View source for Open-source appropriate technology

{{Short description|Appropriate technology from the open-design movement}}
{{Tone|date=February 2020}}
'''Open-source appropriate technology''' ('''OSAT''') is [[appropriate technology]] developed through the principles of the [[open-design movement]]. Appropriate technology is technology designed with special consideration for the environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, and economic aspects of the community it is intended for. Open design is public and licensed to allow it to be used, modified and distributed freely.<ref name="Pearce" /><ref>Pearce, J. M. (2014). Free and open source appropriate technology. in ''The Routledge Companion to Alternative Organization'', 308. {{ISBN|9780415782265}}</ref>

== Benefits ==
Open source is a development method for [[appropriate technology]] that utilizes distributed peer review and transparency of the process.

* Open-source-appropriate technology has the potential to drive [[Applied sustainability|applied]] sustainability.

* The built-in continuous peer review can result in better quality, higher reliability, and more flexibility than conventional design or patenting of technologies.

* The free nature of the knowledge provides lower costs, particularly for those technologies that benefit little from scale of manufacture.
* OSAT enables the end of predatory [[Vendor lock-in|intellectual property lock-in]]. This is important for relieving suffering and saving lives in the [[developing world]].

In an article published on [[Harvard Business Review]]'','' Vasilis Kostakis and Andreas Roos argue that the "open-source" model can act as a driver of [[Sustainable development|sustainable]] development since it enables localization for communities that do not have the resources to tempt commercial developers to provide local versions of their products, minimizing the need to ship materials over long distances and organizing material activities accordingly. <ref name="hbr.org2">Kostakis, Vasilis. Roos, Andreas. [https://hbr.org/2018/06/new-technologies-wont-reduce-scarcity-but-heres-something-that-might New Technologies Won’t Reduce Scarcity, but Here’s Something That Might]. ''Harvard Business Review'', 2018.</ref> Local manufacturing would also make maintenance easier and encourage manufacturers to design products to last as long as possible. <ref name="hbr.org2">Kostakis, Vasilis. Roos, Andreas. [https://hbr.org/2018/06/new-technologies-wont-reduce-scarcity-but-heres-something-that-might New Technologies Won’t Reduce Scarcity, but Here’s Something That Might]. ''Harvard Business Review'', 2018.</ref> The technology can be [[Gratis versus libre|both "gratis" and]] "libre," i.e., free of both the monetary cost and contractual restrictions often associated with commercial technologies and patents. That freedom can be an important consideration for developing communities. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Joshua |title=Innovation Through Collaboration: Scaling up Technological Solutions for Sustainable Development |url=https://www.academia.edu/9013667/Innovation_Through_Collaboration_Scaling_up_Technological_Solutions_for_Sustainable_Development |journal=Academia}}</ref> According to the concepts of [[Jeremy Rifkin]], it thus optimizes the sharing of knowledge and design as there are no patent costs to pay for. <ref name="hbr.org2">Kostakis, Vasilis. Roos, Andreas. [https://hbr.org/2018/06/new-technologies-wont-reduce-scarcity-but-heres-something-that-might New Technologies Won’t Reduce Scarcity, but Here’s Something That Might]. ''Harvard Business Review'', 2018.</ref>

== Ethical considerations ==

For solutions, many researchers, companies, and academics work on products meant to assist [[sustainable development]]. The ethics of information sharing in this context have been explored in depth.<ref>Shea, P. (2014). [http://eprints.qut.edu.au/73133/1/Phillipa_Shea_Thesis.pdf Community arts and appropriate internet technology: participation, materiality, and the ethics of sustainability in the digitally networked era].</ref><ref>Bentley, C. M. (2014). [http://www.ejisdc.org/Ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/viewFile/1233/510 Exploring information ethics for inclusive open development]. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212061944/http://www.ejisdc.org/Ojs2/index.php/ejisdc/article/viewFile/1233/510 |date=2015-02-12 }}</ref>

