View source for RKM code

{{Short description|Notation to specify resistor and capacitor values}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=December 2021}}
The '''RKM code''',<ref name="IEC_60062_2016"/> also referred to as "letter and numeral code for [[electrical resistance|resistance]] and [[capacitance]] values and [[Electrical component tolerance|tolerance]]s",<ref name="IEC_60062_2016"/> "letter and digit code for resistance and capacitance values and tolerances",<ref name="IEC_60062_2004"/><ref name="IET_2016"/> or informally as "R notation"<ref name="Huster_2003"/><ref name="VAJ_2016"/><ref name="SE_2016"/><ref name="Bahn_2017"/><ref name="SQA_2018"/><ref name="PE"/> is a notation to specify [[resistor]] and [[capacitor]] values defined in the international standard [[International Electrotechnical Commission|IEC]]&nbsp;60062 (formerly IEC&nbsp;62) since 1952. Other standards including [[Deutsches Institut für Normung|DIN]]&nbsp;40825 (1973), [[British Standard|BS]]&nbsp;1852 (1975),<ref name="BS_1852_1975"/> [[Indian Standard|IS]]&nbsp;8186 (1976), and [[Euronorm|EN]]&nbsp;60062 (1993) have also accepted it. The updated IEC&nbsp;60062:2016,<ref name="IEC_60062_2016"/> amended in 2019, comprises the most recent release of the standard.

==Overview==
Originally meant also as part marking code, this shorthand notation is widely used in [[electrical engineering]] to denote the values of resistors and capacitors in [[circuit diagram]]s and in the production of [[electronic circuit]]s (for example in [[bills of material]] and in [[silk screen]]s). This method avoids overlooking the [[decimal separator]], which may not be rendered reliably on components or when duplicating documents.

The standards also define a ''[[color code for fixed resistors]]''.

==Part value code==
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Examples of resistance values<ref name="ETB_2010"/>
|-
| R47
| 0.47 ohm
|-
| 4R7
| 4.7 ohm
|-
| 470R
| 470 ohm
|-
| 4K7
| 4.7 kilohm
|-
| 47K
| 47 kilohm
|-
| 47K3
| 47.3 kilohm
|-
| 470K
| 470 kilohm
|-
| 4M7
| 4.7 megohm
|-
|}
For brevity, the notation omits to always specify the unit ([[ohm]] or [[farad]]) explicitly and instead relies on implicit knowledge raised from the usage of specific letters either only for resistors or for capacitors,<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-M"/> the case used (uppercase letters are typically used for resistors, lowercase letters for capacitors),<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-Case"/> a part's appearance, and the context.

The notation also avoids using a [[decimal separator]] and replaces it by a letter associated with the prefix symbol for the particular value.<ref group="nb" name="NB_DecimalSeparator"/>

This is not only for brevity (for example when printed on the part or PCB), but also to circumvent the problem that decimal separators tend to "disappear" when [[photocopy]]ing printed circuit diagrams.

Another advantage is the easier sortability of values which helps to optimize the [[bill of materials]] by combining similar part values to improve maintainability and reduce costs.<ref group="nb" name="NB_Sortability"/>

The code letters are loosely related to the corresponding [[SI prefix]], but there are several exceptions, where the capitalization differs or alternative letters are used.

For example, <code>8K2</code> indicates a resistor value of 8.2&nbsp;kΩ. Additional zeros imply tighter tolerance, for example <code>15M0</code>.

When the value can be expressed without the need for a prefix, an "R" is used instead of the decimal separator. For example, <code>1R2</code> indicates 1.2&nbsp;Ω, and <code>18R</code> indicates 18&nbsp;Ω.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Code letter
! colspan="2"|[[SI prefix]]
! colspan="2"|Multiplier<ref name="Tooley_2011"/>
|-
! Resistance <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[ohm (unit)|Ω]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
! Capacitance <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[farad (unit)|F]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>
! Name
! Symbol
! Base 10
! Value
|-
| —
| p (P<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-Case"/>)
| pico
| p
| × 10<sup>−12</sup>
| × {{val|0.000000000001}}
|-
| —
| n (N<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-Case"/>)
| nano
| n
| × 10<sup>−9</sup>
| × {{val|0.000000001}}
|-
| —
| µ (u, U<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-Case"/>)
| micro
| µ
| × 10<sup>−6</sup>
| × {{val|0.000001}}
|-
| L
| m&nbsp;(M<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-M"/><ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-Case"/>)
| milli
| m
| × 10<sup>−3</sup>
| × {{val|0.001}}
|-
| R (E<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-E"/>)
| F
| —
| —
| × 10<sup>0</sup>
| × {{val|1}}
|-
| K (k<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-k"/>)
| —
| kilo
| k
| × 10<sup>3</sup>
| × {{val|1000}}
|-
| M<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-M"/>
| —
| mega
| M
| × 10<sup>6</sup>
| × {{val|1000000}}
|-
| G
| —
| giga
| G
| × 10<sup>9</sup>
| × {{val|1000000000}}
|-
| T
| —
| tera
| T
| × 10<sup>12</sup>
| × {{val|1000000000000}}
|}

For ''resistances'', the standard dictates the use of the uppercase letters <code>L</code> (for 10<sup>−3</sup>), <code>R</code> (for 10<sup>0</sup> = 1), <code>K</code> (for 10<sup>3</sup>), <code>M</code> (for 10<sup>6</sup>), and <code>G</code> (for 10<sup>9</sup>) to be used instead of the decimal point.

