View source for Oyster wave energy converter

{{Short description|Hydro-electric generator using wave energy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
The '''Oyster''' was a [[hydro-electric]] [[wave energy]] device that used the motion of ocean waves to generate [[electricity]]. It was made up of a Power Connector Frame (PCF), which is bolted to the seabed, and a Power Capture Unit (PCU). The PCU is a hinged buoyant flap that moves back and forth with movement of the waves. The movement of the flap drives two hydraulic pistons that feed high-pressured water to an onshore hydro-electric turbine, which drives a generator to make electricity. Oyster was stationed at the [[European Marine Energy Centre]] (EMEC) at its Billia Croo site in [[Orkney]], Scotland until the company ceased trading in 2015.

Aquamarine Power installed Oyster at the EMEC in August 2009. On 20 November 2009, Oyster was officially launched and connected to the [[National Grid (UK)]] by the [[First Minister of Scotland]], [[Alex Salmond]].<ref name="oyster1">[http://www.aquamarinepower.com/technologies/oyster-1 "Oyster 1".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129195443/http://www.aquamarinepower.com/technologies/oyster-1/ |date=29 November 2010 }} Aquamarine Power. Retrieved 2011-01-24</ref>

Development work was started to build a more efficient and powerful second-generation device, Oyster 2.<ref name="oyster1"/>

==History==
Oyster was developed by Edinburgh-based [[Aquamarine Power]], a company that focuses on wave energy. The concept originated from research at [[Queen's University, Belfast]], led by professor Trevor Whittaker, Head of the Wave Power Research Centre at Queen's.<ref name="Queens">[http://www.qub.ac.uk/home/TheUniversity/GeneralServices/News/ArchivesPressReleases-CampusNews/2009PressReleases/02-2009PressReleases/#d.en.137560 "Queen's Energy Partnership Makes Waves for UK"]. Queen's University Belfast. Retrieved 2011-01-31</ref> Aquamarine Power also teamed up with Renewable Technology Ventures Ltd (STVL),<ref name="scottish-southern.co.uk">[http://www.scottish-southern.co.uk/SSEInternet/uploadedFiles/SSE_CaseStudy_AquaMarinePower.pdf "Investment Case Study: Aquamarine Power Limited"]. Scottish and Southern Energy. Retrieved 2011-01-31</ref> a subsidiary of [[Scottish and Southern Energy]] (SEE), to fund the Oyster project. Aquamarine Power was able to secure a £6.3m investment from Scottish Enterprise. In addition, Scottish Enterprises awarded Aquamarine Power a £3.15 million grant from the Wave and Tidal Energy: Research, Development and Demonstration Support fund (WATERS).<ref>[http://www.scottish-enterprise.com/news/2010/07/waters-grants-announced.aspx "Winners of WATERS Grant Announced". Scottish Enterprise. Retrieved 2011-01-31]</ref> Aquamarine Power also received £1.5m from Sigma Capital Group plc.<ref name="minister">[http://www.aquamarinepower.com/news-and-events/news/latest-news/view/112/scotland-s-first-minister-launches-oyster "Scotland's First Minister Launches Oyster"]. Aquamarine Power -- News and Events. Retrieved 2011-02-02</ref> Altogether, Aquamarine Power was able to raise £11 million to stage this project.<ref name="sunday times">Jones, Peter. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/article6926321.ece "Wave Machine to Power Homes"]. The Sunday Times (UK). Retrieved 2011-02-01</ref>

In June 2009, Aquamarine Power signed a £2.5 million contract with Fugro Seacore to install the Oyster device at the [[European Marine Energy Centre]] test site at Billia Croo. Oyster was installed 400 metres offshore, west of the Orkney mainland, in 12 metre-deep water.<ref name="seacore"/> Oyster was installed in August 2009; however it was officially launched on 20 November 2009 by the [[First Minister of Scotland]], [[Alex Salmond]]. That same day, Oyster was connected the [[National Grid (UK)]] and began generating electricity.<ref name="minister"/>

Aquamarine Power hoped to commercialize Oyster and signed an agreement with Scottish and Southern Energy to develop up to 1000MW of wave farms by 2020.<ref name="sunday times"/> However, the test programme ended in 2015, when the company failed to find investors and ceased trading.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-scotland-business-34901133|title=Jobs lost as wave energy firm Aquamarine Power folds|publisher=BBC News|date=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Operation==
Oyster harnessed the energy of near-shore ocean waves; it was designed to operate in water 10 to 12 metres deep. The Oyster is made up of a Power Connector Frame (PCF) and a Power Capture Unit (PCU). The 36-ton PCF is bolted to the [[seabed]] by 1-by-4 meter [[concrete piles]] that are drilled 14 metres deep into the seabed. The PCF requires careful and accurate positioning and leveling to compensate for the uneven, rocky seabed. The PCU is a 200-ton, 18-by-12-by-4 metre buoyant flap that is hinged to the PCF. In order to lower the PCU into the water to hinge it to the PCF, 120 tons of seawater must be pumped into ballast tanks within the PCU to provide sufficient negative buoyancy to aid its descent into the water. The PCU is almost entirely submerged underwater; only 2 metres of the device poke above the water. The PCU sways back and forth with the movement of the waves,<ref name="seacore">[http://www.seacore.com/News/Oysternews "Oyster Wave Energy Converter Installation"]. Fugro Seacore. Retrieved 2011-01-01</ref> and this movement of the flap drives two [[hydraulic]] [[piston]]s that pump high-pressured water through three sub-sea pipeline to an onshore [[hydro-electric]] [[water turbine]]. The turbine then drives a 315&nbsp;kW [[electrical generator]], which converts the wave energy into electricity.<ref name="tech profile">[http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydrokinetic/information.aspx?type=tech&id=53268cd8-74be-4a4c-bc7a-851e93bc0d06 "Technology Profile".] US Department of Energy. Retrieved 2011-01-26</ref>

