View source for Open energy system databases

{{for|a list of models that utilize open energy system data|Open energy system models}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{use American English|date=December 2016}}

'''Open energy system database''' projects employ [[open data]] methods to collect, [[Data cleansing|clean]], and republish energy-related [[dataset]]s for open use.  The resulting information is then available, given a suitable [[open license]], for statistical analysis and for building numerical [[energy system]] [[Energy modeling|models]], including [[open energy system models]].  Permissive licenses like [[Creative Commons]] [[CC0]] and {{nowrap|[[CC BY]]}} are preferred, but some projects will house data made public under market transparency regulations and carrying unqualified [[copyright]].

The databases themselves may furnish information on national power plant fleets, renewable generation assets, transmission networks, [[time series]] for electricity loads, dispatch, [[Spot contract|spot prices]], and cross-border trades, weather information, and similar.  They may also offer other energy statistics including fossil fuel imports and exports, gas, oil, and coal prices, emissions certificate prices, and information on [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] costs and benefits.

Much of the data is sourced from official or semi-official agencies, including [[Official statistics|national statistics offices]], [[transmission system operator]]s, and [[Electricity market|electricity market operators]].  Data is also [[Crowdsourcing|crowdsourced]] using public [[wiki]]s and public upload facilities.<ref name="arderne-etal-2020">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Arderne | first1 = C
 | last2 = Zorn | first2 = C
 | last3 = Nicolas | first3 = C
 | last4 = Koks | first4 = EE
 | title = Predictive mapping of the global power system using open data
 | date = 15 January 2020
 | journal = Scientific Data
 | volume = 7
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 19
 | doi = 10.1038/s41597-019-0347-4
 | pmid = 31941897
 | pmc = 6962213
 | bibcode = 2020NatSD...7...19A
 | issn = 2052-4463
 | url = https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-019-0347-4.pdf
 | access-date = 2021-03-04
| doi-access = free
 }}
</ref>  Projects usually also maintain a strict record of the [[wiktionary:provenance|provenance]] and version histories of the datasets they hold.  Some projects, as part of their mandate, also try to persuade primary data providers to release their data under more liberal licensing conditions.{{efn|For example, in 2016 the [[#Open Power System Data|Open Power System Data]] project persuaded four German [[transmission system operator]]s to adopt open licensing.<ref name="osi-2016"/>}}

Two drivers favor the establishment of such databases.  The first is a wish to reduce the duplication of effort that accompanies each new analytical project as it assembles and processes the data that it needs from primary sources.  And the second is an increasing desire to make [[public policy]] energy models more transparent to improve their acceptance by policymakers and the public.<ref name="acatech-etal-2016"><!-- alternative URL: http://www.akademienunion.de/fileadmin/redaktion/user_upload/Publikationen/Stellungnahmen/Stellungnahme_Energy_scenarios.pdf -->
{{cite book
 | editor1 = acatech
 | editor2 = Lepoldina
 | editor3 = Akademienunion
 | title = Consulting with energy scenarios: requirements for scientific policy advice
 | date = 2016
 | publisher = acatech — National Academy of Science and Engineering
 | place = Berlin, Germany
 | isbn = 978-3-8047-3550-7
 | url = http://www.acatech.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Baumstruktur_nach_Website/Acatech/root/de/Publikationen/Kooperationspublikationen/ESYS_Position_Paper_Energy_scenarios.pdf
 | access-date = 2016-12-19
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161221021207/http://www.acatech.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Baumstruktur_nach_Website/Acatech/root/de/Publikationen/Kooperationspublikationen/ESYS_Position_Paper_Energy_scenarios.pdf
 | archive-date = 21 December 2016
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref>  Better transparency dictates the use of open information, able to be accessed and scrutinized by third-parties, in addition to releasing the [[source code]] for the models in question.<ref name="decarolis-etal-2012"/>

<!-- The projects listed here are deemed suitable for inclusion through having pending or published academic literature or by being reported in secondary sources. -->

== General considerations ==

=== Background ===

In the mid-1990s, energy models used structured text files for data interchange but efforts were being made to migrate to [[relational database management system]]s for data processing.<ref name="groscurth-1995-075bf0">
{{cite journal
 | first1 = Helmuth-M | last1 = Groscurth
 | date = 1 July 1995
 | title = Design and management of energy databases
 | journal = Energy Sources
 | volume = 17
 | number = 4
 | pages = 445–457
 | doi = 10.1080/00908319508946093
 | issn = 0090-8312
}}
</ref>  These early efforts however remained local to a project and did not involve online publishing or open data principles.

The first energy information portal to go live was [[#OpenEI|OpenEI]] in late 2009, followed by [[#reegle|reegle]] in 2011.

A 2012 paper marks the first scientific publication to advocate the [[crowdsourcing]] of energy data.<ref name="bazilian-etal-2012">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Bazilian | first1 = Morgan
 | last2 = Rice | first2 = Andrew
 | last3 = Rotich | first3 = Juliana
 | last4 = Howells | first4 = Mark
 | last5 = DeCarolis | first5 = Joseph
 | last6 = Macmillan | first6 = Stuart
 | last7 = Brooks | first7 = Cameron
 | last8 = Bauer | first8 = Florian
 | last9 = Liebreich | first9 = Michael
 | title = Open source software and crowdsourcing for energy analysis
 | year = 2012
 | journal = Energy Policy
 | volume = 49
 | pages = 149–153
 | doi = 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.032
 | url = http://www.ourenergypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/BNEF_open_source_software_and_crowdsourcing_for_energy_analysis.pdf
 | access-date = 2016-06-17
}}
</ref>  The 2012 PhD thesis by Chris Davis also discusses the crowdsourcing of energy data in some depth.<ref name="davis-2012"/>  A 2016 thesis surveyed the spatial ([[geographic information system|GIS]]) information requirements for energy planning and finds that most types of data, with the exception of energy expenditure data, are available but nonetheless remain scattered and poorly coordinated.<ref name="berndtsson-2016-msc">
{{cite thesis
 | last = Berndtsson | first = Carl
 | title = Open geospatial data for energy planning
 | type = MSc
 | date = 2016
 | publisher = KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management
 | location = Stockholm, Sweden
 | url = http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:927179/FULLTEXT02
 | access-date = 2017-03-07
}}
</ref>

In terms of open data, a 2017 paper concludes that energy research has lagged behind other fields, most notably physics, biotechnology, and medicine.<ref name="pfenninger-etal-2017">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Pfenninger | first1 = Stefan
 | last2 = DeCarolis | first2 = Joseph
 | last3 = Hirth | first3 = Lion
 | last4 = Quoilin | first4 = Sylvain
 | last5 = Staffell | first5 = Iain
 | date = February 2017
 | title = The importance of open data and software: is energy research lagging behind?
 | journal = Energy Policy
 | volume = 101
 | pages = 211–215
 | doi = 10.1016/j.enpol.2016.11.046
 | issn = 0301-4215
 | doi-access = free
 | hdl = 10044/1/56796
 | hdl-access = free
 }} {{open access}}
</ref>{{rp|213–214}}  The paper also lists the benefits of open data and open models and discusses the reasons that many projects nonetheless remain closed.<ref name="pfenninger-etal-2017"/>{{rp|211–213}}  A one-page opinion piece from 2017 advances the case for using open energy data and modeling to build public trust in policy analysis.  The article also argues that [[academic journal|scientific journals]] have a responsibility to require that data and code be submitted alongside text for [[peer review]].<ref name="pfenninger-2017"><!-- alternative url: http://www.nature.com/news/energy-scientists-must-show-their-workings-1.21517 -->
{{cite journal|last=Pfenninger|first=Stefan|date=23 February 2017|title=Energy scientists must show their workings|url=http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/1.21517!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColumn/pdf/542393a.pdf|journal=Nature News|volume=542|issue=7642|pages=393|bibcode=2017Natur.542..393P|doi=10.1038/542393a|pmid=28230147|access-date=2017-02-26|doi-access=free}}
</ref>

=== Database design ===

[[Data models]] are central to the design and organization of databases.  Open energy database projects generally try to develop and adhere to well resolved data models, using [[De facto standard|de{{nbsp}}facto]] and [[Technical standard|published standards]] where applicable.  Some projects attempt to coordinate their data models in order to harmonize their data and improve its utility.  Defining and maintaining suitable [[metadata]] is also a key issue.  The [[Information lifecycle management|life-cycle management]] of data includes, but is not limited to, the use of [[version control]] to track the provenance of incoming and [[Data cleansing|cleansed]] data.  Some sites allow users to comment on and rate individual datasets.

=== Dataset copyright and database rights ===

Issues surrounding [[copyright]] remain at the forefront with regard to open energy data.  As noted, most energy datasets are collated and published by official or semi-official sources.  But many of the publicly available energy datasets carry no license, limiting their reuse in numerical and statistical models, open or otherwise.  Copyright protected material cannot lawfully be circulated, nor can it be modified and republished.

{{anchor|ec-regulation-543-2013}}Measures to enforce [[Transparency (market)|market transparency]] have not helped much because the associated information is again not licensed to enable modification and republication.  Transparency measures include the 2013 European energy market transparency regulation 543/2013.<ref name="ec-regulation-543-2013">
{{cite journal
 | author = European Commission
 | title = Commission Regulation (EU) No 543/2013 of 14 June 2013 on submission and publication of data in electricity markets and amending Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 714/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council
 | date = 15 June 2013
 | journal = Official Journal of the European Union
 | volume = L&nbsp;163
 | pages = 1–12
 | url = http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2013:163:0001:0012:EN:PDF
 | access-date = 2016-12-01
}}
</ref>  Indeed, 543/2013 "is only an obligation to publish, not an obligation to license".<ref name="boecker-2016"/>{{rp|slide{{nnbsp}}14}}  Notwithstanding, 543/2013 does enable downloaded data to be computer processed with legal certainty.<ref name="jaeger-2017"/>{{rp|5}}

Energy databases with hardware located with the European Union are protected under a general [[Sui generis database right|database law]], irrespective of the legal status of the information they hold.<ref name="boecker-2016">
{{cite book
 | first1 = Lina | last1 = Boecker
 | date = 21 November 2016
 | title = Energy databases: protection and licensing
 | publisher = JBB Rechtsanwaelte
 | location = Berlin, Germany
 | url = https://oc.diw.de/index.php/s/ETZJTKlRh1fLv9q/download?path=/Open%20energy%20data%20symposium&files=Lina%20Boecker.pdf
}}
</ref>
Database rights not waived by public sector providers significantly restrict the amount of data a user can lawfully access.