The usage of the letter <code>R</code> instead of the SI unit symbol Ω for ohms stems from the fact that the Greek letter Ω is absent from most older [[character encoding]]s (though it is present in the now-ubiquitous [[Unicode]]) and therefore is sometimes impossible to reproduce, in particular in some CAD/CAM environments. The letter <code>R</code> was chosen because visually it loosely resembles the Ω glyph, and also because it works nicely as a [[mnemonic]] for ''r''esistance in many languages.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

The letters <code>G</code> and <code>T</code> weren't part of the first issue of the standard, which pre-dates the introduction of the [[SI system]] (hence the name "RKM code"), but were added after the adoption of the corresponding SI prefixes.

The introduction of the letter <code>L</code> in more recent issues of the standard (instead of an [[SI prefix]] <code>m</code> for [[milli-|milli]]) is justified to maintain the rule of only using uppercase letters for resistances (the otherwise resulting <code>M</code> was already in use for [[mega-|mega]]).

Similar, the standard prescribes the following lowercase letters for ''capacitances'' to be used instead of the decimal point: <code>p</code> (for 10<sup>−12</sup>), <code>n</code> (for 10<sup>−9</sup>), <code>µ</code> (for 10<sup>−6</sup>), <code>m</code> (for 10<sup>−3</sup>), but uppercase <code>F</code> (for 10<sup>0</sup> = 1) for [[farad]].

The letters <code>p</code> and <code>n</code> weren't part of the first issue of the standard, but were added after the adoption of the corresponding SI prefixes.

In cases where the Greek letter <code>µ</code> is not available, the standard allows it to be replaced by <code>u</code> (or <code>U</code>, when only uppercase letters are available). This usage of <code>u</code> instead of <code>µ</code> is also in line with [[ISO 2955]] (1974,<ref name="ISO_2955-1974"/> 1983<ref name="ISO_2955-1983"/>), [[DIN 66030]] (Vornorm 1973;<ref name="Vornorm_DIN_66030_1973"/> 1980,<ref name="DIN_66030_1980"/><ref name="Computerwoche_1981_DIN"/> 2002<ref name="DIN_66030:2002-05"/>), [[BS 6430]] (1983) and [[Health Level 7]] (HL7),<ref name="HL7_2015"/> which allow the prefix <code>μ</code> to be substituted by the letter <code>u</code> (or <code>U</code>) in circumstances in which only the [[Latin alphabet]] is available.

Several manufacturers of resistors utilize the RKM code as part of the components' [[manufacturer's part number]]s (MPNs).<ref name="Yageo_2022"/><ref name="Vishay_2023"/>

===Similar codes===
<!-- There are several non-standard variants of the code used in real life, and also some SMD marking codes which loosely resemble this IEC 60062 code. They should better be mentioned elsewhere (perhaps in the resistor article? but could at least be mentioned here as well. -->
Though non-standard, some manufacturers also use the RKM code to mark [[inductor]]s with "R" indicating the decimal point in [[microhenry]] (e.g. 4R7 for 4.7&nbsp;μH).<ref name="Eaton_2016"/><ref name="TDK_2022"/>

A similar non-standard notation using the unit symbol instead of a decimal separator is sometimes used to indicate [[voltage]]s (i.e. 0V8 for 0.8&nbsp;V, 1V8 for 1.8&nbsp;V, 3V3 for 3.3&nbsp;V or 5V0 for 5.0&nbsp;V<ref name="Sumida_2015"/><ref name="TI_2021"/><ref name="ST_2022"/>) in contexts where a decimal separator would be inappropriate (e.g. in signal or pin names, in [[file name]]s, or in [[label]]s or [[subscript]]s).

==Tolerance code==
Letter code for resistance and capacitance tolerances:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"|Code letter
! colspan="3"|Tolerance
|-
! rowspan="2"|Resistance
! rowspan="2"|Capacitance
! colspan="2"|Relative
! Absolute
|-
! Symmetrical
! Asymmetrical
! C <10&nbsp;pF only
|-
| A
| A
| variable (±0.05%<!-- not in IS 8186-1974 and GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->)
| variable
| variable
|-
| B
| B
| ±0.1%
| {{N/A}}
| ±0.1&nbsp;pF| 
|-
| C
| C
| ±0.25%
| {{N/A}}
| ±0.25&nbsp;pF
|-
| D
| D
| ±0.5%
| {{N/A}}
| ±0.5&nbsp;pF
|-
| E<!-- in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| 
| ±0.005%<!-- in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
| F
| F
| ±1.0%
| {{N/A}}
| ±1.0&nbsp;pF 
|-
| G
| G<!-- not in IS 8186-1974, but in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| ±2.0%
| {{N/A}}
| ±2.0&nbsp;pF<!-- not in IS 8186-1974, but in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
|-
| H<!-- in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| H<!-- in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| ±3.0%<!-- in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
| J
| J
| ±5.0%
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
| K
| K
| ±10%
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
| L<!-- in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| 
| ±0.01%<!-- in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
| M
| M 
| ±20%
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
| N
| 
| ±30%
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
| P<!-- in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| 
| ±0.02%<!-- in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 
| Q
| {{N/A}}
| −10/+30%
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 
| S
| {{N/A}}
| −20/+50%
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 
| T
| {{N/A}}
| −10/+50%
| {{N/A}}
|-
| W<!-- in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| 
| ±0.05%<!-- in GOST IEC 60062-2014 -->
| {{N/A}}
| {{N/A}}
|-
| 
| Z
| {{N/A}}
| −20/+80%
| {{N/A}}
|}

Before the introduction of the RKM code, some of the letters for symmetrical tolerances (viz. G, J, K, M) were already used in US military contexts following the [[American War Standard]] (AWS) and [[Joint Army-Navy]] Specifications (JAN) since the mid-1940s.<ref name="FTRC_1946"/>