The [[European Marine Energy Centre]] classifies Oyster as an Oscillating Wave Surge Converter:

{{block indent|left=1.5|1=''This device extracts the energy caused by wave surges and the movement of water particles within them. The arm oscillates as a pendulum mounted on a pivoted joint in response to the movement of water in the waves.''<ref>[http://www.emec.org.uk/wave_energy_devices.asp " Wave Energy Devices"]. European Marine Energy Centre. Retrieved 2011-01-29</ref>}}

==Potential==
There are several advantages to using a device like the Oyster:
* Oyster itself has few moving parts underwater. Its simplicity allows for survivability: in extreme weather conditions, Oyster's hinged flap can simply move and duck under large waves.<ref name="how">[http://www.aquamarinepower.com/technologies/ "Oyster Wave Power -- How It Works"]. Aquamarine Power. Retrieved 2011-01-25</ref>
* Because all of Oyster's electrical components are located onshore, the hydro-electric generator is accessible for maintenance 24/7. The actual Oyster device is near shore, making it easily accessible, as well.<ref name="how"/>
* Oyster used renewable energy from ocean waves to generates clean, zero-emission electricity. This minimizes the environmental risks involved compared to electricity that is produced from fossil fuels. The Carbon Trust estimated that each Oyster device can avoid over 500 tons of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere annually.<ref name="new design">Bayani, Oliver M. [http://www.ecoseed.org/en/water-power/wave-and-tidal-energy/article/64-wave-and-tidal-energy/7199-new-oyster-design-promises-more-wave-energy-output "New Oyster Device Promises More Wave Energy Output"]. Ecoseed. Retrieved 2011-02-01</ref>
* Aquamarine Power estimated that a farm of 20 Oyster units could produce enough energy to power 9,000 homes.<ref name="new design"/>
* According to the Aquamarine Power's CEO Martin McAdam:

{{blockquote|A successful Oyster project would unlock £3-4 million of capital expenditure per MW installed, of which a significant proportion would be invested in the Orkney economy.  A commercial wave farm could therefore represent a significant boost to the local economy and would provide long-term skilled jobs for local residents. Ongoing operations and maintenance would generate a further £150,000 per annum to the local economy.|source=<ref name="economy">[http://www.aquamarinepower.com/news-and-events/news/latest-news/view/111/oyster-generates-1m-for-orkney-economy/ "Oyster Generates £1M for Orkney Economy"]. Aquamarine Power --News and Events. Retrieved 2011-01-30.</ref>}}

{{block indent|left=1.5|1=It was estimated in2008 that advances in the marine energy industry could provide as many as 12,500 jobs, contributing £2.5 billion to the UK economy by 2020.<ref name="economy"/>}}

*Aquamarine Power hoped to commercialize and expand the Oyster technology. Ronan Doherty, Chief Technical Officer of Aquamarine Power, found that coastlines off Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Britain, United States, South Africa, Australia and Chile have great wave energy potential and would be ideal places to install Oyster. Doherty predicted that the Oyster market has a £50 billion potential.<ref name="new design" />

==Challenges==
There are also many disadvantages to using a device like the Oyster:

* The installation and production of Oyster is difficult and expensive.
**Oyster weighs over 200 tons; it must be carried out to sea in a large flat-top barge and installed in several stages. First, the PCF is lowered and bolted in the seabed, and it must be accurately positioned and leveled to compensate for the uneven seabed. Then, 120 tons of seawater must be pumped into ballast tanks within the PCU to provide sufficient negative buoyancy to aid its descent into the water to be hinged to the PCF. This complex process involves employing many workers and using expensive equipment.<ref name="seacore"/>
**To deploy more Oyster units, new cables will be needed to install the devices into the National Grid.<ref name="renewable energy">[http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/7047/aquamarine-power-51m-for-wave-device-oyster-2/ "Aquamarine Power: £5.1m for wave device Oyster 2"]. Renewable Energy Focus. Retrieved 2011-01-25</ref>
* Oyster's offshore turbine and generator can produce [[noise pollution]], thereby disturbing onshore wildlife. However, most of this noise is expected to be masked by the surrounding noise generated by the wind and waves.<ref name="cruz">Cruz, Joao (2008). ''Ocean Wave Energy: Current Status and Future Perspectives'', pp.&nbsp;409–411. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. {{ISBN|978-3-540-74894-6}}</ref>
* The installation and operation of the Oyster could interfere with marine mammal life and fish life. The movement of the Oyster device produces underwater noise and vibrations. The noise can mask natural sounds (thus disturbing communication between marine wildlife), produce stress, and cause hearing loss in marine species.<ref name="cruz"/>
* Deploying several Oyster units could result in loss of habitat for marine species.<ref name="cruz"/>