A December 2017 submission by energy researchers in Germany and elsewhere highlighted a number of concerns over the re-use of public sector information within the Europe Union.<ref name="morrison-etal-2017">
{{cite book
 | last1 = Morrison | first1 = Robbie
 | last2 = Brown | first2 = Tom
 | last3 = De Felice | first3 = Matteo
 | title = Submission on the re-use of public sector information: with an emphasis on energy system datasets — Release 09
 | date = 10 December 2017
 | location = Berlin, Germany
 | url = https://forum.openmod-initiative.org/uploads/default/original/1X/d659fda325438884e6e78b372772ed7069633f97.pdf
 | access-date = 2017-12-13
}} {{open access}}
</ref>
The submission drew heavily on a recent legal opinion covering electricity data.<ref name="jaeger-2017">
{{cite book
 | last1 = Jaeger | first1 = Till
 | title = Legal aspects of European electricity data — Legal opinion
 | date = 24 July 2017
 | publisher = JBB Rechtsanwälte
 | location = Berlin, Germany
 | url = https://open-power-system-data.org/legal-opinion.pdf
 | access-date = 2017-10-13
}}
</ref>

=== Energy statistics ===

National and international energy statistics are published regularly by governments and international agencies, such as the [[International Energy Agency|IEA]].<ref name="iea-2016">
{{cite book
 | title = Key world energy statistics
 | date = 2016
 | publisher = International Energy Agency (IEA)
 | location = Paris, France
 | url = https://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2016.pdf
 | access-date = 2016-12-15
}}
</ref>  In 2016 the United Nations issued guidelines for energy statistics.<ref name="ires-2016"><!-- print ISBN: 978-92-1-161584-5 -->
<!-- PDF dated: 23 September 2016  -->
{{cite book|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/energy/ires/IRES_edited2.pdf|title=International Recommendations for Energy Statistics (IRES) — ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/93|date=2016|publisher=Statistics Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-056520-2|location=New York, NY, USA|access-date=2016-12-17}}  Annotated as final edited version prior to typesetting.  Also covers energy-related greenhouse gas emissions accounting.
</ref>  While the definitions and sectoral breakdowns are useful when defining models, the information provided is rarely in sufficient detail to enable its use in high-resolution energy system models.<ref name="pfenninger-etal-2017"/>{{rp|213}}

=== Published standards ===

There are few published standards covering the collection and structuring of high-resolution energy system data.  The [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]] [[Common Information Model (electricity)|Common Information Model]] (CIM) defines data exchange protocols for low and high voltage electricity networks.

=== Non-open data ===

Although this page is about genuinely open data, some important databases remain closed.

Data collected by the [[International Energy Agency]] (IEA) is widely quoted in policy studies but remains nonetheless [[paywall]]ed.
Researchers at [[Oxford University]] have called for this situation to change.<ref name="roser-and-ritchie-2021">
{{cite web
 | last1 = Roser | first1 = Max
 | last2 = Ritchie | first2 = Hannah
 | title = The International Energy Agency publishes the detailed, global energy data we all need, but its funders force it behind paywalls: let's ask them to change it
 | date = 7 October 2021
 | work = Our World in Data
 | location = Oxford, United Kingdom
 | url = https://ourworldindata.org/iea-open-data
 | access-date = 2021-11-05
}}
</ref>

== Open energy system database projects ==

Energy system models are data intensive and normally require detailed information from a number of sources.  Dedicated projects to collect, collate, document, and republish energy system datasets have arisen to service this need.  Most database projects prefer open data, issued under [[Copyright|free licenses]], but some will accept datasets with proprietary licenses in the absence of other options.

The [[OpenStreetMap]] project, which uses the [[Open Database License]] (ODbL), contains geographic information about energy system components, including transmission lines.<ref name="osm-ongoing">
{{cite web
 | title = Power — OpenStreetMap Wiki
 | work = OpenStreetMap
 | url = https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Power
 | access-date = 2019-01-06
}}
</ref>  [[Wikimedia movement|Wikimedia]] projects such as [[Wikidata]] and Wikipedia have a growing set of information related to national energy systems, such as descriptions of individual power stations.<ref name="davis-2012"/>{{rp|156–159}}

The following [[#table-open-energy-system-database-projects|table]] summarizes projects that specifically publish open energy system data.  Some are general repositories while others (for instance, [[#oedb|oedb]]) are designed to interact with open energy system models in real-time.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ {{anchor|table-open-energy-system-database-projects}} Open energy system database projects
|-
! Project
! Host
! License
! Access
! Data formats
! Scope/type
|-
| [[#Climate Compatible Growth starter datasets|CCG starter datasets]]
| Climate Compatible Growth and OpTIMUS projects
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC0 1.0}}]]
| [[Zenodo]] archive
| various
| focus on non‑western countries
|-
| [[#Energy Research Data Portal for South Africa|Energy Research Data Portal for South Africa]]
| University of Cape Town
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 4.0}}]] preferred
| website, [[Application programming interface|API]]
| various
| countries in Africa
|-
| [[#energydata.info|energydata.info]]
| [[World Bank Group]]
| [[Creative Commons license|CC BY 4.0]] preferred
| website
| various
| includes visualization and analytics
|-
| [[#Enipedia|Enipedia]]
| [[Delft University of Technology]]
| [[Open Database License|ODbL]]
| [[semantic wiki]], [[Linked data#Linked open data|LOD]]
| [[JSON]]
| global materials and energy
|-
| [[#Open Energy Platform|Open Energy Platform]]
| {{flatlist| 
* [[Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg]]
* [[Fachhochschule Flensburg|Flensburg University of Applied Sciences]]
* [[University of Flensburg]]
* Next Energy
* [[:de:Reiner Lemoine Institut|Reiner Lemoine Institut]]
}}
| dataset-specific
| website, [[Application programming interface|API]]
| [[Comma-separated values|CSV]], [[Representational state transfer|REST]], [[PostgreSQL]] 
| model-oriented
|-
| [[#Open Data Energy Networks|Open Data Energy Networks]]
| French [[Réseau de Transport d'Électricité|RTE]] and partners
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 2.0}}]] compatible
| website, [[Application programming interface|API]]
| [[JSON]], [[Comma-separated values|CSV]], [[Microsoft Excel#File formats|XLS]], [[Shapefile|SHP]]
| French energy system
|-
|[[#Open Data Portal|Open Data Portal]]
|[[UK Power Networks]]
|[[Creative Commons license|CC BY 4.0]] and [[Open Government Licence|OGL]]
|website, [[Application programming interface|API]]
|[[Comma-separated values|CSV]], [[JSON]], [[XML]], [[Shapefile|SHP]], [[Keyhole Markup Language]], [[GeoJSON]]
|GB Distribution Network Operator
|-
| [[#Open Power System Data|Open Power System Data]]
| {{flatlist|
* [[University of Flensburg]]
* [[German Institute for Economic Research|DIW Berlin]]
* [[Technical University of Berlin]]
* Neon Neue Energieökonomik
}}
| dataset-specific
| website, [[Application programming interface|API]]
| [[Comma-separated values|CSV]], [[JSON]], [[Office Open XML|XLSX]], [[SQLite]]
| western European power system
|-
| [[#OpenEI|OpenEI]]
| [[US Department of Energy]]
| [[CC0]], open licenses
| [[semantic wiki]], [[Linked data#Linked open data|LOD]]
| [[Comma separated values|CSV]]
| US focus
|-
| [[#OpenGridMap|OpenGridMap]]
| [[Technical University of Munich]]
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 3.0 IGO}}]]
| website
| [[Comma-separated values|CSV]], [[XML]], [[Common Information Model (electricity)|CIM]]
| electricity grid data worldwide
|-
| [[#Power Explorer|Power Explorer]]
| [[World Resources Institute]]
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 4.0}}]] preferred
| website
| various
| global power data
|-
| [[#PowerGenome|PowerGenome]]
| {{mdash}}
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 4.0}}]]
| [[GitHub]], [[Zenodo]]
| [[Comma-separated values|CSV]]
| US electricity system
|-
| [[#reegle|reegle]]
| {{flatlist|
* [[Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership|REEEP]]
* [[REN21]]
}}
| —
| website, [[Linked data#Linked open data|LOD]]
| —
| [[sustainable energy|clean energy]]
|-
| [[#Renewables.ninja|Renewables.ninja]]
| {{flatlist|
* [[ETH Zurich]]
* [[Imperial College London]]
}}
| [[Creative Commons license|CC BY-NC 4.0]]
| website, [[Application programming interface|API]]
| [[comma separated values|CSV]], [[JSON]]
| worldwide hourly PV and wind
|-
| [[#SMARD|SMARD]]
| German [[Federal Network Agency|BNetzA]]
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 4.0}}]]
| website
| [[Comma-separated values|CSV]], [[Microsoft Excel#File formats|XLS]], [[XML]], [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| DE, AT, and LU electricity systems
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="6" style="font-size: smaller" | {{plainlist|
* '''Access''' refers to the protocols offered for accessing the database, both manual and programmatic.
* '''Data formats''' are the formats under which datasets and metadata may be downloaded. The PDF format is for inspection and not machine processing.
}}
|}