=={{anchor|Temperature code}}Temperature coefficient code==

Letter codes for the [[temperature coefficient of resistance]] (TCR):

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Code letter
! [[Parts-per notation#Parts-per expressions|ppm]]/K
|-
| K
| 1
|-
| L
| 2
|-
| M
| 5
|-
| N
| 10
|-
| P
| 15
|-
| Q
| 25
|-
| R
| 50
|-
| S
| 100
|-
| U
| 250
|-
| Z
| other
|}

==Production date codes==
===Twenty-year cycle code===
* First character: Year of production in twenty-year cycle<ref group="nb" name="NB_AmbiguousLetters"/>
** A = 2030,<ref name="Iskra_2018"/><ref name="Magnetec_2018"/> 2010,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/><ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/> 1990,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1970<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** B = 2031,<ref name="Magnetec_2018"/> 2011,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/><ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/> 1991,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1971<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** C = 2032,<ref name="Magnetec_2018"/> 2012,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/><ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/> 1992,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1972<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** D = 2033,<ref name="Magnetec_2018"/> 2013,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/><ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/> 1993,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1973<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** E = 2034,<ref name="Magnetec_2018"/> 2014,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/><ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/> 1994,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1974<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** F = 2035,<ref name="Magnetec_2018"/> 2015,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/><ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/> 1995,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1975<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** H = 2036,<ref name="Magnetec_2018"/> 2016,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 1996,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1976<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** J = 2037,<ref name="Magnetec_2018"/> 2017,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 1997,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1977<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** K = 2038,<ref name="Magnetec_2018"/> 2018,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 1998,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1978<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** L = 2039,<ref name="Magnetec_2018"/> 2019,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 1999,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1979<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** M = 2020,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 2000,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1980<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** N = 2021,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 2001,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1981<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** P = 2022,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 2002,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1982<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** R = 2023,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 2003,<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1983<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** S = 2024,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 2004,<ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/><ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1984<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** T = 2025,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 2005,<ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/><ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1985<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** U = 2026,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 2006,<ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/> 1986<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** V = 2027,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 2007,<ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/><ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1987<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** W = 2028,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 2008,<ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/><ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1988<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
** X = 2029,<ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref name="Iskra_2018"/> 2009,<ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes"/><ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> 1989<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/>
* Second character: Month of production<ref name="Iskra_2018"/><ref name="Magnetec_2018"/><ref name="Kemet_2021"/><ref group="nb" name="NB_AmbiguousInitials"/>
** 1 to 9 = January to September
** O = October
** N = November
** D = December

Example: J8 = August 2017 (or August 1997)

Some <!-- at least (former) East-German -->manufacturers also used the production date code as a stand-alone code to indicate the production date of integrated circuits.<ref name="Robotron_2021"/>

Some manufacturers specify a three-character date code with a two-digit week number following the year letter.<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>

IEC 60062<!-- at least since 6.0 2016 --> also specifies a four-character <!-- twenty-year cycle --> year/week code.<!-- Details TBD -->

===Ten-year cycle code===
<!-- Newer issues of IEC 60062 (at least since 6.0 2016) also specify a two-character ten-year cycle year/month code. The following info however is based on the Isabellenhütte PDF and still needs to be compared with the IEC 60062 definition. -->
* First character: Year of production in ten-year cycle<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
** 0 = 2020<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
** 1 = 2021<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
** 2 = 2022,<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/> 2012<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
** 3 = 2023,<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/> 2013<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
** 4 = 2024,<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/> 2014<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
** 5 = 2025,<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/> 2015<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
** 6 = 2026,<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/> 2016<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
** 7 = 2017<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
** 8 = 2018<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
** 9 = 2019<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
* Second character: Month of production<ref name="ISA_Date_Code"/>
** 1 to 9 = January to September
** X = October
** Y = November
** Z = December

Example: 78 = August 2017

IEC 60062<!-- at least since 6.0 2016 --> also specifies a four-character <!-- ten-year cycle --> year/week code.<!-- Details TBD -->

===Four-year cycle code===
IEC&nbsp;60062<!-- at least since IEC 60062:2004 (5.0), possibly even since IEC 62:1992 (4.0) or IEC 62:1992/AMD1:1995. (4.1) --> also specifies a single-character four-year cycle year/month code.<ref group="nb" name="NB_AmbiguousLetters2"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:2em;"
!Year
!Month
!Letter
|- style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="12"|1993<br/>1997<br/>2001<br/>2005<br/>2009<br/>2013<br/>2017<br/>2021
|1
|A
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|B
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3
|C
|- style="text-align:center;"
|4
|D
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5
|E
|- style="text-align:center;"
|6
|F
|- style="text-align:center;"
|7
|G
|- style="text-align:center;"
|8
|H
|- style="text-align:center;"
|9
|J
|- style="text-align:center;"
|10
|K
|- style="text-align:center;"
|11
|L
|- style="text-align:center;"
|12
|M
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:2em;"
!Year
!Month
!Letter
|- style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="12"|1994<br/>1998<br/>2002<br/>2006<br/>2010<br/>2014<br/>2018<br/>2022
|1
|N
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|P
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3
|Q
|- style="text-align:center;"
|4
|R
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5
|S
|- style="text-align:center;"
|6
|T
|- style="text-align:center;"
|7
|U
|- style="text-align:center;"
|8
|V
|- style="text-align:center;"
|9
|W
|- style="text-align:center;"
|10
|X
|- style="text-align:center;"
|11
|Y
|- style="text-align:center;"
|12
|Z
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:2em;"
!Year
!Month
!Letter
|- style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="12"|1995<br/>1999<br/>2003<br/>2007<br/>2011<br/>2015<br/>2019<br/>2023
|1
|a
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|b
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3
|c
|- style="text-align:center;"
|4
|d
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5
|e
|- style="text-align:center;"
|6
|f
|- style="text-align:center;"
|7
|g
|- style="text-align:center;"
|8
|h
|- style="text-align:center;"
|9
|j
|- style="text-align:center;"
|10
|k
|- style="text-align:center;"
|11
|l
|- style="text-align:center;"
|12
|m
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:2em;"
!Year
!Month
!Letter
|- style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan="12"|1996<br/>2000<br/>2004<br/>2008<br/>2012<br/>2016<br/>2020<br/>2024
|1
|n
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2
|p
|- style="text-align:center;"
|3
|q
|- style="text-align:center;"
|4
|r
|- style="text-align:center;"
|5
|s
|- style="text-align:center;"
|6
|t
|- style="text-align:center;"
|7
|u
|- style="text-align:center;"
|8
|v
|- style="text-align:center;"
|9
|w
|- style="text-align:center;"
|10
|x
|- style="text-align:center;"
|11
|y
|- style="text-align:center;"
|12
|z
|}
{{clear}}

