View source for Omniview technology

'''Omniview technology''' (also known as '''surround view''' or '''bird view''') is a [[Intelligent Parking Assist System|vehicle parking assistant]] technology that first was introduced in 2007 as the "Around View Monitor" option for the [[Nissan Elgrand]] and [[Infiniti EX]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2007/09/17/infinitis-ex35-around-view-monitor-system-makes-windows-redunda/|title = Infiniti's EX35 Around View Monitor system makes windows redundant |author=Melanson, Don |date=September 17, 2007 |work=engadget |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> It is designed to assist drivers in monitoring their surroundings, for example, while parking a vehicle in a small space.

==Principle==
Early vehicle parking assistant products used ultrasonic [[parking sensor]]s and/or a single [[Backup camera|rear-view camera]] to view and obtain distances to objects surrounding the vehicle, providing drivers with an audible alarm or rear-view video through a [[fisheye lens]]. There are some drawbacks to these early products: the alarm only provides a proximity warning but not the position of the object(s) relative to the vehicle, and the rear-view camera has a limited field of view. However, omniview technology overcomes these problems and has seen increasing availability.

<gallery mode=packed heights=150px widths=200px caption="Omniview system">
File:Rossi lhf safdao Y1.jpg|Input images; clockwise from upper left: views from the rear, forward, right, and left side cameras
File:Rossi lhf safdao Z1.jpg|Common output interface; rear-view camera given prominence on the left, and omniview shown on the right with generic rendered vehicle
</gallery>
In most omniview systems, there are four wide-angle cameras: one in the front of the vehicle, one in the back of the vehicle, and one each in the side-mounted rear view mirrors. The four cameras have overlapping fields of view that collectively cover the whole area around the vehicle and serve as an [[omnidirectional (360-degree) camera]]. Video from the cameras are sent to the processor, which synthesizes a [[bird's-eye view]] from above the vehicle by [[image fusion|stitching the video feeds together]], correcting distortion, and transforming the perspective. In some cases, ultrasonic sensors are used in combination with the omniview system to provide distance information and highlight the relevant view that may be affected by potential obstacles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.whichcar.com.au/car-advice/360-degree-parking-monitors-explained |title=360-degree parking monitors explained |author=Bonnici, David |date=25 March 2020 |work=Which Car? Australia |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

Because the bird's-eye view is a simulated perspective using camera inputs much closer to the ground, objects at ground level will appear relatively undistorted while those above the ground will appear to "lean away" from the vehicle. In addition, if the same object is captured by the overlapping fields of two cameras, it can appear to lean away in two different directions.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.howardinstruments.com.au/uploads/faq/297/U-0644-2255_ASL360_installation_and_user_guide_v1_4-A.pdf |title=ASL360 Installation and User Guide, U-0644-2255 |version=1.4 |date=14 June 2013 |publisher=Application Solutions (Electronics and Vision) Ltd. |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>{{rp|66}}

==History==
The first vehicle equipped with [[Nissan]]'s "Around View Monitor" was the Japanese-market Elgrand, introduced in November 2007. In America, the system was introduced one month later, as an option for the [[Infiniti EX|EX35]] from Nissan's luxury marque [[Infiniti]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/release-cebab286602dd889d775d066d038e490-071012-01-e |title=Nissan to introduce world's first around view monitor |date=October 11, 2007 |publisher=Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> At about the same time, [[Mitsubishi Motors]] and [[Honda]] implemented similar functionality as the "Multi-around monitor system" for the [[Mitsubishi Delica|Delica]]<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.mitsubishi-motors.com/en/corporate/pressrelease/products/detail1586.html |title=Mitsubishi Motors launches new Delica D:5 |date=January 31, 2007 |publisher=Mitsubishi Motors Corporation |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> and "Multi-View Camera System" for the [[Honda Odyssey (international)|Odyssey]], respectively.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2008/09/23/hondas-new-multi-view-camera-system-makes-driving-safer/ |title=Honda's new multi-view camera system makes driving safer |date=September 23, 2008 |author=Toto, Serkan |work=TechCrunch |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

Third-party automotive component suppliers such as [[Freescale Semiconductor]] and [[Continental AG]] have developed and marketed modular omniview systems, the latter through the acquisition of Application Solutions Ltd. (ASL Vision).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.autoblog.com/2014/08/15/continental-360-degree-camera-3d-video/ |title=Continental's 360-degree camera system goes next level with 3D |author=Bruce, Chris |date=August 15, 2014 |work=Autoblog |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

Nissan have since added [[moving object detection]] using the cameras, billing the system as "Intelligent Around View Monitor" (I-AVM).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nissan-global.com/EN/INNOVATION/TECHNOLOGY/ARCHIVE/IAVM/ |title=Intelligent Around View Monitor |publisher=Nissan Motor Corporation |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> In 2016, stuntman Paul Swift used the I-AVM system to match the world record for the tightest [[J-turn]] in a specially-prepared [[Nissan Juke]], using a space just {{cvt|18|cm}} wider than the vehicle's length to turn it around with the windows completely blacked out.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://global.nissannews.com/en/releases/release-00b89daa91710473d310090537007ea9 |title=Nissan Juke uses onboard cameras to set world-first 'blind' J-turn record |date=December 7, 2016 |publisher=Nissan Motor Corporation |access-date=30 November 2022}}</ref>

An omniview system that uses four cameras and displays a three-dimensional rendering of the vehicle and its surroundings has been proposed as a logical next step to increase the driver's awareness.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1109/TITS.2017.2750087 |author1=Gao, Yi |author2=Lin, Chunyu |author3=Zhao, Yao |author4=Wang, Xin |author5=Wei, Shikui |author6=Huang, Qi |title=3-D Surround View for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems |journal= IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems|date=January 2018 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=320–328|s2cid=28381524|url=http://mepro.bjtu.edu.cn/res/papers/2018/3D%20Surround%20View%20for%20Advanced%20Driver%20Assistance%20Systems.pdf}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Advanced driver-assistance systems]]
* [[Automatic parking]]
* [[Backup collision]]
* [[Backup camera]]
* [[Blind spot monitor]]
* [[Car safety]]
* [[Concave mirror]]
* [[Convex mirror]]
* [[Dry steering]]
* [[Experimental Safety Vehicle]] (ESV)
* [[Fresnel lens]]
* [[Intelligent Parking Assist System]]
* [[Intelligent car]]
* [[Lane departure warning system]]
* [[Laser rangefinder]]
* [[Objects in mirror are closer than they appear]]
* [[Parking]]
* [[Parking sensors]]
* [[Pininfarina]] vertical A-pillar [[Ferrari P4/5]]
* [[Precrash system]]
* [[Rear-view mirror]]
* [[Side-view mirror]]
* [[Sonar]]
* [[Volvo SCC]]
* [[Wing mirror]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
<references />

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