View source for Open research

{{short description|Research made available to the public}}
[[File:Open research.ogv|274x274px|thumb|thumbtime=43|A stop-motion video arguing that open research increases collaboration with the general public and their access to the information produced from the research as compared to traditional science. ]]

'''Open research''' is [[research]] that is openly accessible by others. Those who publish research in this way are often concerned with making research more transparent, more collaborative, more wide-reaching, and more efficient. Open research aims to make both research methods and the resulting data [[Open access|freely available]], often via the internet, in order to support [[reproducibility]] and, potentially, massively distributed research collaboration. In this regard, it is related to both [[open source software]] and [[citizen science]].

Especially for research that is scientific in nature, open research may be referred to as [[open science]].<ref>For an overview, see [https://www.amazon.com/Reinventing-Discovery-New-Networked-Science/dp/0691148902/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1319948131&sr=1-1 "Reinventing Discovery"] by Michael Nielsen, Princeton University Press (21 October 2011), {{ISBN|0-691-14890-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Woelfle|first=Michael|author2=Olliaro, Piero |author3=Todd, Matthew H. |title=Open science is a research accelerator|journal=Nature Chemistry|date=23 September 2011|volume=3|issue=10|pages=745–748|doi=10.1038/nchem.1149|pmid=21941234|doi-access=free|bibcode=2011NatCh...3..745W}}</ref> However, the term can also implicate research done in fields as varied as the [[social sciences]], the [[humanities]], [[mathematics]], engineering and medicine.

==Types of open projects==
Important distinctions exist between different types of open projects.

Projects that provide open data but don't offer open collaboration are referred to as "[[Open access (publishing)|open access]]" rather than open research. Providing [[open data]] is a necessary but not sufficient condition for open research, because although the data may be used by anyone, there is no [[Share-alike|requirement for subsequent research to take place openly]]. For example, though there have been many calls for more open collaborative research in drug discovery<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hopkins|first=Andrew L.|author2=Witty, Michael J. |author3=Nwaka, Solomon |title=Neglected Diseases Mission possible|journal=Nature|date=13 September 2007|volume=449|issue=7159|pages=166–169|doi=10.1038/449166a|pmid=17851512|s2cid=4354591 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and the open deposition of large amounts of data,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature09107| pmid=20485427| title=Thousands of chemical starting points for antimalarial lead identification| journal=Nature| volume=465| issue=7296| pages=305–310| year=2010| last1=Gamo| first1=Francisco-Javier| last2=Sanz| first2=Laura M.| last3=Vidal| first3=Jaume| last4=De Cozar| first4=Cristina| last5=Alvarez| first5=Emilio| last6=Lavandera| first6=Jose-Luis| last7=Vanderwall| first7=Dana E.| last8=Green| first8=Darren V. S.| last9=Kumar| first9=Vinod| last10=Hasan| first10=Samiul| last11=Brown| first11=James R.| last12=Peishoff| first12=Catherine E.| last13=Cardon| first13=Lon R.| last14=Garcia-Bustos| first14=Jose F.| bibcode=2010Natur.465..305G| s2cid=1143258}}</ref> there are very few active, openly collaborative projects in this area.<ref>[http://openwetware.org/wiki/Open_Source_Drug_Discovery Open Source Drug Discovery wiki]</ref><ref>[http://www.osdd.net/ Indian Open Source Drug Discovery portal]</ref><ref>[http://www.mendeley.com/groups/1150251/open-source-drug-discovery/ Mendeley Group on Open Source Drug Discovery]</ref>

[[Crowdsourcing]] projects that recruit large numbers of participants to carry out small tasks which are then assembled into a larger project outcome have delivered significant research outcomes,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1038/nature09304| pmid=20686574| pmc=2956414| title=Predicting protein structures with a multiplayer online game| journal=Nature| volume=466| issue=7307| pages=756–760| year=2010| last1=Cooper| first1=Seth| last2=Khatib| first2=Firas| last3=Treuille| first3=Adrien| last4=Barbero| first4=Janos| last5=Lee| first5=Jeehyung| last6=Beenen| first6=Michael| last7=Leaver-Fay| first7=Andrew| last8=Baker| first8=David| last9=Popović| first9=Zoran| last10=Players| first10=Foldit| bibcode=2010Natur.466..756C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13490.x|title = Galaxy Zoo: The large-scale spin statistics of spiral galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey★|journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume = 388|issue = 4|pages = 1686–1692|year = 2008|last1 = Land|first1 = Kate|last2 = Slosar|first2 = Anže|last3 = Lintott|first3 = Chris|last4 = Andreescu|first4 = Dan|last5 = Bamford|first5 = Steven|last6 = Murray|first6 = Phil|last7 = Nichol|first7 = Robert|last8 = Raddick|first8 = M. Jordan|last9 = Schawinski|first9 = Kevin|last10 = Szalay|first10 = Alex|last11 = Thomas|first11 = Daniel|last12 = Vandenberg|first12 = Jan|bibcode = 2008MNRAS.388.1686L|arxiv = 0803.3247| s2cid=15266903 }}</ref> but these projects are distinct from those in which participants are able to influence the overall direction of the research, or in which participants are expected to have creative input into the science behind the project.

