educoop.net/education_in/pdf/StrategyDevelopPreUniversityEduc-DraftStrategyEnglish.pdf | access-date=2013-02-20 | year=2006 | publisher=GOVERNMENT OF KOSOVO | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813063529/http://www.see-educoop.net/education_in/pdf/StrategyDevelopPreUniversityEduc-DraftStrategyEnglish.pdf | archive-date=13 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> – Adopted by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology and used as a basis for the development of the education system of Kosovo.
*'''Kosovo Education Strategic Plan 2011-2016'''<ref>{{cite web | title=Kosovo education strategic plan 2011-2016 | url=http://www.higherkos.info/hk/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=12&Itemid=123 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110811/http://www.higherkos.info/hk/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=12&Itemid=123 | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 March 2016 | access-date=2013-02-20 | year=2011 | format=PDF | publisher=Government of Kosovo }}</ref> – Drafted in September 2010, the Strategic Plan is going to include eight priority programs among which are Capacity Building and Information and Communication Technology. The objective implemented in the ICT program is to fully develop and integrate ICT infrastructure and technical support needed to implement and sustain good educational practices.

===Agencies===

====Regulatory Authority of Electronics and Postal Communication====
Law on Telecommunications adopted by the Assembly and promulgated by UNMIK, Regulation 2003/16,recognizes the need to improve the telecommunications sector of Kosovo, by establishing an independent regulatory agency responsible for licensing and supervising the providers of telecommunications services in Kosovo, encouraging the private sector participation and competition in the provision of services; setting standards for all service providers in Kosovo, and, establishing provisions for consumer protection.
TRA officially started operating in January 2004.
During its young development TRA went through some important milestones that represented
a very important step towards a free, competitive market which promotes the development of the information society in Kosova.<ref>{{cite web | title=Regulatory Authority of Electronic and Postal Communications | url=http://www.art-ks.org/?cid=2,28 | access-date=2013-02-20  | publisher=RAEPC}}</ref>

==Digital Divide==

[[File:Mobile phone stall - Pristina.JPG|thumb|Second-hand mobile phones for sale at a roadside stall in Pristina in 2013]]

===Age===

Due to the overly young population in Kosovo,<ref name="young" /> [[digital divide]] is not very notable, this phenomenon is more notable with people in their fifties and above. This problem was evident with the educational system as well, to address this Government of Kosovo organized an ECDL course for about 27000 teachers across Kosovo.<ref>{{cite web| title=ECDL for teachers| url=http://www.ecdl.org/media/13_Kosovo_Govt_Public.pdf| access-date=2013-02-24| publisher=http://www.ecdl.org| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307063941/http://www.ecdl.org/media/13_Kosovo_Govt_Public.pdf| archive-date=7 March 2013| url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Gender===
The labor force in the ICT sector is dominated by men with women comprising a marginal portion (although more significant in larger companies).<ref name="ICT_Decoded" />

===Location===
Most ICT firms are based in the Pristina, the economic, political, and social center of the country, where most businesses are located and where there is the highest concentration of customers, as much as 81 percent of all ICT companies have Prishtina as their head office location.  The rest are fairly evenly spread out in the regional centers: Peja, Prizren, Gjilan, Gjakova, Podujeva, and Ferizaj.<ref name="ICT_Decoded" />

==Open source==

Over the years there have been a number of [[Open-source software|open source]] organizations including Albanian Linux user group (AlbaLinux). Due to lack of support, most of them are now "passive"; among the most active and successful open source groups is Free Libre Open Source Software Kosova (FLOSSK).

*'''Free Libre Open Source Software Kosova (FLOSSK)'''
FLOSSK began in March 2009 at the initiative of James Michael DuPont as a result of the desire to organize a conference on free and open software. After six difficult months and with the help of many supporters, FLOSSK organized the first conference of free and open software in Kosovo in August 2009.
Apart from the conference, FLOSSK continued to work in various activities such as organizing Software Freedom Days in different cities of Kosovo, lectures on free software throughout Kosovo, translating software, collaborating with the media to promote free software and creating local free software groups in various cities.
From the beginning, FLOSSK members and the general public learned about Linux operating system, FLOSS programs for solving everyday problems, map creation using OpenStreetMap, and met free software movement figures from around the world.<ref>{{cite web | title=FLOSSK | url=http://www.flossk.org/en/about | access-date=2013-02-20 | publisher=FLOSSK | archive-date=23 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123115537/http://www.flossk.org/en/about | url-status=dead }}</ref>