==Marking codes for E series preferred values==
===Three-character resistor marking code===
For resistances following the ([[E48 series (preferred numbers)|E48]] or) [[E96 series (preferred numbers)|E96 series]] of preferred values, the former EIA-96 as well as IEC&nbsp;60062:2016 define a ''[[special three-character marking code for resistors]]'' to be used on small parts. The code consists of two digits denoting one of the "positions" in the series of E96 values followed by a letter indicating the multiplier.

===Two-character capacitor marking code===
For capacitances following the ([[E3 series (preferred numbers)|E3]], [[E6 series (preferred numbers)|E6]], [[E12 series (preferred numbers)|E12]] or) [[E24 series (preferred numbers)|E24 series]] of preferred values, the former ANSI/EIA-198-D:1991, ANSI/EIA-198-1-E:1998 and ANSI/EIA-198-1-F:2002 as well as the amendment IEC&nbsp;60062:2016/AMD1:2019 to IEC&nbsp;60062 define a ''[[special two-character marking code for capacitors]]'' for very small parts which leave no room to print any longer codes onto them. The code consists of an uppercase letter denoting the two significant digits of the value followed by a digit indicating the multiplier. The EIA standard also defines a number of lowercase letters to specify a number of values not found in E24.<ref name="SIST-EN60062-A1_2019"/>

==Corresponding standards==
* IEC 62:1952 (aka IEC 60062:1952), first edition, 1952-01-01
* IEC 62:1968 (aka IEC 60062:1968), second edition, 1968-01-01
* IEC 62:1968/AMD1:1968 (aka IEC 60062:1968/AMD1:1968), amended second edition, 1968-12-31
* IEC 62:1974 (aka IEC 60062:1974)<ref name="IEC_62_1974"/>
* IEC 62:1974/AMD1:1988 (aka IEC 60062:1974/AMD1:1988), amended third edition, 1988-04-30
* IEC 62:1974/AMD2:1989 (aka IEC 60062:1974/AMD2:1989), amended third edition, 1989-01-01
* IEC 62:1992 (aka IEC 60062:1992), fourth edition, 1992-03-15
* IEC 62:1992/AMD1:1995 (aka IEC 60062:1992/AMD1:1995), amended fourth edition, 1995-06-19
* IEC 60062:2004 (fifth edition, 2004-11-08)<ref name="IEC_60062_2004"/>
* IEC 60062:2016 (sixth edition, 2016-07-12)<ref name="IEC_60062_2016"/>
* IEC 60062:2016/COR1:2016 (corrected sixth edition, 2016-12-05)
* IEC 60062:2016/AMD1:2019 (amendment 1, 2019-08-20)
* IEC 60062:2016+AMD1:2019 CSV (consolidated version 6.1, 2019-08-20)
* EN 60062:1993
* EN 60062:1994 (1994-10)
* EN 60062:2005
* EN 60062:2016
* EN 60062:2016/AC:2016-12 (corrected edition)
* EN 60062:2016/A1:2019 (amendment 1)
* BS 1852:1975<ref name="BS_1852_1975"/> (related to IEC 60062:1974)
* BS EN 60062:1994<ref name="BS_EN_60062_1994"/>
* BS EN 60062:2005<ref name="BS_EN_60062_2005"/>
* BS EN 60062:2016<ref name="BS_EN_60062_2016"/>
* DIN 40825:1973-04 (capacitor/resistor value code), DIN 41314:1975-12 (date code)
* DIN IEC 62:1985-12 (aka DIN IEC 60062:1985-12)
* DIN IEC 62:1989-10 (aka DIN IEC 60062:1989-10)
* DIN IEC 62:1990-11 (aka DIN IEC 60062:1990-11)
* DIN IEC 62:1993-03 (aka DIN IEC 60062:1993-03)
* DIN EN 60062:1997-09
* DIN EN 60062:2001-11
* DIN EN 60062:2005-11
* DIN EN 60062:2017-06
* DIN EN 60062:2020-03
* ČSN EN 60062
* DS/EN 60062
<!-- *DS/EN 60062:2016 -->
* EVS-EN 60062
<!-- *EVS-EN 60062:2016 -->
* (GOST) ГОСТ IEC 60062-2014<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014"/> (related to IEC 60062-2004)
* ILNAS-EN 60062
<!-- *ILNAS-EN 60062:1993 -->
* I.S. EN 60062
<!-- *I.S. EN 60062:2005 -->
* NEN EN IEC 60062
* NF EN 60062
* ÖVE/ÖNORM EN 60062
* PN-EN 60062
<!-- *PN-EN 60062:2000 -->
* prМКС EN 60062
<!-- *prМКС EN 60062:2016 -->
* SN EN 60062
* TS 2932 EN 60062
* UNE-EN 60062
<!-- *UNE-EN 60062:2005 -->
* BIS IS 4114-1967<!-- Coded Markings Of Values Of Capacitance And Resistance By Letters And Digits -->
* IS 8186-1976<ref name="IS_8186_1976"/> (related to IEC 62:1974)<!-- supersedes IS 825-1956 (color code) and IS 4114-1967 (Coded markings of values, capacitance and resistance by letters and digits) -->
* JIS C 5062, JIS C 60062
* TGL 31667<ref name="TGl31667"/>

