View source for Memetic warfare

{{short description|Propaganda warfare via social media memes}}
'''Memetic warfare''' is a modern type of [[information warfare]] and [[psychological warfare]] involving the propagation of [[memes]] on [[social media]].

==History==
In fiction, the 2002 game [[Transhuman Space]] presented the world of 2100 as having "memetics" as a key technology, and the 2004 expansion "Transhuman Space: Toxic Memes" gave examples of "memetic warfare agents".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cascio|first1=Jamais|title=Transhuman Space: Toxic Memes|date=April 2004|publisher=Steve Jackson Games|isbn=978-1-55634-726-9|page=28|url=http://www.sjgames.com/transhuman/toxicmemes/|access-date=2017-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602223306/http://www.sjgames.com/transhuman/toxicmemes/|archive-date=June 2, 2016|quote=The Unified Way is a cult of persistent popularity across Asia and into the Middle East. It is also a memetic warfare agent, a leftover from the buildup to the Pacific War that may well cause more damage than all of the dormant AKVs in orbit.}} [https://archive.org/details/TransHumanSpaceToxicMemes Alt URL]</ref>

''Memetics: A Growth Industry in US Military operations'' was published in 2005 by Michael Prosser, now a Lieutenant Colonel in the [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]]. He proposed the creation of a 'Meme Warfare Center'.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Prosser |first=Michael |date= |title=Memetics-A Growth Industry in US Military Operations |type=MSc |chapter= |publisher=United States Marine Corps |docket= |oclc= |url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a507172.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219200439/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a507172.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |access-date=}}</ref>

In ''Evolutionary Psychology, Memes and the Origin of War'' (2006), [[Keith Henson]] defined memes as "replicating information patterns: ways to do things, learned elements of culture, beliefs or ideas."

Memetic warfare has been seriously studied as an important concept with respects to information warfare by [[NATO]]'s Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence. [[Jeff Giesea]], writing in NATO's Stratcom COE Defense Strategic Communications journal, defines memetic warfare as "competition over narrative, ideas, and social control in a social-media battlefield. One might think of it as a subset of 'information operations' tailored to social media. Information operations involve the collection and dissemination of information to establish a competitive advantage over an opponent".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giesea |first1=Jeff |author-link1=Jeff Giesea |title=Academic journal "Defence Strategic Communications" Vol1 {{!}} StratCom |journal=Defence Strategic Communications |date=Winter 2015 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=67–75 |url=https://www.stratcomcoe.org/academic-journal-defence-strategic-communications-vol1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.democracyendowment.eu/we-support/institute-of-post-information-society/what-is-memetic-warfare-and-how-it-threats-democratic-values/|title=What is memetic warfare and how it threats democratic values? - European Endowment For Democracy: EED|website=www.democracyendowment.eu}}</ref>
According to Jacob Siegel, "Memes appear to function like the IEDs of information warfare. They are natural tools of an insurgency; great for blowing things up, but likely to sabotage the desired effects when handled by the larger actor in an asymmetric conflict."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Siegel |first1=Jacob |title=Is America Prepared for Meme Warfare? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xyvwdk/meme-warfare |work=Vice Motherboard |date=31 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

The Taiwanese government installed [[memetic engineering]] teams in each government department which can respond within 60 minutes to disinformation efforts using a “humor over rumor” approach. These teams primarily counter Chinese political warfare efforts and domestic disinformation. The [[Political Warfare Bureau]] of the Ministry of National Defense oversees similar units.<ref name="Blanchette et al" >{{cite web |last1=Blanchette |first1=Jude |last2=Livingston |first2=Scott |last3=Glaser |first3=Bonnie S. |last4=Kennedy |first4=Scott |title=Protecting Democracy in an Age of Disinformation |url=https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/210127_Blanchette_Age_Disinformation.pdf |website=csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

===United States presidential election, 2016===
{{see also|Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election#Donald Trump campaign}}
Memetic warfare on the part of [[4chan]] and [[r/The_Donald]] sub-[[reddit]] is widely credited with assisting [[Donald Trump]] in winning the election in an event they call 'The Great Meme War'. According to Ben Schreckinger, "a group of anonymous keyboard commandos conquered the internet for Donald Trump—and plans to deliver Europe to the far right."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Schreckinger|first1=Ben|title=World War Meme|url=http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/03/memes-4chan-trump-supporters-trolls-internet-214856|work=Politico Magazine|access-date=January 2, 2019|date=March–April 2017}}</ref>

In a 2018 study, a team that analyzed a 160M image dataset discovered that the 4chan message board [[/pol/]] and sub-reddit r/The_Donald were particularly effective at spreading memes. They found that /pol/ substantially influenced the meme ecosystem by posting a large number of memes, while r/The_Donald was the most efficient community in pushing memes to both fringe and mainstream web communities.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3278550|title=On the Origins of Memes by Means of Fringe Web Communities. Savvas Zannettou, Tristan Caulfield, Jeremy Blackburn, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Michael Sirivianos, Gianluca Stringhini, Guillermo Suarez-Tangil. ACM Internet Measurement Conference (IMC), 2018|date=31 October 2018 |pages=188–202 |doi=10.1145/3278532.3278550 |isbn=9781450356190 |s2cid=44180791 }}</ref>

==References==
<references />
==Further reading==
* https://fas.org/irp/agency/army/mipb/2010_02.pdf "Memetic Warfare: The Future of War"; Hancock, Brian J. 2010 

{{Disinformation}}

[[Category:Psychological warfare]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]