View source for Machine industry

{{Short description|Subsector of the industry}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1982-0316-114, Leipzig, Frühjahrsmesse, Hochleistungs-Universal-Drehmaschine.jpg|thumb|420px|Presentation of machinery industry on a fair in Dresden, 1982.]]
The '''machine industry''' or '''machinery industry''' is a subsector of the [[Industrial sector|industry]], that produces and maintains [[machine]]s for consumers, the industry, and most other companies in the economy.

This machine industry traditionally belongs to the [[heavy industry]]. Nowadays, many smaller companies in this branch are considered part of the [[light industry]]. Most manufacturers in the machinery industry are called [[machine factories]].

== Overview ==
The machine industry is a subsector of the industry that produces a range of products from [[power tool]]s, different [[machine#Type|types of machines]], and [[domestic technology]] to [[factory]] equipment etc. On the one hand the machine industry provides:
* The [[means of production]] for businesses in the [[agriculture]], [[mining]], [[Industrial sector|industry]] and [[construction]].
* The [[means of production]] for [[public utility]], such as equipment for the production and distribution of gas, electricity and water.
* A range of supporting equipment for all sectors of the economy, such as equipment for [[heating]], ventilation, and [[air conditioning]] of buildings.
These means of production are called [[capital good]]s, because a certain amount of [[Capital (economics)|capital]] is [[invested]]. Much of those production machines require regular maintenance, which becomes supplied specialized companies in the machine industry.

On the other end the machinery industry supplies consumer goods, including kitchen appliances, refrigerators, washers, dryers and a like. Production of radio and television, however, is generally considered belonging to the electrical equipment industry. The machinery industry itself is a major customer of the [[steel industry]].

The production of the machinery industry varies widely from single-unit production and [[series production]] to [[mass production]].<ref name="MAO 1996">M.A. Overboom (1996). ''[http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/edn/nds96007.pdf Sectorstudie machine-industrie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111043228/http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/edn/nds96007.pdf |date=2014-11-11 }}.'' ECN-Beleidsstudies, Petten.</ref> Single-unit production is about constructing unique products, which are specified in specific customer [[requirements]]. Due to [[modular design]] such devices and machines can often be manufactured in small series, which significantly reduces the costs. From a certain stage in the production, the specific customer requirements are built-in, and the unique product is created.<ref name="MAO 1996"/>

== History ==
[[File:Produktionsstätte in Madiswil.jpg|thumb|Interior of the Swiss machine factory, late 19th century]]
[[File:Bild Maschinenhalle Escher Wyss 1875.jpg|thumb|[[Machine shop]]  of Swiss machine factory Escher Wyss, 1875]]
[[File:Wilton engineering and slipway Rotterdam 1918.jpg|thumb|Wilton machine factory and shipyard, {{circa|1918}}]]
{{See also|History of technology}}
The machinery industry came into existence during the [[Industrial Revolution]]. Companies in this emerging field grew out of iron [[foundries]], [[shipyards]], [[forge]]s and repair shops.<ref name="HWL 1993">H.W. Lintsen (red.) (1993). ''Geschiedenis van de techniek in Nederland. De wording van een moderne samenleving 1800-1890. Deel IV''. p.41.</ref> Often companies were a combination of machine factory and shipyard. Early in the 20th century several [[motorcycle]] and [[automobile manufacturer]]s began their own machine factories.

Prior to the industrial revolution a variety of machines existed such as [[clock]]s, [[weapon]]s and running gear for mills ([[watermill]], [[windmill]], [[horse mill]] etc.) Production of these machines were on much smaller scale in artisan [[workshop]]s mostly for the local or regional market. With the advent of the industrial revolution manufacturing began of composite tools with more complex construction, such as [[steam engine]]s and [[steam generator]]s for the evolving industry and transport.<ref name="HWL 1993"/> In addition, the emerging machine factories started making machines for production machines as textile machinery, compressors, agricultural machinery, and engines for ships.

=== 18th century ===
During the first decades of the industrial revolution in England, from 1750, there was a concentration of labor usually in not yet mechanized factories. Many new machines were invented, which were initially made by the inventors themselves. Early in the 18th century, the first steam engines, the [[Newcomen engine]], came into use throughout Britain and Europe, principally to pump water out of mines.

In the 1770s [[James Watt]] significantly improved this design. He introduced a steam engine easy employable to supply a large amounts of energy, which set the mechanization of factories underway. In England certain cities concentrated on making specific products, such as specific types of textiles or pottery. Around these cities specialized machinery industry arose in order to enable the mechanization of the plants. Hereby late in the 18th century arose the first machinery industry in the UK and also in Germany and Belgium.