==See also==
* [[Electronic color code]]
* [[SI prefix]]
* [[Metric prefix]]
* [[Engineering notation]]
* [[E notation]]
* [[Cifrão]] (a similar scheme for a currency)
* [[Fermata]] (a remotely similar musical notation)

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="nb"|refs=
<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-M">The letter <code>M</code> was an exception to the rule that all different letters are supposed to be used for resistances and capacitances. Today, a lowercase letter <code>m</code> should be used for capacitances whenever possible to avoid confusion.</ref>
<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-Case">In old issues of the IEC 60062 standard, uppercase Latin letters were not only used for resistances, but also for capacitance values, whereas newer issues specifically use lowercase letters for capacitors (except for the special case of <code>F</code>).</ref>
<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-k">The IEC 60062 standard prescribes the usage of an uppercase Latin letter <code>K</code> only, however, a lowercase <code>k</code> is nevertheless often seen in [[schematic]]s and [[bill of material|bills of material]]s probably because the corresponding [[SI prefix]] is defined as a lowercase <code>k</code>.</ref>
<ref group="nb" name="NB_Letter-E">The usage of the Latin letter <code>E</code> instead of <code>R</code> is not standardized in IEC 60062, but nevertheless sometimes seen in practice. It stems from the fact, that <code>R</code> is used in symbolic names for resistors as well, and it is also used in a similar fashion but with incompatible meaning in other part marking codes. It may therefore cause confusion in some contexts. Visually, the letter <code>E</code> loosely resembles a small Greek letter [[omega]] (ω) turned sideways. Historically (i.e. in pre-[[WWII]] documents), before [[ohm (unit)|ohm]]s were denoted using the uppercase Greek omega (Ω), a small omega (ω) was sometimes used for this purpose as well, as in 56<sup>ω</sup> for 56&nbsp;Ω. However, the letter <code>E</code> is conflictive with the similar looking but incompatible [[E notation]] in engineering, and it may therefore cause considerable confusion as well.<!--
* https://www.quora.com/What-does-1E-2E2-220E-4E7-470E-4K7-2K2-2M2-6K8-8K2-means-in-a-mixed-pack-of-resistor 
* http://www.edaboard.com/thread67699.html 
* http://learn.mikroe.com/ebooks/componentsofelectronicdevices/chapter/introduction-to-resistors/
* http://www.mantech.co.za/Stock.aspx?Query=1Eand
* https://www.altex.com/Velleman-E12-Series-Resistors-Pack-of-610-KRES-E12-P146405.aspx
--></ref>
<ref group="nb" name="NB_AmbiguousLetters">In order to reduce the risk for read errors, the letters <code>G</code> (<code>6</code>), <code>I</code> (<code>J</code>, <code>1</code>), <code>O</code> (<code>0</code>, <code>Q</code>, <code>D</code>), <code>Q</code> (<code>O</code>, <code>D</code>, <code>0</code>), <code>Y</code>, <code>Z</code> (<code>2</code>) are not used as their glyphs look similar to other letters and digits.</ref>
<ref group="nb" name="NB_AmbiguousLetters2">In order to reduce the risk for read errors, the letters <code>I</code>/<code>i</code> and <code>O</code>/<code>o</code> are not used as their glyphs look similar to other letters and digits.</ref>
<ref group="nb" name="NB_AmbiguousInitials">Due to the ambiguity of many month initials (<code>A</code>, <code>J</code>, <code>M</code>) the code for the most part uses digits. Since letter <code>O</code> is easily confused with digit <code>0</code>, the code is arranged so that the letter <code>O</code> is used for October, the tenth month, rather than for January.</ref>
<ref group="nb" name="NB_DecimalSeparator">As different [[decimal separator]]s are used depending on the locale (most commonly <code>.</code> and <code>,</code>), and these characters are also used as [[thousands separator]]s in some areas, avoiding to use decimal separators also has the advantage of not risking to become ambiguous in an international context.</ref>
<ref group="nb" name="NB_Sortability">Alphanumerically sorting part values in RKM notation results in sorted groups of nearby values. Within some limits, this makes it easier to identify and combine similar values within these groups in preparation of a [[bill of materials]] in order to rationalize part inventory, ease part procurement and safe costs. For example, sorting the following random part values (3.3&nbsp;kΩ, 4.7&nbsp;kΩ, 4.7&nbsp;MΩ, 3.6&nbsp;kΩ, 5.1&nbsp;kΩ, 3.3&nbsp;Ω, 1.0&nbsp;Ω, 5.6&nbsp;MΩ, 9.1&nbsp;kΩ) would conventionally result in a list like 1.0&nbsp;Ω, 3.3&nbsp;Ω, 3.3&nbsp;kΩ, 3.6&nbsp;kΩ, 4.7&nbsp;kΩ, 4.7&nbsp;MΩ, 5.1&nbsp;kΩ, 5.6&nbsp;MΩ, 9.1&nbsp;kΩ, but would result in 3K3, 3K6, 4K7, 5K1, 9K1, 4M7, 5M6, 1R0, 3R3 in RKM code, where it is easier to spot that the values 3.3&nbsp;kΩ and 3.6&nbsp;kΩ as well as 4.7&nbsp;kΩ and 5.1&nbsp;kΩ are, depending on application, close enough to be potentially subjects for optimization.</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="ISO_2955-1974">{{cite book |title=ISO 2955-1974: lnformation processing - Representations of SI and other units for use in systems with limited character sets |edition=1 |date=1974}}</ref>
<ref name="ISO_2955-1983">{{cite book |title=ISO 2955-1983: lnformation processing - Representations of SI and other units for use in systems with limited character sets |chapter=Table 2 |date=1983-05-15 |edition=2 |url=http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/4289384/ISO_2955-1983E_repr_of_SI_units_with_limited_char_sets.pdf?func=doc.Fetch&nodeid=4289384 |access-date=2016-12-14}} [http://www.bgu.ac.il/~averbukh/ISO_2955-1983E.pdf<!-- https://web.archive.org/web/20161214025341/http://www.bgu.ac.il/~averbukh/ISO_2955-1983E.pdf -->]</ref>