{{anchor|tag-linked-open-data}} Three of the projects listed work with [[Linked data#Linked open data|linked open data]] (LOD), a method of publishing structured data on the [[World Wide Web|web]] so that it can be networked and subject to [[Semantic query|semantic queries]].  The overarching concept is termed the [[semantic web]].  Technically, such projects support [[Representational state transfer|RESTful APIs]], [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]], and the [[SPARQL]] query language.  A 2012 paper reviews the use of LOD in the renewable energy domain.<ref name="abanda-and-tah-2012"><!--
International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs)
2012 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software
Managing Resources of a Limited Planet, Sixth Biennial Meeting, Leipzig, Germany
R Seppelt, AA Voinov, S Lange, D Bankamp (Eds.)
http://www.iemss.org/society/index.php/iemss-2012-proceedings
-->
{{cite book|title=Linked data in renewable energy domain|last1=Abanda|first1=Henry|last2=Tah|first2=Joseph|date=2012|citeseerx = 10.1.1.690.9922}}
</ref>

=== Climate Compatible Growth starter datasets ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | Climate Compatible Growth
|-
! Host
| Climate Compatible Gowth and OpTIMUS projects
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| numerous countries
|-
! Data license
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC0 1.0}}]]
|-
! Website
| see text
|}

The Climate Compatible Growth (CCG) programme provides starter kits for the following 69{{nbsp}}countries: Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Benin, Botswana, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Kenya, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Republic of Congo, Republic of Korea, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Uruguay, Venezuela, Viet{{nbsp}}Nam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

The datasets are hosted on the [[Zenodo]] science archive site, visit that site and search for "ccg starter kit".

{{clear}}

=== Energy Research Data Portal for South Africa ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | Energy Research Data Portal for South Africa
|-
! Host
| [[University of Cape Town]]
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| countries in Africa
|-
! Data license
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 4.0}}]] preferred
|-
! Website
| {{URL|http://energydata.uct.ac.za}}
|}

The Energy Research Data Portal for South Africa is being developed by the [http://www.erc.uct.ac.za Energy Research Centre], [[University of Cape Town]], [[Cape Town]], South Africa.  Coverage includes South Africa and certain other African countries where the Centre undertakes projects.{{efn|The [[#energydata.info|energydata.info]] project also holds datasets for African countries.}}  The website uses the [[CKAN]] open source data portal software.  A number of data formats are supported, including [[Comma-separated values|CSV]] and [[Office Open XML|XLSX]].  The site also offers an [[Application programming interface|API]] for automated downloads.  {{as of|2017|03}}, the portal contained 65{{nbsp}}datasets.

{{clear}}

=== energydata.info ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | energydata.org
|-
! Host
| [[World Bank Group]]
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| includes visualization and analytics
|-
! Code license
| app-specific
|-
! Data license
| [[Creative Commons license|CC BY 4.0]] preferred
|-
! Website
| {{URL|http://energydata.info}}
|-
! Repository
| {{URL|https://github.com/energy-data}}
|}

The energydata.info project from the [[World Bank Group]], [[Washington, DC]], USA is an energy database portal designed to support national development by improving public access to energy information.<ref name="energydata-info-website">
{{cite web
 | title = Welcome — Energy Data
 | website = energydata.info
 | location = New York, USA
 | url = https://energydata.info/
 | access-date = 2017-01-17
}}
</ref>  As well as sharing data, the platform also offers tools to visualize and analyze energy data.  Although the World Bank Group has made available a number of dataset and apps, external users and organizations are encouraged to contribute.  The concepts of open data and open source development are central to the project.  energydata.info uses its own [[Fork (software development)|fork]] of the [[CKAN]] open source data portal as its web-based platform.  The Creative Commons [[Creative Commons license|CC BY 4.0]] license is preferred for data but other open licenses can be deployed. Users are also bound by the terms of use for the site.<ref name="energydata-info-terms-of-use">
{{cite web
 | title = Energy Data — Terms of use
 | website = energydata.info
 | location = New York, USA
 | url = https://energydata.info/terms
 | access-date = 2017-01-17
}}
</ref>

{{as of|2017|01}}, the database held 131{{nbsp}}datasets, the great majority related to [[Developing country|developing countries]].  The datasets are tagged and can be easily filtered.  A number of download formats, including [[Geographic information system|GIS]] files, are supported: [[Comma-separated values|CSV]], [[Microsoft Excel|XLS]], [[Office Open XML|XLSX]], [[ArcGIS]], [[Esri]], [[GeoJSON]], [[Keyhole Markup Language|KML]], and [[Shapefile|SHP]].  Some datasets are also offered as [[HTML]].  Again, {{as of|lc=yes|2017|01}}, four apps are available.  Some are web-based and run from a browser.

{{clear}}

=== Enipedia ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | Enipedia
|-
! Host
| [[Delft University of Technology]]
|-
! Status
| inactive
|-
! Scope/type
| global materials and energy
|-
! Data license
| [[Open Database License|ODbL]]
|-
! Wiki
| {{URL|http://enipedia.tudelft.nl}}
|}

The semantic [[wiki|wiki-site]] and [[database]] Enipedia lists energy systems data worldwide.<ref name="davis-2012">{{cite thesis
 | first = Chris
 | last = Davis
 | title = Making Sense Of Open Data
 | type = PhD
 | year = 2012
 | publisher = Delft University of Technology
 | location = Delft, The Netherlands
 | url = http://enipedia.tudelft.nl/thesis/ChrisDavisPhD_MakingSenseOfOpenData.pdf
 | access-date = 2016-07-21
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002928/http://enipedia.tudelft.nl/thesis/ChrisDavisPhD_MakingSenseOfOpenData.pdf
 | archive-date = 21 February 2015
 | url-status = usurped
 }} Chapter{{nbsp}}9 discusses in depth the initial development of Enipedia.</ref><ref name="enipedia-website">{{cite web
 | first1 = Chris
 | last1 = Davis
 | first2 = Alfredas
 | last2 = Chmieliauskas
 | first3 = Gerard
 | last3 = Dijkema
 | first4 = Igor
 | last4 = Nikolic
 | title = Enipedia
 | publisher = Energy and Industry group, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, TU Delft
 | location = Delft, The Netherlands
 | url = http://enipedia.tudelft.nl
 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140610231532/http://enipedia.tudelft.nl/
 | url-status = usurped
 | archive-date = 2014-06-10
 | access-date = 2016-10-07
 }}</ref>  Enipedia is maintained by the [http://www.tbm.tudelft.nl/en/about-faculty/departments/engineering-systems-and-services/ei-section/ Energy and Industry Group], Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, [[Delft University of Technology]], [[Delft]], the Netherlands.  A key tenet of Enipedia is that data displayed on the wiki is not trapped within the wiki, but can be extracted via [[SPARQL]] queries and used to populate new tools.  Any programming environment that can download content from a [[URL]] can be used to obtain data.<ref name="enipedia-architecture">
{{cite web
 | title = Enipedia:About — Architicture
 | url = http://enipedia.tudelft.nl/wiki/Enipedia:About#Architecture
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110801235021/http://enipedia.tudelft.nl/wiki/Enipedia:About#Architecture
 | url-status = usurped
 | archive-date = 1 August 2011
 | access-date = 2016-07-21
}}
</ref>  Enipedia went live in March 2011, judging by traffic figures quoted by Davis.<ref name="davis-2012"/>{{rp|185}}{{nnbsp}}{{rp|at=fig 9.17}}

A 2010 study describes how community driven data collection, processing, curation, and sharing is revolutionizing the data needs of [[industrial ecology]] and energy system analysis.<ref name="davis-etal-2010">
{{cite journal
 | first1 = Chris | last1 = Davis
 | first2 = Igor | last2 = Nikolic
 | first3 = Gerard PJ | last3 = Dijkema
 | title = Industrial ecology 2.0
 | date = October 2010
 | journal = Journal of Industrial Ecology
 | volume = 14
 | number = 5
 | pages = 707–726, October 2010 [1]
 | doi = 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00281.x
 | s2cid = 154914379
 }}
</ref>  A 2012 chapter introduces a [[system of systems engineering]] (SoSE) perspective and outlines how [[agent-based model]]s and crowdsourced data can contribute to the solving of global issues.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}

{{as of|2019|04}}, the site has gone offline pending a move to the {{code|enipedia.org}} domain.