== Support in the literature ==

* It has been investigated how open sharing of designs, specifications, and technical information can enhance effectiveness, widespread use, and innovation of appropriate technology.<ref name="buitenhuis" />
* OSAT has been proposed as a new model of enabling innovation for [[sustainable development]].<ref name="Zelenika" /><ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Signorini|first=Giorgio F.|title=Open Source and Sustainability: the Role of Universities|eprint=1910.06073|year=2019|class=cs.CY}}</ref>
* OSAT has been claimed to assist in development of medical technology particularly for the developing world.<ref name="Kapczynski" /><ref name="Sali" /><ref>Sinha, S.R. and Barry, M., 2011. Health technologies and innovation in the global health arena. New England Journal of Medicine, 365(9), pp.779-782.</ref>
* It has been claimed that the sharing of design processes, appropriate tools, and technical information enables more effective and rapid development of appropriate technologies for both industrialized and non-industrialized regions.<ref name="pearce-mushtaq" /> In addition, it is claimed that this sharing will require the appropriate-technology community to adopt open standards/licenses, document knowledge, and build on previous work.<ref name="pearce-mushtaq" />
* OSAT can be used to generate [[renewable energy]]<ref>Louie H. Experiences in the construction of open source low technology off-grid wind turbines. In2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting 2011 Jul 24 (pp. 1-7). IEEE.</ref>
* OSAT in [[Information and communication technologies|ICT]]<ref>Pscheidt, M. and van der Weide, T.P., 2010. Bridging the Digital Divide by Open Source: A Theoretical Model of Best Practice.</ref>
* OSAT and [[peer production]]<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/257|title=Developing Maker Economies in Post-Industrial Cities: Applying Commons Based Peer Production to Mycelium Biomaterials|first=Grant|last=Rocco|date=October 2015|type=M.Arch thesis |publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst |doi=10.7275/7047367}}</ref>

== In education ==
The Appropedia Foundation is a non-profit organization running [[Appropedia]], the largest [[wiki]] documenting schematics, ideas, observations, experimental data, deployment logs etc. about patent-free appropriate technology, [[permaculture]] and related subjects.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Appropedia Foundation|url=https://www.onlinevolunteering.org/en/node/387694|access-date=2020-09-14|publisher=United Nations Volunteers|language=en}}</ref>

At the university level, the use of open-source-appropriate technology classroom projects has been shown to be successful in forging the connection between physics and social benefit.<ref name="Pearce-2" /> This approach has the potential to use students' access to resources and testing equipment in furthering the development of appropriate technology. Similarly, OSAT has been used for improving [[service learning]].<ref name="Pearce-3" /><ref name="Saleh" /> [[MIT]] studied the usefulness of [[appropriate technology]] in education and its relation to OSAT.<ref name="Grue" />

It has been proposed that the evolution of the open-source [[3D printer]]s can enable a new method of development for OSAT.<ref name="Villumsen" /><ref name="Zelenika-Zovko" />

Fracture mechanics, ergonomics/user friendly design, and user centered design; All factor in to create a high quality, new and improved product not to mention the use of smart materials like [[graphene]].

== Evaluation ==
Appropriate technology is designed to promote [[Decentralization|decentralized]], [[labor-intensive]], [[efficient energy use|energy-efficient]] and [[environmentally sound]] businesses.<ref name=BrownU>{{cite book|title=Appropriate Technology: Tools, Choices, and Implications|year=1999|publisher=Academic Press|location=New York|isbn=0-12-335190-1|pages=3, 270|author=Hazeltine, B.|author2=Bull, C.}}</ref> Carroll Pursell says that the movement declined from 1965 to 1985, due to an inability to counter advocates of [[agribusiness]], large private utilities, and multinational construction companies.<ref name="Pursell" /> Recently (2011), several barriers to OSAT deployment have been identified:<ref name="Zelenika-Pearce" />
* AT seen as inferior or "poor person's" technology
* Technical transferability and robustness of AT
* Insufficient funding
* Weak institutional support
* The challenges of distance and time in tackling rural poverty

== See also ==
* [[Applied sustainability]]
* [[Appropriate technology]]
* [[Engineering for Change]]
* [[Open design]]
* [[Open manufacturing]]
* [[Sustainable development]]