<ref name="Vornorm_DIN_66030_1973">{{cite book |title=Vornorm DIN 66030 |language=de |trans-title=Preliminary standard DIN 66030 |date=January 1973}}</ref>
<ref name="DIN_66030_1980">{{cite book |title=DIN 66030: Informationsverarbeitung - Darstellungen von Einheitennamen in Systemen mit beschränktem Schriftzeichenvorrat |language=de |trans-title=Information processing; representations for names of units to be used in systems with limited graphic character sets |publisher={{ill|Beuth Verlag|de}} |edition=1 |date=November 1980 |url=https://www.beuth.de/de/norm/din-66030/2309434 |access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref>
<ref name="Computerwoche_1981_DIN">{{cite journal|title=Neue Normen für die Informationsverarbeitung |language=de |journal=[[Computerwoche]] |date=1981-01-09 |url=http://www.computerwoche.de/a/neue-normen-fuer-die-informationsverarbeitung,1184901 |access-date=2016-12-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214025700/http://www.computerwoche.de/a/neue-normen-fuer-die-informationsverarbeitung%2C1184901 |archive-date=2016-12-14}}</ref>
<ref name="DIN_66030:2002-05">{{cite book |title=DIN 66030:2002-05 - Informationstechnik - Darstellung von Einheitennamen in Systemen mit beschränktem Schriftzeichenvorrat |language=de |trans-title=Information technology - Representation of SI and other units in systems with limited character sets |date=May 2002 |publisher={{ill|Beuth Verlag|de}} |url=https://www.beuth.de/de/norm/din-66030/50570368 |access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref>
<ref name="GOST_IEC_60062_2014">{{cite book |title=ГОСТ IEC 60062-2014 |date=2014 |language=ru |publisher=[[GOST]] (ГОСТ) |url=http://gostexpert.ru/data/files/60062-2014/68492.pdf |access-date=2022-06-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210082045/http://gostexpert.ru/data/files/60062-2014/68492.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>
<ref name="IS_8186_1976">{{cite book |title=IS: 8186-1976 |date=1977 |orig-date=1976 |url=https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S04/is.8186.1976.pdf |access-date=2016-12-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214114015/https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S04/is.8186.1976.pdf |archive-date=2016-12-14}}</ref>
<ref name="BS_1852_1975">{{cite book |title=BS 1852:1975 |url=http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000010037100}}</ref> 
<ref name="BS_EN_60062_1994">{{cite book |title=BS EN 60062:1994 |url=http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030089551}}</ref>
<ref name="BS_EN_60062_2005">{{cite book |title=BS EN 60062:2005 |url=http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030161717}}</ref>
<ref name="BS_EN_60062_2016">{{cite book |title=BS EN 60062:2016 |url=http://shop.bsigroup.com/ProductDetail/?pid=000000000030294117}}</ref>
<ref name="IEC_62_1974">IEC 60062:1974</ref>
<ref name="IEC_60062_2004">{{cite book |title=International Standard IEC 60062: Marking codes for resistors and capacitors - Preview |edition=5 |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[International Electrotechnical Commission]] |url=https://webstore.iec.ch/p-preview/info_iec60062%7Bed5.0%7Den.pdf |access-date=2022-06-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210050826/https://webstore.iec.ch/p-preview/info_iec60062%7Bed5.0%7Den.pdf |archive-date=2022-02-10}}</ref>
<ref name="IEC_60062_2016">{{cite web |title=IEC 60062:2016-07 |date=July 2016 |edition=6.0 |url=https://www.sis.se/api/document/preview/8021442/ |access-date=2018-07-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723125246/https://www.sis.se/api/document/preview/8021442/ |archive-date=2018-07-23}} [https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/25395]</ref>
<ref name="Iskra_Year_Codes">{{cite web |title=Production date code marking system according to IEC 60062, clause 5.1 Two-character code (year/month) |publisher=[[Iskra Kondenzatorji]] |date=2017 |url=http://www.componentsbureau.com/site/media/files/iskra/product_marking_and_taping_specification.pdf |access-date=2017-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207141407/http://www.componentsbureau.com/site/media/files/iskra/product_marking_and_taping_specification.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-07}} (NB. Date codes for 2016 and 2017 are obviously wrong.)</ref>
<ref name="ISA_Date_Code">{{cite web |title=Precision and Power Resistors (ISA) |publisher=Isotek Corporation / {{ill|Isabellenhütte|de}} |location=Swansea, MA, USA |url=http://www.isotekcorp.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/Date%20Code%20Information.pdf |access-date=2017-02-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207140043/http://www.isotekcorp.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/Date%20Code%20Information.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-07}}</ref>
<ref name="FTRC_1946">{{cite book |title=Reference Data for Radio Engineers |chapter=Chapter 3: Audio and radio design |editor-first1=Harold H. |editor-last1=Buttner |editor-first2=H. T. |editor-last2=Kohlhaas |editor-first3=F. J. |editor-last3=Mann |publisher=[[Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation]] (FTR) |edition=2 |date=1946 |pages=52, 55 |url=http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/FTR_ref_data.pdf |access-date=2020-01-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516201551/http://www.tubebooks.org/Books/FTR_ref_data.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-16}} (NB. While the tolerance codes according to AWS/JAN are listed in this second edition of the book, they are not listed in the 1943 original edition.<!-- This might indicate that they were still new back then. -->)</ref>