{{clear}}

=== Open Energy Platform ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | Open Energy Platform 
|-
! Host
| {{plainlist| 
* [[Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg]] (IKS)
* [[Fachhochschule Flensburg|Flensburg University of Applied Sciences]]
* [[University of Flensburg]]
* [[:de:Reiner Lemoine Institut|Reiner Lemoine Institut]]
}}
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| model-oriented
|-
! Data license
| dataset-specific
|-
! Website
| {{URL|http://openenergy-platform.org}}
|}

The Open Energy Platform (OEP) is a collaborative versioned [[dataset]] repository for storing open energy system model datasets.  A dataset is presumed to be in the form of a [[table (database)|database table]], together with [[metadata]].  Registered users can upload and download datasets manually using a web-interface or programmatically via an [[Application programming interface|API]] using [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] [[POST (HTTP)|POST]] calls.  Uploaded datasets are screened for integrity using deterministic rules and then subject to confirmation by a moderator.  The use of versioning means that any prior state of the database can be accessed (as recommended in this 2012 paper).<ref name="decarolis-etal-2012">{{cite journal
 | first1 = Joseph F
 | last1 = DeCarolis
 | first2 = Kevin
 | last2 = Hunter
 | first3 = Sarat
 | last3 = Sreepathi
 | year = 2012
 | title = The case for repeatable analysis with energy economy optimization models
 | journal = Energy Economics
 | volume = 34
 | issue = 6
 | pages = 1845–1853
 | doi = 10.1016/j.eneco.2012.07.004
 | arxiv = 2001.10858
 | s2cid = 59143900
 | url = http://temoaproject.org/publications/DeCarolis_etal_2012.pdf
 | access-date = 2016-07-08
 | archive-date = 19 April 2016
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160419213356/http://temoaproject.org/publications/DeCarolis_etal_2012.pdf
 | url-status = dead
 }}</ref>  Hence, the repository is specifically designed to interoperate with energy system models.  The [[Front and back ends|backend]] is a [[PostgreSQL]] [[object-relational database]] under [[Apache Subversion|subversion]] [[version control]].  Open-data licenses are specific to each dataset.  Unlike other database projects, users can download the current version (the public tables) of the entire [[PostgreSQL]] database or any previous version. The development is being led by a cross-project community.<ref name="huelk-2023">
{{cite book
 | last1 = Hülk | first1 = Ludwig
 | title = The OEFamily and the OpenEnergyPlatform (OEP): a framework for research data management and a community database for energy data
 | date = 9 October 2023
 | publisher = Reiner Lemoine Institut
 | location = Berlin, Germany
 | doi = 10.5281/zenodo.8421265
 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/8421266
 | access-date = 2023-10-09
}}  DOI resolves to latest version.  {{open access}}
</ref>

{{clear}}

=== Open Data Energy Networks ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | Open Data Energy Networks
|-
! Host
| [[Réseau de Transport d'Électricité]] (RTE) and others
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| French energy system
|-
! Data license
| Licence Ouverte ([[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 2.0}}]] compatible)<ref name="licence-ouverte"/>
|-
! Metadata
| French and English
|-
! Website
| {{URL|https://opendata.reseaux-energies.fr}}
|-
! Language
| [[French language|French]] with [[English language|English]] translations
|}

The Open Data Energy Networks ({{lang|fr|Open Data Réseaux Énergies}} or {{lang|fr|ODRÉ}}) portal is run by eight partners, led by the French national [[transmission system operator]] (TSO) [[Réseau de Transport d'Électricité]] (RTE).  The portal was previously known as Open Data RTE.  The site offers electricity system datasets under a Creative Commons {{nowrap|CC BY 2.0}} compatible license, with [[metadata]], an [[RSS]] feed for notifying updates, and an interface for submitting questions.  {{nowrap|Re-users}} of information obtained from the site can also register third-party URLs (be they publications or webpages) against specific datasets.<ref name="open-data-rte-web">
{{cite web
 | author = RTE
 | author-link1 = Réseau de Transport d'Électricité
 | title = Open Data Energy Networks
 | work = Réseau de Transport d'Électricité
 | location = Paris, France
 | url = https://opendata.reseaux-energies.fr
 | access-date = 2017-12-19
}}
</ref><ref name="balter-2017">
{{cite book
 | last1 = Balter | first1 = Emmanuelle
 | title = La plateforme Open Data Rte
 | trans-title = The platform Open Data RTE
 | language = fr
 | date = 19 June 2017
 | publisher = Centre National d'Expertise Réseaux, Réseau de Transport d'Électricité
 | location = France
 | url = https://www.ideobfc.fr/upload/iedit/1/opendata/belfort_19062017/20170619_OpenData_RTE_v2.pdf
 | access-date = 2017-12-19
}}
</ref>

The portal uses the French Government [[Licence Ouverte]] license and this is explicitly compatible with the United Kingdom [[Open Government Licence]] (OGL), the Creative Commons {{nowrap|CC BY 2.0}} license (and thereby later versions), and the Open Data Commons {{nowrap|ODC-BY}} license.<ref name="licence-ouverte">
{{cite book
 | title = Licence Ouverte
 | trans-title = Open license
 | language = fr
 | date = October 2011
 | publisher = French Government
 | url = https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Licence_Ouverte.pdf
 | access-date = 2017-12-19
}}
</ref>{{rp|2}}

The site hosts electricity, gas, and weather information related to France.

{{clear}}

=== UK Power Networks Open Data Portal ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | Open Data Portal
|-
! Host
| [[UK Power Networks]] and others
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| GB DNO
|-
! Data license
| ([[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 4.0}}]] compatible)
|-
! Metadata
| English
|-
! Website
| {{URL|https://ukpowernetworks.opendatasoft.com/pages/home/}}
|-
! Language
| [[English language|English]] 
|}

The Open Data Portal is run by UK Power Networks, a GB [[Distribution Network Operator]] (DNO), hosted on the [[OpenDataSoft]] platform. The Portal offers electricity network datasets under a Creative Commons {{nowrap|CC BY 4.0}} compatible license, with [[metadata]], a newsfeed, and a data request form.  {{nowrap|Re-users}} of information obtained from the site can also register third-party URLs (be they publications or webpages) against specific datasets. A number of download formats, including [[Geographic information system|GIS]] files, are supported: [[Comma-separated values|CSV]], [[Microsoft Excel|XLS]], [[GeoJSON]], [[Keyhole Markup Language|KML]], and [[Shapefile|SHP]]. The site also offers an API for automated downloads.

The portal uses the [[Creative Commons]] License and also hosts datasets from other sources which are licensed under the [[Open Government Licence]] (OGL).

The site hosts electricity datasets related to UK Power Networks' three license areas in London, the East and South East of England.

{{clear}}

=== Open Power System Data ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | Open Power System Data
|-
! Host
| {{plainlist|
* [[University of Flensburg]]
* [[German Institute for Economic Research|DIW Berlin]]
* [[Technical University of Berlin]]
* [https://neon-energie.de/en/ Neon Neue Energieökonomik]
* [[ETH Zurich]]}}
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| western European power system
|-
! Code license
| [[MIT license|MIT]]
|-
! Data license
| dataset-specific{{nnbsp}}{{sup|1}}
|-
! DOI
| dataset and version
|-
! Website
| {{URL|https://open-power-system-data.org}}
|-
! Repository
| {{URL|https://github.com/Open-Power-System-Data}}
<!-- table notes from here -->
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-bottom: thin solid silver" |
|-
| colspan="2" style="font-size:85%" | {{plainlist|
* 1. The project website states that data might be subject to proprietary copyright, in which case the primary data owner should be consulted. Only 2 out of 8 data sets have an open license.<ref>
{{cite web
 | title = Data – Open Power System Data
 | website = Open Power System Data
 | location = Berlin, Germany
 | url = http://data.open-power-system-data.org
 | access-date = 2016-10-28
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
 | title = Legal – Open Power System Data
 | website = Open Power System Data
 | location = Berlin, Germany
 | url = http://open-power-system-data.org/legal
 | access-date = 2016-10-28
}}
</ref>
}}
|}

[[File:OPSD data categories graphic.svg|left|thumb|Five key data categories packed using OKI frictionless data standards]]

The Open Power System Data (OPSD) project seeks to characterize the [[Germany|German]] and [[western Europe]]an [[Power station|power plant]] fleets, their associated [[Electric power transmission|transmission network]], and related information and to make that data available to energy modelers and analysts.<ref name="open-power-system-data">
{{cite web
 | title = Open power system data: a free and open data platform for power system modelling
 | website = Open Power System Data
 | location = Berlin, Germany
 | url = http://open-power-system-data.org
 | access-date = 2016-10-28
}}
</ref>  The platform was originally implemented by the [[University of Flensburg]], [[German Institute for Economic Research|DIW Berlin]], the [[Technical University of Berlin]], and the energy economics consultancy Neon Neue Energieökonomik, all from Germany.  The first phase of the project, from August 2015 to July 2017, was funded by the [[Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy]] (BMWi) for {{val|490000|p=€}}.<ref name="fischer-2015">
{{cite web
 | first = Kathrin | last = Fischer
 | title = Energiedaten für alle – Projekt "Open Power System Data" an der EUF gestartet
 | trans-title = Energy data for all — project "Open Power System Data" started at the EUF
 | language = de
 | date = 10 September 2015
 | work = Informationsdienst Wissenschaft
 | location =  Bayreuth, Germany
 | url = https://idw-online.de/de/news637284
 | access-date = 2015-09-25
}}</ref><ref name="freist-2015">
{{cite web
 | first = Roland | last = Freist
 | title = Offene Plattform macht Energiedaten zugänglich
 | trans-title = Open platform makes energy data available
 | language = de
 | date = 14 September 2015
 | work = Mittelstands Wiki
 | location = Bad Aibling, Germany
 | url = http://www.mittelstandswiki.de/2015/09/open-data-offene-plattform-macht-energiedaten-zugaenglich/
 | access-date = 2015-09-25
}}
</ref>  The project later received funding for a second phase, from January 2018 to December 2020, with [[ETH Zurich]] replacing Flensburg University as a partner.<ref name="open-power-system-data-background">
{{cite web
 | title = Background and history – Open power system data
 | website = Open Power System Data
 | location = Berlin, Germany
 | url = http://open-power-system-data.org/background
 | access-date = 2018-06-01
}}
</ref>

Developers collate and harmonize data from a range of government, regulatory, and industry sources throughout Europe.  The website and the metadata utilize English, whereas the original material can be in any one of [[Languages of European Union|24{{nbsp}}languages]].  Datasets follow the emerging [[Comma-separated values#OKI frictionless tabular data package|frictionless data package]] standard being developed by [[Open Knowledge Foundation]] (OKF).  The website was launched on 28{{nbsp}}October 2016.  {{as of|2018|06}}, the project offers the following primary packages, for Germany and other European countries:

* details, including [[geolocation]], of conventional power plants and renewable energy power plants
* aggregated generation capacity by technology and country
* hourly [[time series]] covering electrical load, day-ahead electricity spot prices, and wind and solar resources
* a script to filter and download [[NASA]] MERRA-2 satellite weather data{{efn|name=merra-2|
MERRA-2 stands for Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2.  The [[Remote sensing|remote-sensed]] data is provided unencumbered by the [[NASA]] [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] research laboratory.
}}<ref name="bosilovich-etal-2016">
{{cite book
 | first1 = Michael G | last1 = Bosilovich
 | first2 = Rob | last2 = Lucches
 | first3 = M | last3 = Suarez
 | title = MERRA-2: File specification — GMAO Office Note No. 9 (Version 1.1)
 | date = 12 March 2016
 | publisher = Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO), Earth Sciences Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
 | location = Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
 | url = https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/pubs/docs/Bosilovich785.pdf
 | access-date = 2016-07-08
}}
</ref>

In addition, the project hosts selected contributed packages:

* electricity demand and self-generation time series for representative south German households
* simulated [[Photovoltaics|PV]] and wind generation [[capacity factor]] time series for Europe, generated by the [[#Renewables.ninja|Renewables.ninja]] project

To facilitate analysis, the data is aggregated into large structured files (in [[comma-separated values|CSV]] format) and loaded into data packages with standardized machine-readable metadata (in [[JSON]] format).<ref name="oki-data-package">
{{cite web
 | title = Data Packages
 | work = Open Knowledge International (OKI)
 | location = Cambridge, United Kingdom
 | url = http://specs.frictionlessdata.io/data-packages/
 | access-date = 2016-10-31
}}</ref><ref name="oki-tabular-data-package">
{{cite web
 | title = Tabular Data Package
 | work = Open Knowledge International (OSI)
 | location = Cambridge, United Kingdom
 | url = http://specs.frictionlessdata.io/tabular-data-package/
 | access-date = 2016-10-31
}}
</ref>  The same data is usually also provided as [[Office Open XML|XLSX]] ([[Microsoft Excel|Excel]]) and [[SQLite]] files.  The datasets can be accessed in real-time using stable [[Uniform Resource Locator|URLs]].  The [[Python (programming language)|Python]] scripts deployed for data processing are available on [[GitHub]] and carry an [[MIT license]].  The licensing conditions for the data itself depends on the source and varies in terms of openness.  Previous versions of the datasets and scripts can be recovered in order to track changes or replicate earlier studies.  The project also engages with energy data providers, such as [[transmission system operator]]s (TSO) and [[European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity|ENTSO-E]], to encourage them to make their data available under [[Copyright#Free licences|open licenses]] (for instance, [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons]] and [[Open Database License|ODbL]] licenses).<ref name="osi-2016">
{{cite web
 | title = Open Power System Data — An Interview with Lion Hirth and Ingmar Schlecht
 | date = c. 2016
 | work = Open Knowledge International (OSI)
 | location = Cambridge, United Kingdom
 | url = http://frictionlessdata.io/case-studies/open-power-system-data/
 | access-date = 2016-10-31
}}
</ref>

In a 2019 publication, OPSD developers describe their design choices, implementation, and provisioning.<ref name="wiese-etal-2019">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Wiese | first1 = Frauke
 | last2 = Schlecht | first2 = Ingmar
 | last3 = Bunke | first3 = Wolf-Dieter
 | last4 = Gerbaulet | first4 = Clemens
 | last5 = Hirth | first5 = Lion
 | last6 = Jahn | first6 = Martin
 | last7 = Kunz | first7 = Friedrich
 | last8 = Lorenz | first8 = Casimir
 | last9 = Mühlenpfordt | first9 = Jonathan
 | last10 = Reimann | first10 = Juliane
 | last11 = Schill | first11 = Wolf-Peter
 | title = Open Power System Data: frictionless data for electricity system modelling
 | date = 15 February 2019
 | journal = Applied Energy
 | volume = 236
 | pages = 401–409
 | doi = 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.11.097
 | issn = 0306-2619
| url = https://edoc.unibas.ch/67215/1/20181214152802_5c13bdf2a080a.pdf
 | arxiv = 1812.10405
 | hdl = 10419/231989
 | s2cid = 56895468
 }} {{closed access}} [http://wolfpeterschill.de/wp-content/uploads/Wiese_et_al_APEN_2019.pdf Postprint].
</ref>  Information integrity remains key, with each data package having traceable provenance, curation, and packing.  From October 2018, each new or revised data package is assigned a unique [[digital object identifier|DOI]] to ensure that external references to current and prior versions remain stable.

A number of published electricity market modeling analyses are based on OPSD data.<ref name="schill-etal-2017-start-up">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Schill | first1 = Wolf-Peter
 | last2 = Pahle | first2 = Michael
 | last3 = Gambardella | first3 = Christian
 | date = 3 April 2017
 | title = Start-up costs of thermal power plants in markets with increasing shares of variable renewable generation
 | journal = Nature Energy
 | volume = 2
 | issue = 6
 | pages = 17050
 | doi = 10.1038/nenergy.2017.50
 | issn = 2058-7546
| bibcode = 2017NatEn...217050S| s2cid = 157104710
 | url = https://depositonce.tu-berlin.de/handle/11303/10542
 }}
</ref><ref name="schill-etal-2017-prosumage">
{{cite journal
 | last1 =  Schill | first1 = Wolf-Peter
 | last2 = Zerrahn | first2 = Alexander
 | last3 = Kunz | first3 = Friedrich
 | date = 1 June 2017
 | title = Prosumage of solar electricity: pros, cons, and the system perspective
 | journal = Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy
 | volume = 6
 | issue = 1
 | doi = 10.5547/2160-5890.6.1.wsch
 | issn = 2160-5882
| hdl = 10419/149900
 | url = http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.552031.de/dp1637.pdf
 }}
</ref><ref name="kendziorski-etal">
{{cite book
 | last1 = Kendziorski | first1 = Mario
 | last2 = Setje-Eilers | first2 = Mona
 | last3 = Kunz | first3 = Friedrich
 | title = 2017 14th International Conference on the European Energy Market (EEM)
 | chapter = Generation expansion planning under uncertainty: An application of stochastic methods to the German electricity system
 | date = June 2017
 | pages = 1–7
 | doi = 10.1109/eem.2017.7981891
 | isbn = 978-1-5090-5499-2
 | s2cid = 9492795
 }}
</ref><ref name="zerrahn-etal-2018">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Zerrahn | first1 = Alexander
 | last2 = Schill | first2 = Wolf-Peter
 | last3 = Kemfert | first3 = Claudia
 | title = On the economics of electrical storage for variable renewable energy sources
 | date = 1 September 2018
 | journal = European Economic Review
 | volume = 108
 | pages = 259–279
 | doi = 10.1016/j.euroecorev.2018.07.004
 | issn = 0014-2921
 | arxiv = 1802.07885
 | bibcode = 2018arXiv180207885Z
 | s2cid = 3484041
 }} {{open access}}
</ref>

In 2017, the Open Power System Data project won the Schleswig-Holstein Open Science Award{{nnbsp}}<ref name="fischer-2017">
{{cite web
 | last1 = Fischer | first1 = Kathrin
 | title = Online-Plattform "Open Power System Data" erhält Preis für digitale Wissenschaft
 | trans-title = Online platform Open Power System Data receives prize for digital science
 | language = de| date = 26 January 2017
 | work = idw — Informationsdienst Wissenshaft
 | location = Bayreuth, Germany
 | url = https://idw-online.de/de/news666992-
 | access-date = 2017-12-15
}}
</ref> and the Germany Land of Ideas award.<ref name="deutschland-land-der-ideen-2017">
{{cite web
 | title = Open Power System Data (OPSD): open platform for energy data
 | date = 2017
 | work = Deutschland Land der Ideen
 | location = Berlin, Germany
 | url = https://land-der-ideen.de/en/project/open-power-system-data-opsd-open-platform-for-energy-data-13
 | access-date = 2017-12-15
}}
</ref>

{{clear}}

=== OpenEI ===

{{main|OpenEI}}

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | OpenEI
|-
! Host
| [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]]
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| US focus
|-
! Data license
| {{flatlist|
* [[CC0]]
* open licenses
}}
|-
! Website
| {{URL|http://en.openei.org}}
|}

[[OpenEI|Open Energy Information]] (OpenEI) is a [[Computer-supported collaboration|collaborative]] [[website]], run by the US government, providing [[open data|open]] energy data to software developers, analysts, users, consumers, and policymakers.<ref name="openei-homepage">
{{cite web
 | title = OpenEI — Energy Information, Data, and other Resources
 | website = OpenEI
 | url = http://en.openei.org
 | access-date = 2016-09-26
}}</ref><ref name="brodt-giles-2012">
{{cite book
 | last = Brodt-Giles | first = Debbie
 | title = WREF 2012: OpenEI — an open energy data and information exchange for international audiences
 | date = 2012
 | publisher = National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
 | location = Golden, CO, USA
 | url = https://ases.conference-services.net/resources/252/2859/pdf/SOLAR2012_0677_full%20paper.pdf
 | access-date = 2016-09-24
}}
</ref>  The platform is sponsored by the [[United States Department of Energy]] (DOE) and is being developed by the [[National Renewable Energy Laboratory]] (NREL).<ref name="brodt-giles-2012"/>  OpenEI launched on 9{{nbsp}}December 2009.<ref name="garvin-2009">{{cite web
 | first = Peggy
 | last = Garvin
 | title = New Gateway: Open Energy Info
 | work = SLA Government Information Division
 | location = Dayton, OH, USA
 | access-date = 2016-09-26
 | date = 12 December 2009
 | url = http://govinfo.sla.org/2009/12/12/new-gateway-open-energy-info/
 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  While much of its data is from US government sources, the platform is intended to be open and global in scope.