== Notes ==

{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Pearce">Joshua M. Pearce, "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology]", ''Environment, Development and Sustainability'', 14, pp. 425-431 (2012)</ref>
<ref name="buitenhuis">A. J. Buitenhuis, I. Zelenika and J. M. Pearce, [http://nciia.org/sites/default/files/pearce.pdf Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development]", ''Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference : Open'', March 25–27th 2010, pp. 1–12</ref>
<ref name="Zelenika">Pearce J., Albritton S., Grant G., Steed G., & Zelenika I. 2012. [http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol8iss2/1012-067.pearce.html A new model for enabling innovation in appropriate technology for sustainable development] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122073324/http://sspp.proquest.com/archives/vol8iss2/1012-067.pearce.html |date=2012-11-22 }}. ''Sustainability: Science, Practice, & Policy'' '''8'''(2), pp. 42-53, 2012</ref>
<ref name="Kapczynski">Amy Kapczynski et al., "[http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/hac/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/Addressing-Global-Health-Inequities_-An-Open-Licensing-Approach-f.pdf Addressing Global Health Inequities: An Open Licensing Approach for University Innovations]", Berkley Technology Law Journal 20 (2005): 1031–1114.</ref>
<ref name="Sali">Stephen M. Maurer, Arti Rai, and Andrej Sali, "[http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.0010056 Finding Cures for Tropical Diseases: Is Open Source an Answer?]", PLoS Medicine 1, no. 3 (December 2004): 183–186.</ref>
<ref name="pearce-mushtaq">Joshua M. Pearce and Usman Mushtaq, "[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5444388&isnumber=5444349 Overcoming Technical Constraints for Obtaining Sustainable Development with Open Source Appropriate Technology]", ''Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), 2009 IEEE Toronto International Conference'', pp. 814–820, 26–27 September 2009</ref>
<ref name="Pearce-2">J. M. Pearce, "[https://www.academia.edu/1484572/Teaching_Physics_Using_Appropriate_Technology_Projects Teaching Physics Using Appropriate Technology Projects]", The Physics Teacher, 45, pp. 164–167, 2007</ref>
<ref name="Pearce-3">Joshua M. Pearce, "[http://jsd.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/1/45 Appropedia as a Tool for Service Learning in Sustainable  Development]", ''Journal of Education for Sustainable Development'', '''3'''(1), pp.45–53, 2009</ref>
<ref name="Saleh">S. Murphy and N. Saleh, "[http://hdl.handle.net/1974/5171 Information literacy in CEAB's accreditation criteria: the hidden attribute]", In ''Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Innovation and Practices in Engineering Design and Engineering Education'', 2009. Hamilton, ON July 27–29, 2009</ref>
<ref name="Grue">Grue, Amanda J. [http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69511 An investigation into and recommendations for appropriate technology education]. MIT. 2011</ref>
<ref name="Villumsen">Kentzer, J.;  Koch, B. ;  Thiim, M. ;  Jones, R.W. ;  Villumsen, E. An open source hardware-based mechatronics project: The replicating rapid 3-D printer, Mechatronics (ICOM), 2011 4th International Conference,  17–19 May 2011. {{doi|10.1109/ICOM.2011.5937174}}</ref>
<ref name="Zelenika-Zovko">J. M Pearce, C. Morris Blair, K. J. Laciak, R. Andrews, A. Nosrat and I. Zelenika-Zovko, "[https://mtu.academia.edu/JoshuaPearce/Papers/1566597/3-D_Printing_of_Open_Source_Appropriate_Technologies_for_Self-Directed_Sustainable_Development 3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self-Directed Sustainable Development]", Journal of Sustainable Development 3(4), pp. 17-29 (2010)</ref>
<ref name="Pursell">Pursell, Carroll. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3106707.pdf The Rise and Fall of the Appropriate Technology Movement in the United States], 1965–1985". ''Technology and Culture'', '''Vol 34, No. 3''': 629–637 (July 1993)</ref>
<ref name="Zelenika-Pearce">I. Zelenika  and J.M. Pearce, "[http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/12176/9085 Barriers to Appropriate Technology Growth in Sustainable Development]", ''Journal of Sustainable Development'' '''4'''(6), 12-22 (2011)</ref>
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== References ==
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* {{CCBYSASource|sourcearticle=Open Source Appropriate Technology|sourcepath=http://www.appropedia.org/Open_Source_Appropriate_Technology|revision=362077631}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==

* [[appropedia:Welcome to Appropedia|Appropedia]]

[[Category:Technology by type]]
[[Category:Survival skills]]
[[Category:Sustainable technologies]]
[[Category:Appropriate technology]]
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[[Category:Open-source movement|Appropriate technology]]