<ref name="ETB_2010">{{cite web |title=Resistors - Letters and Digit Codes. Letter and digit codes to indicating resistor values |work=The Engineering ToolBox |date=2010 |url=https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/resistors-value-letter-digit-code-d_1656.html |access-date=2020-05-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621121054/https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/resistors-value-letter-digit-code-d_1656.html |archive-date=2020-06-21}}</ref>
<ref name="Tooley_2011">{{cite web |author-first=Mike |author-last=Tooley |title=BS1852 Resistor Coding |website=Matrix - Electronic circuits and components |date=2011-07-19 |url=https://www.matrixtsl.com/courses/ecc/index.php?n=Resistors.BS1852ResistorCoding |access-date=2020-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220120913/http://www.matrixtsl.com/courses/ecc/index.php?n=Resistors.BS1852ResistorCoding |archive-date=2016-12-20}}</ref>
<ref name="TGl31667">{{cite book |title=TGL 31667: Bauelemente der Elektronik; Kennzeichnung; Herstellungsdatum |trans-title=TGL 31667: Electronic Components; Designation; Date of Manufacture |language=de |publisher=Verlag für Standardisierung |publication-place=Leipzig, Germany |date=October 1979 |url=https://www.bbr-server.de/bauarchivddr/archiv/tglarchiv/tgl30001bis40000/tgl31501bis32000/tgl-31667-okt-1979.pdf |access-date=2018-01-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128033827/https://www.bbr-server.de/bauarchivddr/archiv/tglarchiv/tgl30001bis40000/tgl31501bis32000/tgl-31667-okt-1979.pdf |archive-date=2021-01-28}}</ref>
<ref name="IET_2016">{{cite book |title=Units & Symbols for Electrical & Electronic Engineers |chapter=14. Letter and digit code for R & C values |publisher=[[The Institution of Engineering and Technology]] (IET) |date=2016 |orig-date=1985 |page=29 |url=https://www.theiet.org/media/4173/units-and-symbols.pdf |access-date=2021-04-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807070232/https://www.theiet.org/media/4173/units-and-symbols.pdf |archive-date=2020-08-07}} (37 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Robotron_2021">{{cite web |title=Integrierte Schaltkreise |language=de |editor-first1=Rüdiger |editor-last1=Kurth |editor-first2=Martin |editor-last2=Groß |editor-first3=Henry |editor-last3=Hunger |date=2021-09-27 |orig-date=2011 |at=Beschriftung der Schaltkreise |website=Robotron Technik |url=https://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/komponenten/ic.htm |access-date=2021-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203190907/https://www.robotrontechnik.de/index.htm?/html/komponenten/ic.htm |archive-date=2021-12-03}}</ref>
<ref name="Iskra_2018">{{cite book |title=Electromagnetic Interference Suppression Capacitors - Class X2 305/310VAC - Technical Specification - Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitors (MKP) - Type: KNB1580 |chapter=8. Marking |date=April 2018 |publisher=ISKRA, d.d. |publication-place=Semič, Slovenia |page=11 |url=https://www.iskra.eu/f/docs/24447/Technical-Specification-KNB1580.pdf |access-date=2022-06-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229233153/http://www.iskra.eu/f/docs/24447/Technical-Specification-KNB1580.pdf |archive-date=2020-12-29}} (15 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Magnetec_2018">{{cite book |title=How to understand MAGNETEC's Datasheet |chapter=Appendix A |publisher=MAGNETEC GmbH |publication-place=Langenselbold, Germany |id=PB-DS |date=April 2018 |page=8 |url=https://www.magnetec.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/pb_ds.pdf |access-date=2022-06-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616140252/https://www.magnetec.de/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/pb_ds.pdf |archive-date=2022-06-16}} (9 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Kemet_2021">{{cite book |title=Class X2: Metallized Polyester Film EMI Suppression Capacitors PHE820E, Class X2, 300 VAC |chapter=Marking |publisher=[[KEMET Electronics Corporation]] |date=2021-11-10 |id=F3010_PHE820E_X2_300 |publication-place=Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA |page=9 |url=https://content.kemet.com/datasheets/KEM_F3010_PHE820E_X2_300.pdf |access-date=2022-06-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616140258/https://content.kemet.com/datasheets/KEM_F3010_PHE820E_X2_300.pdf |archive-date=2022-06-16}} (13 pages)</ref>
<ref name="SIST-EN60062-A1_2019">{{cite book |title=SLOVENSKI STANDARD SIST EN 60062:2016/A1:2019 |chapter=Annex B: Special two-character code system for capacitors |date=2019-12-01 |type=preview |pages=3–4 |url=https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/67713/7c42aed17a454cdaaff49b69445f0ee8/SIST-EN-60062-2016-A1-2019.pdf |access-date=2022-06-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617174351/https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/67713/7c42aed17a454cdaaff49b69445f0ee8/SIST-EN-60062-2016-A1-2019.pdf |archive-date=2022-06-17}}</ref>
<ref name="Huster_2003">{{cite web |title=Resistor Nomenclature |author-first=Dean |author-last=Huster |date=2003-09-24 |work=T&L Publications |url=https://forum.nutsvolts.com/viewtopic.php?f=45&t=940 |access-date=2022-06-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618140011/https://forum.nutsvolts.com/viewtopic.php?f=45&t=940 |archive-date=2022-06-18}}</ref>