OpenEI provides two mechanisms for contributing structured information: a [[semantic wiki]] (using [[MediaWiki]] and the [[Semantic MediaWiki]] extension) for collaboratively-managed resources and a [[dataset]] upload facility for contributor-controlled resources.  US government data is distributed under a [[CC0]] [[public domain]] dedication, whereas other contributors are free to select an open data license of their choice.  Users can rate data using a five-star system, based on accessibility, adaptability, usefulness, and general quality.<ref name="brodt-giles-2012"/>  Individual datasets can be manually downloaded in an appropriate format, often as [[Comma-separated values|CSV]] files.<ref name="brodt-giles-2012"/> [[Scripting language|Scripts]] for processing data can also be shared through the site.  In order to build a community around the platform, a number of [[Internet forum|forums]] are offered covering energy system data and related topics.<ref name="openei-homepage"/>

Most of the data on OpenEI is exposed as [[Linked data#Linked open data|linked open data]] (LOD) (described [[#tag-linked-open-data|elsewhere]] on this page).  OpenEI also uses LOD methods to populate its definitions throughout the wiki with real-time connections to [[DBPedia]], [[#reegle|reegle]], and [[Wikipedia]].<ref name="brodt-giles-2012"/><ref name="bauer-and-kaltenboeck-2012">
{{cite book
 | last1 = Bauer | first1 = Florian
 | last2 = Kaltenböck | first2 = Martin
 | title = Linked open data: the essentials: a quick start guide for decision makers
 | date = 2012
 | publisher = edition mono/monochrom
 | location = Vienna, Austria
 | isbn = 978-3-902796-05-9
 | url = https://www.semantic-web.at/LOD-TheEssentials.pdf
 | access-date = 2016-09-26
}}
</ref>{{rp|46–49}}

OpenEI has been used to classify geothermal resources in the United States.<ref name="young-etal-2014">
{{cite book
 | last1 = Young | first1 = Katherine
 | last2 = Bennett | first2 = Mitchell
 | last3 = Atkins | first3 = Darren
 | title = Geothermal exploration case studies on OpenEI
 | date = 25 February 2014
 | publisher = National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
 | location = USA
 | url = http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/61437.pdf
 | access-date = 2016-09-24
}}
</ref>  And to publicize municipal utility rates, again within the US.<ref name="scanion-20">
{{cite web
 | first = Bill | last = Scanion
 | title = Nationwide Utility Rates Now on OpenEI
 | date = 7 September 2011
 | website = Renewable Energy World
 | location = Nashua, NH, USA
 | url = http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2011/09/nationwide-utility-rates-now-on-open-ei.html
 | access-date = 2016-09-24
}}
</ref>

{{clear}}

=== OpenGridMap ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | OpenGridMap
|-
! Host
| [[Technical University of Munich]]
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| electricity grid data worldwide
|-
! Code license
| [[Proprietary software|proprietary copyright]]
|-
! Data license
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 3.0 IGO}}]] preferred
|-
! Website
| {{mdash}}
|-
! Web application
| URL TBA
|-
! Repository
| {{URL|https://github.com/OpenGridMap}}
|}

OpenGridMap employs [[crowdsourcing]] techniques to gather detailed data on electricity network components and then infer a realistic network structure using methods from [[Correlation and dependence|statistics]] and [[graph theory]].  The scope of the project is worldwide and both distribution and transmission networks can be [[Reverse engineering|reverse engineered]].  The project is managed by the Chair of Business Information Systems, [https://www.in.tum.de/en.html TUM Department of Informatics], [[Technical University of Munich]], [[Munich]], Germany.  The project maintains a website and a [[Facebook]] page and provides an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[mobile app]] to help the public document electrical devices, such as [[transformer]]s and [[Electrical substation|substations]].  The bulk of the data is being made available under a [[Creative Commons license|Creative Commons]] {{nowrap|CC BY 3.0 IGO}} license.<ref name="opengridmap-terms-of-use">
{{cite web
 | title = OpenGridMap — Terms of use
 | work = Technical University of Munich
 | url = http://opengridmap.com/terms/
 | access-date = 2017-04-11
}} Terms of use last amended 25{{nbsp}}November 2016.
</ref>{{efn|The IGO variant is designed for use by international agencies.}}  The processing software is written primarily in [[Python (programming language)|Python]] and [[MATLAB]] and is hosted on [[GitHub]].<ref name="rivera-etal-2015"><!--4th D-A-CH Conference, EI 2015, Karlsruhe, Germany, 12-13 November 2015 -->
{{cite book|last1=Rivera|first1=José|last2=Goebel|first2=Christoph|last3=Sardari|first3=David|last4=Jacobsen|first4=Hans-Arno|title=Energy Informatics |chapter=OpenGridMap: An Open Platform for Inferring Power Grids with Crowdsourced Data |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |date=2015|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-25876-8|editor-last1=Gottwalt|editor-first1=S|volume=9424|location=Cham, Switzerland|pages=179–191|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-25876-8_15|editor-last2=König|editor-first2=L|editor-last3=Schmeck|editor-first3=H}}
</ref><ref name="rivera-etal-2017">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Rivera | first1 = José
 | last2 = Leimhofer | first2 = Johannes
 | last3 = Jacobsen | first3 = Hans-Arno
 | title = OpenGridMap: towards automatic power grid simulation model generation from crowdsourced data
 | date = March 2017
 | journal = Computer Science — Research and Development
 | volume = 32
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 13–23
 | doi = 10.1007/s00450-016-0317-4
 | s2cid = 186382
 | issn = 1865-2042
}}
</ref>

OpenGridMap provides a tailored [[Geographic information system|GIS]] web application, layered on [[OpenStreetMap]], which contributors can use to upload and edit information directly.  The same database automatically stores field recordings submitted by the mobile app.  Subsequent classification by experts allows normal citizens to document and photograph electrical components and have them correctly identified.  The project is experimenting with the use of hobby drones to obtain better information on associated facilities, such as [[Photovoltaics|photovoltaic]] installations.  Transmission line data is also sourced from and shared with OpenStreetMap.  Each component [[Row (database)|record]] is verified by a moderator.

Once sufficient data is available, the transnet software is run to produce a likely network, using [[Correlation and dependence|statistical correlation]], [[Voronoi diagram|Voronoi partitioning]], and [[minimum spanning tree]] (MST) algorithms.  The resulting network can be exported in [[Comma-separated values|CSV]] (separate files for nodes and lines), [[XML]], and [[Common Information Model (electricity)|CIM]] formats.  CIM models are well suited for translation into software-specific data formats for further analysis, including [[Power system simulation|power grid simulation]].  Transnet also displays [[descriptive statistics]] about the resulting network for visual confirmation.<ref name="rivera-etal-2017"/>{{rp|3–5}}

The project is motivated by the need to provide datasets for high-resolution energy system models, so that energy system transitions (like the German ''[[Energiewende]]'') can be better managed, both technically and policy-wise.<ref name="energate-messenger-2016">
{{cite news
 | title = Münchner Forscher erstellen Stromnetz-Weltkarte
 | trans-title = Munich researchers are creating a power grid world map
 | language = de
 | date = 5 December 2016
 | work = energate messenger+
 | location = Essen, Germany
 | url = http://www.energate-messenger.de/news/169851/muenchner-forscher-erstellen-stromnetz-weltkarte
 | access-date = 2017-04-06
}}
</ref>  The rapid expansion of [[Renewable energy|renewable generation]] and the anticipated uptake of [[electric vehicle]]s means that electricity system models must increasingly represent distribution and transmission networks in some detail.

{{as of|2017}}, OpenGridMap techniques have been used to estimate the low voltage network in the German city of [[Garching bei München|Garching]] and to estimate the high voltage grids in several other countries.

{{clear}}

=== Power Explorer ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | Power Explorer
|-
! Host
| [[World Resources Institute]]
|-
! Status
| under development
|-
! Scope/type
| global power data
|-
! Code license
| {{mdash}}
|-
! Data license
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 4.0}}]] preferred
|-
! Website
| {{URL|http://powerexplorer.org}}
|-
! Repository
| {{mdash}}
|}

The Power Explorer portal is a part of the larger Resource Watch platform, hosted by the [[World Resources Institute]].  The initial Global Power Plant Database, an open source database of the power plants globally, was released in April 2018.<ref name="wri-global-power-plant-database-2018">
{{cite web
 | title = Global power plant database — Data — Version 1.0.0
 | date = 6 April 2018
 | work = World Resources Institute
 | location = Washington DC, USA
 | url = http://datasets.wri.org/dataset/globalpowerplantdatabase
 | access-date = 2018-05-08
}}  Download page.  Newer versions available via same link.
</ref>  {{as of|2021|05}}, the portal itself is still under development.

Power Explorer is also supported by [[Google]] with various research partners, including [[KTH Royal Institute of Technology|KTH]], Global Energy Observatory, [[#Enipedia|Enipedia]], and [[#Open Power System Data|OPSD]].