Most open research is conducted within existing research groups. Primary research data are posted which can be added to, or interpreted by, anyone who has the necessary expertise and who can therefore join the collaborative effort. Thus the "end product" of the project (which may still be subject to future expansion or modification) arises from many contributions across multiple research groups, rather than the effort of one group or individual. Open research is therefore distinct from open access in that the output of open research is prone to change with time.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Todd|first=Matthew H.|title=Open access and open source in chemistry|journal=Chemistry Central Journal|date=1 January 2007|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3|doi=10.1186/1752-153X-1-3|pmid=17939849|pmc=1975827 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Unlike open access, true open research must demonstrate live, online collaboration. Project websites that demonstrate this capability have started to become available.<ref name="TSL">[http://www.thesynapticleap.org/ The Synaptic Leap]</ref><ref name="MIAWiki">[http://confocal-manawatu.pbworks.com/w/page/49706793/MIAWiki%20Real-Time%20Collaboration/ MIAWiki for Open Research and Collaboration]</ref>

==Copyright conventions==
Issues with [[copyright]] are dealt with by using either standard copyright (where applicable), releasing the content into the [[Public domain]] or by releasing the content under licenses such as one of the [[Creative Commons licenses]]<ref name="TSL" /> or one of the [[GNU General Public License]]s{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}.

==Examples==
In 2005, several examples arose in the area of the search for new/improved medical treatments of [[Neglected Diseases]].<ref name="TSL" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://usefulchem.wikispaces.com/ |title=Usefulchem |access-date=19 May 2008 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022123034/https://usefulchem.wikispaces.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/cen/science/84/8430sci1.html Article in the American Chemical Society's magazine C&E News on Open Research]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Kepler|first=Thomas B.|author2=Marti-Renom, Marc A. |author3=Maurer, Stephen M. |author4=Rai, Arti K. |author5=Taylor, Ginger |author6= Todd, Matthew H. |title=Open Source Research – the Power of Us|journal=Australian Journal of Chemistry|date=1 January 2006|volume=59|issue=5|pages=291|doi=10.1071/CH06095|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Butler|first=Declan|title=Open-source science takes on neglected disease|journal=Nature|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100204/full/news.2010.50.html|access-date=16 October 2013|doi=10.1038/news.2010.50|date=4 February 2010}}</ref>

Science and engineering research to support the creation of [[open-source appropriate technology]] for [[sustainable development]] has long used open research principles.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kapczynski | first1 = Amy | display-authors = etal   | year = 2005 | title = Addressing Global Health Inequities: An Open Licensing Approach for University Innovations | journal = Berkley Technology Law Journal | volume = 20 | pages = 1031–1114 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Maurer | first1 = Stephen M. | last2 = Rai | first2 = Arti | last3 = Sali | first3 = Andrej | year = 2004| title = Finding Cures for Tropical Diseases: Is Open Source an Answer? | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 1 | issue = 3| pages = 183–186 | doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0010056 | pmid=15630466 | pmc=539047 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pearce | first1 = Joshua M. | year = 2012 | title = The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology | url =https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02120479/file/The_Case_for_Open_Source_Appropriate_Tec.pdf | journal = Environment, Development and Sustainability | volume = 14 | issue = 3| pages = 425–431 | doi = 10.1007/s10668-012-9337-9 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="buitenhuis">A. J. Buitenhuis, I. Zelenika and J. M. Pearce, "[http://nciia.org/sites/default/files/pearce.pdf Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development]", ''Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference: Open'', 25–27 March 2010, pp. 1–12.</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Grue |first=Amanda J. |title=An investigation into and recommendations for appropriate technology education |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |hdl=1721.1/69511 |year=2011 |type=Thesis}}</ref> Open source research for sustainable development is now becoming formalized with open access for literature reviews, research methods, data, results and summaries for laypeople.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pearce | first1 = Joshua M. | year = 2012| title = Open Source Research in Sustainability | url = https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/materials_fp/44| journal = Sustainability: The Journal of Record | volume = 5 | issue = 4| pages = 238–243 | doi = 10.1089/sus.2012.9944 }}</ref>

