View source for Millennium

{{short description|Time period of 1000 years}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2020}}
{{Other uses|Millennium celebrations|Millennium (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates |date=June 2013}}
A '''millennium''' ({{plural form|'''millennia''' or '''millenniums'''}}) is a period of one thousand [[year]]s,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20130126065029/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/millennium Millennium]", ''Oxford Dictionaries'' (Oxford University Press, 2016).</ref><ref>{{Merriam-Webster|Millennium}}</ref> sometimes called a [[kiloannus|kiloannum (ka)]], or '''kiloyear''' ('''ky'''). Normally, the word is used specifically for periods of a thousand years that begin at the starting point (initial reference point) of the [[calendar]] in consideration and at later years that are whole number multiples of a thousand years after the start point. The term can also refer to an interval of time beginning on any date. Millennia sometimes have religious or theological implications (see [[millenarianism]]).

The word ''millennium'' derives from the [[Latin]] ''{{lang|la|mille}}'', thousand, and ''{{lang|la|annus}}'', year.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Millennium |volume=18 |page=461 |first=Carl Gustav Adolf |last=von Harnack}}</ref>

==Debate over millennium celebrations== 
[[File:"All aboard for the millennium!" - Opper and Keppler. LCCN2012648532 (cropped).jpg|thumb|All aboard for the millennium! by [[Frederick Burr Opper|Opper]] and [[Udo Keppler|Keppler]], 1896]]
There was a public debate leading up to the [[Millennium celebrations|celebrations of the year 2000]] as to whether the beginning of that year should be understood as the beginning of the "new" millennium. Historically, there has been debate around the turn of previous [[Decade|decade]]s, [[Century|centuries]], and millennia, but not so much for decades. The issue arises from the difference between the convention of using [[ordinal number]]s to count years and millennia, as in "the third millennium", or using a [[vernacular]] description, as in "the two thousands". The difference of opinion comes down to whether to celebrate, respectively, the end or the beginning of the "-000" year. The first convention is common in English-speaking countries, but the latter is favoured in, for example, Sweden (''tvåtusentalet'', which translates literally as the ''two thousands period''). 

Those holding that the arrival of the new millennium should be celebrated in the transition from 2000 to 2001 (i.e., December 31, 2000, to January 1, 2001) argued that the ''[[Anno Domini]]'' system of counting years began with the [[AD 1|year 1]] (there was no [[year zero]]) and therefore the first millennium was from the year 1 to the end of the year 1000, the second millennium from 1001 to the end of 2000, and the third millennium beginning with 2001 and ending at the end of 3000.  Similarly, [[1st millennium BC|the first millennium BC]] was from the year 1000 BC to the end of the year 1 BC. 

[[Popular culture]] supported celebrating the arrival of the new millennium in the transition from 1999 to 2000 (i.e., December 31, 1999, to January 1, 2000), in that the change of the hundreds digit in the year number, with the zeroes rolling over, is consistent with the vernacular demarcation of decades by their 'tens' digit (e.g. naming the period 1980 to 1989 as "the [[1980s]]" or "the eighties"). This has been described as "the [[odometer]] effect".<ref>{{cite web |title=For the Chronologically Correct, Now It's Time for the Millennium |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-dec-26-mn-4810-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=December 26, 2000 |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> Also, the "year 2000" had been a popular phrase referring to an often [[utopia]]n future, or a year when stories in such a future were set. There was also media and public interest in the [[Y2K bug|Y2K computer bug]]. 

A third position was expressed by Bill Paupe, honorary consul for [[Kiribati]]: "To me, I just don't see what all the hoopla is about ... it's not going to change anything. The next day the sun is going to come up again and then it will all be forgotten."<ref>{{cite web |title=Millennium: Date Line Politics |url=http://trussel.com/kir/dateline.htm |work= Honolulu magazine |date=August 1999 |first1=Aimee |last1=Harris |publisher=Trussel.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628045504/http://trussel.com/kir/dateline.htm |access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=June 28, 2006 }}</ref> And even for those who did celebrate, in astronomical terms, there was nothing special about this particular event.<ref>{{cite web |title=When Did the 21st Century Start? |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/counters/mil2000.html |first1=Konstantin |last1=Bikos |website=timeanddate.com |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref>

[[Stephen Jay Gould]], in his essay "Dousing Diminutive Dennis' Debate (or DDDD = 2000)", discussed the "high" versus "pop" culture interpretation of the transition. Gould noted that the high culture, strict construction had been the dominant viewpoint at the 20th century's beginning, but that the pop culture viewpoint dominated at its end.<ref>{{cite book | last = Gould | first = Stephen | date = 1995 | publisher = Harmony Books | title = [[Dinosaur in a Haystack]] |isbn=0-517-70393-9}}</ref>

The start of the 21st century and 3rd millennium was [[Millennium celebrations|celebrated worldwide]] at the start of the year 2000. One year later, at the start of the year 2001, the celebrations had largely returned to the usual ringing in of just another new year,<ref>{{cite news |title=Millennium Gets Little Notice |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2000/12/31/millennium-gets-little-notice/0230972d-8c7c-4eb9-80de-9c47912b962f |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> although some welcomed "the real millennium", including America's official timekeeper, the [[U.S. Naval Observatory]],<ref>{{cite web |title=For the Chronologically Correct, Now It's Time for the Millennium |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-dec-26-mn-4810-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |date=December 26, 2000 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref> and the countries of [[Cuba]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Castro hosts party for the 'true Millennium' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1379981/Castro-hosts-party-for-the-true-Millennium.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1379981/Castro-hosts-party-for-the-true-Millennium.html |archive-date=January 12, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |website=The Telegraph |access-date=13 November 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Japanese purists prepare to welcome new millennium |url=https://www.deseret.com/2000/12/15/19544191/japanese-purists-prepare-to-welcome-new-millennium |website=DeseretNews |date=December 15, 2000 |access-date=13 November 2020}}</ref>

The popular<ref name=AP>{{cite news |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2001/jan/01/news/mn-7177 |title=Y2K It Wasn't, but It Was a Party |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 1, 2001}}</ref> approach was to treat the end of 1999 as the end of "a millennium" and to hold millennium celebrations at midnight between December 31, 1999, and January 1, 2000, with the cultural and psychological significance of the events listed above combining to cause celebrations to be observed one year earlier than the formal date.<ref name=AP/>

==See also==
{{Div col}}
* [[List of calendars]]
* [[List of decades, centuries, and millennia]]
* [[Century]]
* [[Millennialism]]
* [[Millennium Dome]]
* [[Millennials]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Wiktionary inline|millennia}}
*{{Wiktionary inline|millennium}}
*{{commons category inline}}
*{{Wikiquote inline}}

{{Millennia}}
{{Time measurement and standards|collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Units of time]]
[[Category:Millennia| ]]
[[Category:Chronology]]
[[Category:1000 (number)]]