{{clear}}

=== PowerGenome ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | PowerGenome
|-
! Host
| {{mdash}}
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| US electricity system
|-
! Code license
| MIT
|-
! Data license
| [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 4.0}}]]
|-
! Website
| {{mdash}}
|-
! Repository
| {{URL|https://github.com/PowerGenome}}
|-
! Mailing list
| {{URL|https://groups.io/g/powergenome}}
|}

The PowerGenome project aims to provide a coherent dataset covering the United States electricity system.  PowerGenome was initially designed to service the [[Open energy system models#GenX|GenX]] model,<ref name="jenkins-and-sepulveda-2017">
{{cite book
 | last1 = Jenkins | first1 = Jesse D
 | last2 = Sepulveda | first2 = Nestor A
 | title = Enhanced decision support for a changing electricity landscape: the GenX configurable electricity resource capacity expansion model — An MIT Energy Initiative Working Paper — Revision 1.0
 | date = 27 November 2017
 | publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
 | url = https://energy.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Enhanced-Decision-Support-for-a-Changing-Electricity-Landscape.pdf
 | access-date = 2021-04-06
}}  MITEI‑WP‑2017‑10.
</ref> but support for other modeling frameworks is in planning.<ref name="powergenome-github">
{{cite web
 | author = PowerGenome
 | title = PowerGenome/PowerGenome
 | work = GitHub
 | url = https://github.com/PowerGenome/PowerGenome
 | access-date = 2021-05-12
}}
</ref>  The PowerGenome utility also pulls from upstream datasets hosted by the Public Utility Data Liberation project (PUDL) and the [[Energy Information Administration|EIA]], so those dependencies need to be met by users.  Datasets are occasionally archived on [[Zenodo]].<ref name="schivley-etal-2021">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Schivley | first1 = Greg
 | last2 = Welty | first2 = Ethan
 | last3 = Patankar | first3 = Neha
 | title = PowerGenome/PowerGenome: v0.4.1
 | journal = Zenodo
 | date = 19 February 2021
 | doi = 10.5281/zenodo.4552835
| bibcode = 2021zndo...4552835S
 }}  Snapshot.
</ref>  A video describing the project is available.<ref name="schivley-2020">
{{cite AV media
 | last1 = Schivley | first1 = Greg
 | title = Create capacity expansion model inputs with PowerGenome
 | date = 26 March 2020
 | publisher = Open Energy Modelling Initiative (openmod)
 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFr9olzie1o
 | access-date = 2020-09-16
 | type = webcast
 | format = MP4
}}  MP4 webcast 00:10:55.
</ref>

{{clear}}

=== reegle ===

{{main|reegle}}

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | reegle
|-
! Host
| {{plainlist|
* [[Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership|REEEP]]
* [[REN21]]
}}
|-
! Status
| inactive
|-
! Scope/type
| [[Sustainable energy|clean energy]]
|-
! Data license
| {{mdash}}
|-
! Website
| {{URL|http://www.reegle.info}}
|}

[[reegle]] is a [[sustainable energy|clean energy]] information [[Web portal|portal]] covering [[renewable energy]], [[efficient energy use|energy efficiency]], and [[Climate change mitigation|climate compatible]] development topics.<ref name="bauer-and-kaltenboeck-2012"/>{{rp|41}}<ref name="reegle-homepage">
{{cite web
 | title = Clean Energy Info Portal — reegle
 | location = Vienna, Austria
 | url = http://www.reegle.info
 | access-date = 2016-09-27
}}</ref><ref name="bauer-etal-2011"><!-- see also: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-22285-6_21 -->
{{cite book|last1=Bauer|first1=Florian|last2=Recheis|first2=Denise|last3=Kaltenböck|first3=Martin|title=Environmental Software Systems. Frameworks of eEnvironment |chapter=Data.reegle.info – A New Key Portal for Open Energy Data |series=IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology |date=27 June 2011|volume=359 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-642-22284-9|editor-last1=Hřebíček|editor-first1=Jiří|location=Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany|pages=189–194|editor-last2=Schimak|editor-first2=Gerald|editor-last3=Denzer|editor-first3=Ralf|chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-642-22285-6_21.pdf|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-22285-6_21}}
</ref>  reegle was launched in 2006 by [[Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership|REEEP]] and [[REN21]] with funding from the Dutch ([[Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment|VROM]]), German ([[Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety|BMU]]), and UK ([[Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Defra]]) environment ministries.<ref name="reegle-partners">
{{cite web
 | title = Partners — reegle
 | url = http://www.reegle.info/instructions.20.htm
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080229001007/http://www.reegle.info/instructions.20.htm <!-- bot retrieved archive -->
 | archive-date = 2008-02-29
 | access-date = 2016-09-29
}}
</ref>  Originally released as a specialized [[internet search engine]], reegle was relaunched in 2011 as an information portal.

reegle offers and utilizes [[linked data#Linked open data|linked open data]] (LOD) (described [[#tag-linked-open-data|elsewhere]] on this page).<ref name="bauer-and-kaltenboeck-2012"/>{{rp|43–46}}  Sources of data include [[United Nations|UN]] and [[World Bank]] databases, as well as dedicated partners around the world.  reegle maintains a comprehensive structured [[glossary]] (driven by an LOD-compliant [[Thesaurus (information retrieval)|thesaurus]]) of energy and climate compatible development terms to assist with the tagging of datasets.  The glossary also facilitates intelligent web searches.{{efn|
Alternative interfaces to the glossary, provided by the Climate Tagger project, include a [http://www.climatetagger.net/climate-thesaurus/tree tree view] and an [http://www.climatetagger.net/glossary alphabetic view].
}}<ref name="bauer-etal-2011"/>{{rp|191,{{nnbsp}}193}}<ref name="reegle-glossary">
{{cite web
 | title = reegle glossary
 | work = reegle — clean energy information gateway
 | url = http://www.reegle.info/glossary
 | access-date = 2016-09-26
}}</ref><ref name="reeep-2015">
<!-- see also: www.climatetagger.net -->
{{cite book
 | title = Turning data into knowledge
 | date = 2015
 | publisher = REEEP
 | location = Vienna, Austria
 | url = http://www.climatetagger.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Climate-Tagger-Brochure.pdf
 | access-date = 2016-09-26
}}
</ref>

reegle offers country profiles which collate and display energy data on a per-country basis for most of the world.<ref name="reegle-country-profiles">
{{cite web
 | title = Country energy profiles — Clean Energy Info Portal — reegle
 | location = Vienna, Austria
 | url = http://www.reegle.info/countries
 | access-date = 2016-09-27
}}
</ref>  These profiles are kept current automatically using LOD techniques.<ref name="bauer-etal-2011"/>{{rp|193–194}} As of 2021, the portal is no longer active.

{{clear}}

=== Renewables.ninja ===

{{main article|Renewables.ninja}}

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | Renewables, ninja
|-
! Host
| {{plainlist|
* [[ETH Zurich]]
* [[Imperial College London]]
}}
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| worldwide hourly PV and wind
|-
! Code license
| [[BSD-new]]
|-
! Data license
| [[Creative Commons license|CC BY-NC 4.0]]
|-
! Website
| {{URL|https://www.renewables.ninja/}}
|-
! Repository
| {{URL|https://github.com/renewables-ninja}}
|}

[[Renewables.ninja]] is a website that can calculate the hourly power output from [[photovoltaics|solar photovoltaic]] installations and [[wind farm]]s located anywhere in the world.  The website is a joint project between the [https://www.usys.ethz.ch/en/ Department of Environmental Systems Science], [[ETH Zurich]], [[Zürich]], Switzerland and the [https://www.imperial.ac.uk/environmental-policy/ Centre for Environmental Policy], [[Imperial College London]], [[London]], United Kingdom.  The website went live during September 2016.  The resulting time series are provided under a Creative Commons {{nowrap|CC BY-NC 4.0}} license (which is unfortunately not open data conformant) and the underlying power plant models are published using a [[BSD-new]] license.  {{as of|2017|02}}, only the solar model, written in [[Python (programming language)|Python]], has been released.<ref name="renewables-ninja-website">
{{cite web
 | title = Renewables.ninja
 | url = https://www.renewables.ninja/
 | access-date = 2017-02-02
}}
</ref>

[[File:Renewables ninja photovoltaics and wind energy database screenshot showing simulated pv output.jpg|left|thumb|Screenshot showing simulated photovoltaic output for a site in northern Italy for the year 2014]]

The project relies on weather data derived from [[meteorological reanalysis]] models and weather [[Meteosat|satellite images]].  More specifically, it uses the 2016 MERRA-2 reanalysis dataset from [[NASA]]{{nnbsp}}{{efn|name=merra-2}} and satellite images from CM-SAF SARAH.<ref name="mueller-etal-2015">
{{cite book
 | last1 = Müller | first1 = Richard
 | last2 = Pfeifroth | first2 = Uwe
 | last3 = Träger-Chatterjee | first3 = Christine
 | last4 = Cremer | first4 = Roswitha
 | last5 = Trentmann | first5 = Jörg
 | last6 = Hollmann | first6 = Rainer
 | year = 2015
 | title = Surface solar radiation data set: heliosat (SARAH) — Edition 1
 | publisher = EUMETSAT Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF)
 | location = Hessen, Germany
 | doi = 10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/SARAH/V001
}}  Contains datasets from 1983 to 2013.  File size {{val|3.6|u=[[terabyte|TB]]}}.
</ref>  For locations in Europe, this weather data is further "corrected" by country so that it better fits with the output from known PV installations and windfarms.  Two 2016 papers describe the methods used in detail in relation to Europe.  The first covers the calculation of PV power.<ref name="pfenninger-and-staffel-2016">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Pfenninger | first1 = Stefan
 | last2 = Staffell | first2 = Iain
 | title = Long-term patterns of European PV output using 30 years of validated hourly reanalysis and satellite data
 | date = 1 November 2016
 | journal = Energy
 | volume = 114
 | pages = 1251–1265
 | doi = 10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.060
 | issn = 0360-5442
 | doi-access = free
 | hdl = 10044/1/39122
 | hdl-access = free
 }} {{open access}}
</ref>  And the second covers the calculation of wind power.<ref name="staffell-and-pfenninger-2016">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Staffell | first1 = Iain
 | last2 = Pfenninger | first2 = Stefan
 | title = Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output
 | date = 1 November 2016
 | journal = Energy
 | volume = 114
 | pages = 1224–1239
 | doi = 10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068
 | issn = 0360-5442
 | doi-access = free
 | hdl = 20.500.11850/120087
 | hdl-access = free
 }} {{open access}}
</ref>

The website displays an interactive world map to aid the selection of a site.  Users can then choose a plant type and enter some technical characteristics.  {{as of|2017|02}}, only year 2014 data can be served, due to technical restrictions.  The results are automatically plotted and are available for download in hourly [[comma separated values|CSV]] format with or without the associated weather information.  The site offers an [[Application programming interface|API]] for programmatic dataset recovery using token-based authorization.  Examples deploying [[cURL]] and [[Python (programming language)|Python]] are provided.