==Oyster Version 2==
An improved second-generation Oyster device was developed; the Oyster 2 or Oyster 800 referring to its 800&nbsp;kW rated capacity. In December 2010, Aquamarine Power signed a £4 million contract with Scotland's leading fabrication contractor Burntisland Fabrications Ltd (BiFab).<ref name="bifab">[http://www.aquamarinepower.com/news-and-events/news/latest-news/view/162/aquamarine-power-awards-4-million-oyster-2-contract-to-bifab/ "Aquamarine Power Awards £4 million Oyster 2 Contract to BiFab"]. Aquamarine Power – News and Events. Retrieved 2011-01-30</ref> BiFab began manufacturing Oyster 2 at its manufacturing plant in [[Methil, Fife]], Scotland,<ref name="bifab"/> and the device was grid connected at the [[European Marine Energy Centre]] in June 2012 where testing continued until 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aquamarine Power : EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/wave-clients/aquamarine-power/ |access-date=2023-11-25 |language=en}}</ref>

Aquamarine Power secured funding from many sources for the development of Oyster 2:

*In February 2010, Aquamarine Power received a grant of £5.1 million from the Marine Renewables Proving Fund (MRPF), which is funded by the United Kingdom's [[Department of Energy and Climate Change]] and managed by the [[Carbon Trust]].<ref name="oyster2">[http://www.aquamarinepower.com/technologies/oyster-2/ "Oyster 2"]. Aquamarine Power. Retrieved 2011-01-25</ref>
*Renewable Technology Ventures Ltd (STVL),<ref name="scottish-southern.co.uk"/> a subsidiary of [[Scottish and Southern Energy]] (SEE), has invested an additional £2.7 million, bringing its total investment in Aquamarine Power to £19.8 million over the last three years.<ref name="sse">[http://www.scottish-southern.co.uk/SSEInternet/index.aspx?id=23488&terms=oyster+2&searchtype=1&fragment=True "Investment in Aquamarine Power"]. Scottish and Southern Energy. Retrieved 2011-01-31</ref>
*[[ABB Group|ABB]], the automation and power technology company, has invested £8 million in Aquamarine Power.<ref name="sse"/>

Oyster 800 employed the same basic technology of the original Oyster; however, it will feature a different shape that will maximize the amount of energy that the device is able to capture from the waves.<ref name="oyster2"/> The original plan was for three 800&nbsp;kW flaps that will all be linked to one pipeline leading to an onshore 2.4 MW hydro-electric generator.<ref name="oyster2"/> However, only one flap was installed. The flap measured 26 metres, making it 50% larger than the original Oyster.<ref name="bifab"/> Aquamarine Power estimated that a small farm of 20 Oyster 2 devices would be capable of supplying enough electricity for over 12,000 homes, compared to the 9,000 homes the original Oyster is capable of powering.<ref name="smart planet">Nusca, Andrew. [http://www.smartplanet.com/business/blog/smart-takes/aquamarine-powers-oyster-2-can-it-help-wave-energy-go-commercial/7376/ "Aquamarine Power's Oyster 2: Can It Help Wave Energy Go Commercial?"] Smart Planet. Retrieved 2011-01-27</ref>

At the European Marine Energy Centre's Billia Croo site, a single Oyster 800 rated at 800&nbsp;kW was grid-connected in June 2012 and was tested until 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/wave-clients/aquamarine-power/|title = Aquamarine Power : EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre}}</ref> By mid 2014 the Oyster 800 had completed 20,000 hours of operation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aquamarinepower.com/news/successful-cylinder-removal-marks-start-of-oyster-800-summer-overhaul.aspx|title = AMP| date=17 October 2021 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Scotland|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
*[[Aquamarine Power]]
*[[European Marine Energy Centre]]
*[[Hydropower]]
*[[Marine energy]]
*[[Queen's University Belfast]]
*[[Wave power]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Aquamarine Power http://www.aquamarinepower.com/
*Aquamarine Power on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/aquamarinepowerltd
*European Marine Energy Centre http://www.emec.org.uk
*Scottish and Southern Energy http://www.scottish-southern.co.uk/SSEInternet/
*Queen's University Belfast http://www.qub.ac.uk/

{{Sustainable development in Scotland}}
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[[Category:Renewable energy technology]]
[[Category:Wave farms in Scotland]]
[[Category:Electrical generators]]
[[Category:Power station technology]]
[[Category:2009 introductions]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Scotland]]