* '''Software Freedom Kosova'''
Software Freedom Kosova Conference is an annual conference on free and open source software and related developments in knowledge, culture and mapping held in Pristina, Kosovo. It is the largest conference of its kind in the region. The conference is organised by Free/Libre Open Source Software Kosova (FLOSSK), Kosovo Association of Information and Communication Technology, Ipko Foundation and Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Prishtina.<ref>{{cite web | title=Software Freedom Kosova | url=http://www.flossk.org/en/conference | access-date=2013-02-20 | publisher=FLOSSK | archive-date=7 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607153627/http://www.flossk.org/en/conference | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Outsourcing==

A case study on ICT training in Kosovo performed by CISCO Networking Academy (NetAcad) states that the educated and experienced workforce as a whole is searching higher salaries and better working conditions abroad. If graduates are not experienced, they stay for a while in Kosovo and when they have gained experience they start searching opportunities for migration.<ref name=cisco>{{cite web | title=Contributions of Private-sector ICT Workforce Training to Post-conflict Reconstruction: A Case Study from Kosovo | url=http://www.amchamksv.org/images/userfiles/files/5688_th01.pdf | access-date=2013-02-22 | publisher=International Journal of Vocational Education and Training | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612061340/http://www.amchamksv.org/images/userfiles/files/5688_th01.pdf | archive-date=12 June 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is exactly the findings that NetAcad case study revealed that make Kosovo a perfect ICT outsourcing country, and time difference with the USA makes it only more appealing for the U.S. market. Such is a story of 3CIS which provides highly specialized
services to major telecommunication carriers across the globe. This includes network architecture design, planning, consulting, implementation, integration and testing with a strong expertise on mobile backhauling. 3CIS also provides on-site consulting ser-
vices as well as manages and coordinates the activities in a multi-vendor environment during the life-cycle of the complete project. On top of this, 3CIS also offers Project management services that are tailored to suit client needs from initial planning to project completions.<ref>{{cite web | title=Let's outsource in Kosovo | url=http://www.amchamksv.org/images/userfiles/files/5688_th01.pdf | access-date=2013-02-22 | year=2011 | publisher=American Chamber of Commerce in Kosovo | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612061340/http://www.amchamksv.org/images/userfiles/files/5688_th01.pdf | archive-date=12 June 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kosovo has made it to other markets as well, both individually as well as established companies. Sprigs is the best example of a Kosovar start-up company established in Pristina.
Anoniem is the highest-profile job to date for SPRIGS, which was founded in late 2010, by a Dutch entrepreneur, and this job was trusted to a half-dozen young Kosovar Albanian programmers, who work at computers at a repurposed apartment that now houses the technical brain trust of this IT outsourcing company.<ref>{{cite web | title=Dutch smartphone apps digitize wanted posters | url=http://www.dw.de/dutch-smartphone-apps-digitize-wanted-posters/a-15803810 | access-date=2013-02-22 | year=2012 | publisher=www.dw.de}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Economy of Kosovo]]
*[[Education in Kosovo]]
*[[American University in Kosovo]]
*[[Universiteti i Prishtinës]]
*[[University of Prizren]]
*[[Media of Kosovo]]
*[[Telecommunications in Albania]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.alb-net.com/pipermail/info-tech/2000-October/000365.html History of IPKO]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120612061340/http://www.amchamksv.org/images/userfiles/files/5688_th01.pdf Let's Outsource in Kosovo]
*[http://www.dw.de/dutch-smartphone-apps-digitize-wanted-posters/a-15803810/ Dutch smartphone apps digitize wanted posters]

==External links==
* [http://www.stikk-ks.org/ Kosova Association of Information and Communication Technology]
* [http://www.flossk.org/ Free Libre Open Source Software Kosova]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130313125329/http://www.art-ks.org/ Regulatory Authority of Electronics and Postal Communication]
* [http://www.kosix.net/ Kosovo Internet Exchange]
* [http://ipkofoundation.org/ IPKO Foundation]
* [http://www.ickosovo.com/ Innovation Centre Kosovo (ICK)]
* [https://swap.stanford.edu/20140118093342/http://kosovoinnovations.org/ Innovations Lab Kosovo]
*[https://cacttus.education/ CACTTUS Education]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130313125329/http://www.art-ks.org/ Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (ART)]

{{Kosovo topics}}

[[Category:Science and technology in Kosovo]]
[[Category:Telecommunications in Kosovo]]
[[Category:Information technology by country]]
[[Category:Information and communications technology|Kosovo]]