=== 19th century ===
The Industrial Revolution received a further boost with the upcoming [[railways]]. These arose at the beginning of the 19th century in England as innovation in the [[mining industry]]. The work in coal mines was hard and dangerous, and so there was a great need for tools to ease this work. In 1804, [[Richard Trevithick]] placed the first steam engine on rails, and was in 1825 the [[Stockton and Darlington Railway]] was opened, intended to transport coals from the mine to the port. In 1835 the first train drove in continental Europe between Mechelen and Brussels, and in the Netherlands in 1839 the first train drove between Amsterdam and Haarlem. For the machinery industry this brought all sorts of new work with new machinery for metallurgy, machine tool for metalworking, production of steam engines for trains with all its necessities etc.

In time the market for the machine industry became wider, specialized products were manufactured for a greater national and often international market. For example, it was not uncommon in the second half of the 19th century that American steelmakers ordered their production in England, where new steelmaking techniques were more advanced. In the far east Japan would import these product until the early 1930s, the creation of an own machinery industry got underway.

=== 20th century to now ===
The term "machinery industry" came into existence later in the 19th century. One of the first times this branch of industry was recognized as such, and was investigated, was in a production statistics of 1907 created by the [[Department of Trade and Industry (United Kingdom)|British Ministry of Trade and Industry]]. In this statistic the output of the engineering industry, was divided into forty different categories, including for example, agricultural machinery, machinery for the textile industry and equipment, and parts for train and tram.<ref>Roderick Floud (2006). ''The British Machine Tool Industry, 1850-1914.'' p.4.</ref>

The inventions of new propulsion techniques based on electric motors, internal combustion engines and gas turbines brought a new generation of machines in the 20th century from cars to household appliances. Not only the product range of the machinery industry increased considerably, but especially smaller machines could also deliver products in much greater numbers fabricated in [[mass production]].  With the rise of mass production in other parts of the industry, there was also a high demand for manufacturing and production systems, to increase the entire production.

Shortage of labor in [[agriculture]] and [[Industrial sector|industry]] at the beginning of the second half of the 20th century, raised the need for further mechanization of production, which required for more specific machines. The rise of the computer made further automation of production possible, which in turn set new demands on the machinery industry.

== Classification ==
The machinery industry produces different kind of products, for example, engines, pumps, logistics equipment; for different kind of markets from the agriculture industry, food & beverage industry, manufacturing industry, health industry, and amusement industry till different branches of the [[consumer market]]. As such companies in the machine industry can be classified by product of market.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grabe.com.br/|title=Industrial Equipments And Machinery|access-date= 15 September 2015}}</ref>

In the world of today, all kinds of [[Industry classification]]s exists. Some classifications recognize the machine industry as a specific class, and offer a subdivision for this field. For example, the Dutch [[Standard Industrial Classification]] of 1993, developed by the  [[Statistics Netherlands]], give the following breakdown of the machinery industry:

{| class="wikitable"
! [[Standard Industrial Classification|SIC]] code
! Description sector
! Products (according to the Standard Industrial Classification of the CBS 1993)
|-
| 291 || Manufacture of for the production of mechanical energy, and application and overhaul || [[Engine]]s and [[turbine]]s, [[pump]]s and [[gas compressor|compressor]]s, [[valve]]s, [[gear]]s, [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearing]]s and other gear.
|-
| 292 || Manufacture of other general-purpose machinery and equipment || [[Industrial furnaces]] and burners, [[lifting equipment]], lifting equipment and other transport equipment; machines and equipment for industrial [[refrigeration]] and [[air conditioning]]; machinery and equipment
|-
| 293 || [[Agricultural machinery industry|Manufacture of agricultural machinery and equipment]] || Agricultural [[tractor]]s; [[agricultural machinery]] and agricultural implements 
|-
| 294 || [[Machine tool builder|Manufacture of machine tools]] || [[Machine tools]]
|-
| 295 || Manufacture of machinery for specific industrial activities and devices || Machines for iron - and steel production; machines for mineral extraction and construction; machines and devices for the food and beverage industry; machines and equipment for the textile, clothing, leather and leather products industry; machinery and equipment for paper and paperboard production; Other machinery and equipment 
|-
| 296 || [[Arms industry|Manufacture of weapons and ammunition]] || [[Weapons]] and [[ammunition]]
|-
| 297 || Manufacture of domestic appliances || electrical household appliances; non-electric domestic appliances
|}

This composition of the machinery industry has been significantly altered with the latest revision of the Dutch Standard Industrial Classification of 1993. The Standard Industrial Classification of 1974 broke down the machinery industry into nine sectors:
* [[Agricultural machine industry]]
* [[Metalworking]] Machine - Industry and [[Machine tool builder|machine tool factories]]
* Manufacturers of machinery and equipment for the food, chemical and allied industries
* Manufacturers of machinery and equipment for the rubber and plastics
* Manufacturers of gears, gearing and driving elements
* Manufacturers of machinery and equipment and wood furniture etc.
* Manufacturers of steam boiler, and power tools industry
* Office machinery industry
* Other machinery and equipment industry
It may be clear that classification is by markets, and the more recent classification is by product.