Wiki-based examples include: Appropedia, [[wikiversity:Wikiversity:Original research|Wikiversity]], [[Citizendium]], [[Scholarpedia]].

While first attempts towards opening research were primarily aimed at opening areas such as scientific data, methodologies, software and publications, now increasingly other artifacts of the scientific workflow are also tackled, such as scientific meta-data<ref>[http://OpenResearch.org Main Page – OpenResearch.org]</ref> and funding ideas.<ref>Auer, S.; Braun-Thürmann, H.: [http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~auer/publication/OpenScience.pdf Towards Bottom-Up, Stakeholder-Driven Research Funding – Open Source Funding, Open Peer Review.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034825/http://www.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/~auer/publication/OpenScience.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }}
In Peer Review Reviewed: The International Career of a Quality-control Instrument and New Challenges 24–25 April 2008, Social Science Research Center Berlin (WZB), Berlin.</ref>

In 2013, open research became more mainstream with web based platforms such as [[figshare]] continuing to grow in terms of users and publicly available outputs.<ref>Boyd, S: [http://research.gigaom.com/2013/12/tools-for-sharing-open-research-materials-zenodo-and-figshare/ Tools for sharing open research materials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630212709/http://research.gigaom.com/2013/12/tools-for-sharing-open-research-materials-zenodo-and-figshare/ |date=30 June 2015 }}
Gizmodo, 27 December 2013</ref>

The Transparency and Openness Promotion (TOP) Committee met in 2014 to address one key element of the incentive systems: journals' procedures and policies for publication. The committee consisted of disciplinary leaders, journal editors, funding agency representatives, and disciplinary experts largely from the social and behavioral sciences. By developing shared standards for open practices across journals, the committee said it hopes to translate scientific norms and values into concrete actions and change the current incentive structures to drive researchers' behavior toward more openness.<ref name="Science-Mag-2015-06-26" /> The committee said it sought to produce guidelines that (a) focus on the commonalities across disciplines, and that (b) define what aspects of the research process should be made available to the community to evaluate, critique, reuse, and extend. The committee added that the guidelines aim to help improve journal policies in order to help transparency, openness, and reproducibility "become more evident in daily practice and ultimately improve the public trust in science, and science itself."<ref name="Science-Mag-2015-06-26">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.aab2374|pmid=26113702|pmc=4550299|title=Promoting an open research culture|journal=Science|volume=348|issue=6242|pages=1422–1425|year=2015|last1=Nosek|first1=B. A.|last2=Alter|first2=G.|last3=Banks|first3=G. C.|last4=Borsboom|first4=D.|last5=Bowman|first5=S. D.|last6=Breckler|first6=S. J.|last7=Buck|first7=S.|last8=Chambers|first8=C. D.|last9=Chin|first9=G.|last10=Christensen|first10=G.|last11=Contestabile|first11=M.|last12=Dafoe|first12=A.|last13=Eich|first13=E.|last14=Freese|first14=J.|last15=Glennerster|first15=R.|last16=Goroff|first16=D.|last17=Green|first17=D. P.|last18=Hesse|first18=B.|last19=Humphreys|first19=M.|last20=Ishiyama|first20=J.|last21=Karlan|first21=D.|last22=Kraut|first22=A.|last23=Lupia|first23=A.|last24=Mabry|first24=P.|last25=Madon|first25=T.|last26=Malhotra|first26=N.|last27=Mayo-Wilson|first27=E.|last28=McNutt|first28=M.|last29=Miguel|first29=E.|last30=Paluck|first30=E. L.|display-authors=29|bibcode=2015Sci...348.1422N}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[Massive online open research]]
*[[Open science]]
*[[Open access]]
*[[Open education]]
*[[Open innovation]]
*[[Open notebook science]]
*[[Open peer review]]
*[[Science 2.0]]
*[[Science Commons]]
*[[Citizen science]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

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