A number of studies have been undertaking using the power production datasets underpinning the website (these studies predate the launch of the website), with the bulk focusing on energy options for [[Great Britain]].<ref name="staffel-and-green-2014">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Staffell | first1 = Iain
 | last2 = Green | first2 = Richard
 | date = June 2014
 | title = How does wind farm performance decline with age?
 | journal = Renewable Energy
 | volume = 66
 | pages = 775–786
 | doi = 10.1016/j.renene.2013.10.041
 | issn = 0960-1481
 | doi-access = free
 }} {{open access}}
</ref><ref name="pfenninger-and-keirstead-2015">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Pfenninger | first1 = Stefan
 | last2 = Keirstead | first2 = James
 | date = 15 August 2015
 | title = Renewables, nuclear, or fossil fuels? Scenarios for Great Britain's power system considering costs, emissions and energy security
 | journal = Applied Energy
 | volume = 152
 | pages = 83–93
 | doi = 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.04.102
 | issn = 0306-2619
 | doi-access = free
 | hdl = 20.500.11850/105689
 | hdl-access = free
 }} {{open access}}
</ref><ref name="heuberger-etal-2016">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Heuberger | first1 = Clara F
 | last2 = Staffell | first2 = Iain
 | last3 = Shah | first3 = Nilay
 | last4 = Mac Dowell | first4 = Niall
 | date = 2016
 | title = Quantifying the value of CCS for the future electricity system
 | journal = Energy and Environmental Science
 | volume = 9
 | issue = 8
 | pages = 2497–2510
 | doi = 10.1039/C6EE01120A
 | issn = 1754-5692
 | url = http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2016/ee/c6ee01120a
 | access-date = 2017-02-02
| hdl = 10044/1/34750
 | doi-access = free
 | hdl-access = free
 }} {{open access}}
</ref><ref name="macdowell-and-staffell-2016">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Mac Dowell | first1 = Niall
 | last2 = Staffell | first2 = Iain
 | date = May 2016
 | title = The role of flexible CCS in the UK's future energy system
 | journal = International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control
 | volume = 48/2
 | pages = 327–344
 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.01.043
 | bibcode = 2016IJGGC..48..327M
 | issn = 1750-5836
}}
</ref><ref name="samsatli-etal-2016">
{{cite journal
 | last1 = Samsatli | first1 = Sheila
 | last2 = Staffell | first2 = Iain
 | last3 = Samsatli | first3 = Nouri J
 | date = 5 January 2016
 | title = Optimal design and operation of integrated wind-hydrogen-electricity networks for decarbonising the domestic transport sector in Great Britain
 | journal = International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
 | volume = 41
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 447–475
 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.10.032
 | issn = 0360-3199
 | doi-access = free
 | hdl = 10044/1/27742
 | hdl-access = free
 }} {{open access}}
</ref><ref name="staffell-and-green-2016">
{{cite journal
 | first1 = Iain | last1 = Staffell
 | first2 = Richard | last2 = Green
 | date = January 2016
 | title = Is there still merit in the merit order stack? The impact of dynamic constraints on optimal plant mix
 | journal = IEEE Transactions on Power Systems
 | volume = 31
 | issue = 1
 | pages = 43–53
 | doi = 10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2407613
 | bibcode = 2016ITPSy..31...43S
 | issn = 0885-8950
| hdl = 10044/1/23805
 | s2cid = 12921210
 | url = http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/23805/2/Is%20There%20Still%20Merit%20In%20The%20Merit%20Order%20Stack.pdf
 | hdl-access = free
 }}
</ref><ref name="green-etal">
{{cite journal
 | first1 = Richard | last1 = Green
 | first2 = D | last2 = Pudjianto
 | first3 = Iain | last3 = Staffell
 | first4 = G |last4 =  Strbac
 | title = Market design for long-distance trade in renewable electricity
 | journal = The Energy Journal
 | volume = 37
 | issue = SI2
 | pages = 5–22
 | doi = 10.5547/01956574.37.SI2.agia
| year = 2016
 | doi-access = free
 | hdl = 10044/1/52978
 | hdl-access = free
 }} {{open access}}.
</ref>

{{clear}}

=== SMARD ===

{| class="infobox" style="width: 28em"
|-
! style="width: 35%" | Project
| style="width: 55%" | SMARD
|-
! Host
| German [[Federal Network Agency]] ([[:de:Bundesnetzagentur|BNetzA]])
|-
! Status
| active
|-
! Scope/type
| German, Austrian, and Luxembourg (DE/AT/LU) electricity systems
|-
! Data license
| {{flatlist|
* market data visuals and underlying time series are [[Creative Commons license|{{nowrap|CC BY 4.0}}]]
}}
|-
! Website
| {{URL|https://www.smard.de}}
|-
! Language
| [[English language|English]] and [[German language|German]]
|}

[[File:German-electricity-production-mid-dec-2017-bnetza-smard-portal.png|thumb|left | upright=1.2 | Plot from the SMARD site showing electricity generation in Germany in mid-December 2017]]

The SMARD site (pronounced "smart") serves electricity market data from [[Germany]], [[Austria]], and [[Luxembourg]] and also provides visual information.  The electricity market plots and their underlying [[time series]] are released under a permissive [[Creative Commons license|CC BY 4.0]] license.<ref name="bnetza-smard-tos">
{{cite web
 | author = BNetzA
 | title = Data use
 | date = 2017
 | work = Bundesnetzagentur
 | location = Bonn, Germany
 | url = https://www.smard.de/blueprint/servlet/page/bnetza-en/datennutzung/5808
 | access-date = 2018-01-22
}}  Terms of use for the BNetzA SMARD data portal.
</ref>  The site itself was launched on 3{{nbsp}}July 2017 in German and an English translation followed shortly.  The data portal is mandated under the German Energy Industry Act (''[[:de:Energiewirtschaftsgesetz|Energiewirtschaftsgesetz]]'' or ''EnWG'') section §111d, introduced as an amendment on 13{{nbsp}}October 2016.  Four table formats are offered: [[Comma-separated values|CSV]], [[Microsoft Excel#File formats|XLS]], [[XML]], and [[Portable Document Format|PDF]].  The maximum sampling resolution is {{val|15|u=minute}}.  Market data visuals or [[Plot (graphics)|plots]] can be downloaded in PDF, [[Scalable Vector Graphics|SVG]], [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]], and [[JPEG|JPG]] formats.  Representative output is shown in the thumbnail (on the left), in this case mid-winter dispatch over two days for the whole of Germany.  The horizontal ordering by generation type is first split into [[renewable energy|renewable]] and conventional generation and then based on [[merit order|merit]].  A{{nbsp}}user guide is updated as required.<ref name="bnetza-2021">
{{cite book
 | author = BNetzA
 | title = SMARD.de User guide
 | language = English
 | date = September 2021
 | publisher = Bundesnetzagentur für Elektrizität, Gas, Telekommunikation, Post und Eisenbahnen (BNetzA)
 | location = Bonn, Germany
 | url = https://www.smard.de/resource/blob/205652/63fcff2c9813096fa2229d769da164ef/smard-user-guide-09-2021-data.pdf
 | access-date = 2022-07-20
}}
</ref>

{{clear}}

== See also ==

* [[Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network]] (CKAN) – a web-based open data management system
* [[Climate change mitigation scenarios]]
* [[Crowdsourcing]]
* [[Energy modeling]] – the process of building computer models of energy systems
* [[Energy system]] – the interpretation of the energy sector in system terms
* [[Open Energy Modelling Initiative]] – a European-based energy modeling community
* [[Open energy system models]] – a review of [[energy system]] [[energy modeling|models]] that are also [[open source software|open source]]
* [[Open Knowledge Foundation]] – a global non-profit network that promotes and shares information

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== Further information ==

* [http://wiki.openmod-initiative.org/wiki/Data Open energy data wiki] maintained by the [[Open Energy Modelling Initiative]]
* {{cite web
 | last1 = De Felice | first1 = Matteo
 | title = Freely available datasets of energy variables
 | date = 2020
 | work = openmod forum
 | publisher = [[Open Energy Modelling Initiative]] 
 | url = https://forum.openmod-initiative.org/t/freely-available-datasets-of-energy-variables/2291
 | access-date = 2020-12-01
}}  The list is under a Creative Commons CC‑BY‑4.0 license and many of the datasets cited are similarly licensed.

== External links ==

* [https://deep.eefig.eu/ De-risking Energy Efficiency Platform] (DEEP) – an open energy efficiency data platform for Europe
* [https://climate.copernicus.eu/ecem-european-climatic-energy-mixes European Climatic Energy Mixes project] (ECEM) — the role that climate change may play on future energy systems
* [http://oep.iks.cs.ovgu.de/dataedit OpenEnergy Database] (oedb) – an open energy system database being developed in Germany
* [http://openenergymonitor.org/emon/ OpenEnergyMonitor] – an open source energy use monitoring project
* [https://forum.openmod.org/t/domain-wide-data-projects/2553 Domain‑wide data projects] – a list of data related projects designed to support open energy system modeling

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{{Energy modeling}}

[[Category:Energy]]
[[Category:Energy models]]
[[Category:Energy policy]]
[[Category:Open data]]
[[Category:Open science]]
[[Category:Systems theory]]