== Products of the machine industry ==
The machine industry makes a very diverse range of products. A selection:

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px">
File:Mercedes V6 DTM Rennmotor 1996.jpg|[[Engine]]
File:Dampfturbine Montage01.jpg|[[Steam turbine]]
File:General Electric LM6000.jpg|[[Gas turbine]]
File:Jet pump.jpg|[[Pump]]
File:ReciprocatingCompressor.jpg|[[Gas compressor|Compressor]]
File:Bogenverzahnung.JPG|[[Gear]]
File:Francis Turbine Shaft and Bearings.jpg|[[Bearing (mechanical)|Bearing]] of a gas turbine
File:2008-08-23 Durham Regional Hospital air conditioner.jpg|[[Climate control]] (of a hospital)
File:Chiller.jpg|Cooling system
File:John Deere 3050 in Ireland 2.jpg|[[Tractor]]
File:Claas-lexion-570-1.jpg|[[Agricultural machinery]]
File:Basic guitar toolkit by TT Zop.jpg|Small [[tool]]s
File:DeckelMaho-DMU50e-MachiningCenter.jpg|[[Machine tool]]
File:Bulk Ore Conveyor, Redcar Blast Furnace - geograph.org.uk - 1448440.jpg|Machine for [[mineral extraction]]
File:Production of cheese 1.jpg|Machines for [[food industry]]
File:KUKA Industrial Robots IR.jpg|[[Industrial robot]]s
</gallery>

== Machine industry in different countries ==

=== Germany ===
In Germany, in 2011 about 900,000 people were employed<ref>[http://www.n-tv.de/wirtschaft/meldungen/Maschinenbauer-optimistisch-article3012296.html Geschäft auf Hochtouren : Maschinenbau brummt], Accessed June 30, 2011.</ref>  in the machine industry and an estimated of 300,000 abroad. The combined turnover of the sector was €238 billion, of which 60% came from export. There were about 6,600 active companies, and 95% of those companies employed less than 500 people. Each employee generated an average of 148,000 Euro. Some of the largest companies in Germany are [[DMG Mori Seiki AG]], [[GEA Group]], [[Siemens AG]], and [[ThyssenKrupp]].

=== France ===
In the French machinery industry in 2009 about 650,000 people were employed, and the sector generated a turnover of 44 billion euros. Because of the crisis, the turnover of the sector had fallen by 15 percent. Due to stronger [[consumer spending]] and continuing demand from the energy sector and transport sector, the damage of the crisis was still limited.<ref>[http://www.agentschapnl.nl/nieuws/frankrijk-ontwikkelingen-de-mechanische-industrie Frankrijk: ontwikkelingen in de mechanische industrie], at agentschapnl.nl. Accessed April 23, 2010.</ref>
Alternatively, some companies decided to focus their request on used industrial equipment. This guarantee attractive prices and better time delivery.<ref>[https://www.osertech.eu/] Osertech: Platform specialised in second hand machinery.</ref><ref>[https://www.mindealtrading.com/] Mindeal: Search engine specialised in used professional equipment / machines.</ref>

=== The Netherlands ===
In the Netherlands in 1996, a total of some 93,000 workers were employed in the machinery industry, with approximately 2,500 companies present. In 1000 of these companies there were working 20 or more employees.<ref name="MAO 1996"/> In the Netherlands, according to the Chamber of Commerce in this subsector of the industry in 2011 some 15,000 companies were active.<ref>''Branchewijzer van de Nederlandse Kamer van Koophandel,'' Feb. 2011.</ref> Some of the largest companies in the Netherlands are [[Lely (company)|Lely]], [[Philips]] and [[Stork B.V.]]

=== United States ===
U.S. machinery industries had total domestic and foreign sales of $413.7 billion in 2011.  The United States is the world’s largest market for machinery, as well as the third-largest supplier. American manufacturers held a 58.5 percent share of the U.S. domestic market.<ref>[http://selectusa.commerce.gov/industry-snapshots/machinery-and-equipment-industry-united-states The Machinery and Equipment Industry in the United States] at selectusa.commerce.gov. Accessed November 2014</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of industrial machinery]]
* [[Automotive industry]]
* [[Machine factory]]
* [[Machine shop]]
* [[Machine tool]]
* [[Machine tool builder]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* Brewster, John M. "The machine process in agriculture and industry." ''Journal of Farm Economics'' 32.1 (1950): 69-81.
* Florian Geiger. ''Mergers & Acquisitions in the Machinery Industry.'' 2010.
* Rees, John, Ronald Briggs, and Raymond Oakey. "The adoption of new technology in the American machinery industry." ''Regional Studies'' 18.6 (1984): 489-504.
* Rosenberg, Nathan. "Technological change in the machine tool industry, 1840–1910." ''The Journal of Economic History'' 23.04 (1963): 414-443.

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Machinery industry}}
* [https://bsequipmenttrading.com/ Machine shop in Abu Dhabi]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Secondary sector of the economy]]
[[Category:Machines]]
[[Category:Industries (economics)]]