<ref name="VAJ_2016">{{cite web |title=Controlling a Opto-Relay using Arduino |author=((vaj4088)) |date=2016-04-13 |website=arduino.cc |url=https://forum.arduino.cc/t/controlling-a-opto-relay-using-arduino-help-required/379212 |access-date=2022-06-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618135400/https://forum.arduino.cc/t/controlling-a-opto-relay-using-arduino-help-required/379212 |archive-date=2022-06-18}}</ref>
<ref name="SE_2016">{{cite web |title=What is a "100R" resistor? |date=2016-07-22 |website=stackexchange.com |url=https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/246920/what-is-a-100r-resistor |access-date=2022-06-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618134426/https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/246920/what-is-a-100r-resistor |archive-date=2022-06-18}}</ref>
<ref name="Bahn_2017">{{cite web |title=Square resistors on circuit boards? |author-first=W. |author-last=Bahn |date=2017-09-14 |website=allaboutcircuits.com |url=https://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/square-resistors-on-circuit-boards.140015/ |access-date=2022-06-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618132338/https://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/square-resistors-on-circuit-boards.140015/ |archive-date=2022-06-18}}</ref>
<ref name="SQA_2018">{{cite book |title=2018 Practical Electronics - National 5 Finalised Marking Instructions |date=2018 |series=N5: National Qualifications 2019 |publisher=[[Scottish Qualifications Authority]] (SQA) |pages=3, 12 |url=https://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/papers/instructions/2018/mi_N5_Practical-Electronics_mi_2018.pdf |access-date=2022-06-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618134643/https://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/papers/instructions/2018/mi_N5_Practical-Electronics_mi_2018.pdf |archive-date=2022-06-18}} (12 pages); {{cite book |title=2019 Practical Electronics - National 5 Finalised Marking Instructions |date=2019 |series=N5: National Qualifications 2019 |publisher=[[Scottish Qualifications Authority]] (SQA) |pages=3, 10 |url=https://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/papers/instructions/2019/mi_N5_Practical-Electronics_mi_2019.pdf |access-date=2022-06-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618131510/https://www.sqa.org.uk/pastpapers/papers/instructions/2019/mi_N5_Practical-Electronics_mi_2019.pdf |archive-date=2022-06-18}} (11 pages)</ref>
<ref name="PE">{{cite web |title=Practical Electronics |work=[[Bathgate Academy]] |location=West Lothian, Scotland, UK |page=12 |url=http://www.bathgateacademy.westlothian.org.uk/media/19117/N5-Practical-Electronics-summary-sheet/pdf/N5_Practical_Electronics_summary_sheet.pdf?m=636528315569700000 |access-date=2022-06-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618132035/http://www.bathgateacademy.westlothian.org.uk/media/19117/N5-Practical-Electronics-summary-sheet/pdf/N5_Practical_Electronics_summary_sheet.pdf?m=636528315569700000 |archive-date=2022-06-18}} (15 pages)</ref>
<ref name="HL7_2015">{{cite web |title=Commonly Used UCUM Codes for Healthcare Units |date=2015-11-21 |publisher=HL7 Deutschland e.V. |url=https://download.hl7.de/documents/ucum/ucumdata.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006180404/https://download.hl7.de/documents/ucum/ucumdata.html |archive-date=2022-10-06}}</ref>
<ref name="TI_2021">{{cite web |title=User's Guide - Dual-Mode Bluetooth CC2564C Evaluation Board |date=December 2021 |orig-date=March 2020 |id=SWRU495C |publisher=[[Texas Instruments Incorporated]] |page=7 |url=https://www.ti.com/lit/ml/swru495c/swru495c.pdf?ts=1701721542215 |access-date=2023-12-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204203007/https://www.ti.com/lit/ml/swru495c/swru495c.pdf?ts=1701721542215 |archive-date=2023-12-04}} (8 pages)</ref>
<ref name="ST_2022">{{cite web |title=L99VR02J Datasheet: Automotive linear voltage regulator with configurable output voltage having 500 mA current capability |id=DS14076 |version=Revision 1 |date=December 2022 |publisher=[[STMicroelectronics NV]] |url=https://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/l99vr02j.pdf}} (38 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Sumida_2015">{{cite web |title=SPM1004: 12V Input 6A Output Power Supply in Inductor (PSI2) Module |version=Version 3.0 |date=2015-07-29 |publisher={{ill|Sumida Corporation|de|Sumida AG}} |url=https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/390/SPM1004%20Datasheet%20V3.0-783582.pdf |access-date=2023-12-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205224513/https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/390/SPM1004%20Datasheet%20V3.0-783582.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-05}} (28+1 pages)</ref>
<ref name="TDK_2022">{{cite web |title=Why are the characters such as "4R7" or "100" printed on some products? |work=FAQ |date=2022 |publisher=[[TDK Corporation]] |url=https://product.tdk.com/en/contact/faq/inductors-0032.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209021719/https://product.tdk.com/en/contact/faq/inductors-0032.html |archive-date=2022-12-09 |quote=These are the inductances expressed in a unit of microhenry (uH). The first two digits indicate significant figures and the third digit a multiplier. When there is an "R", it indicates a decimal point, and all numbers are significant figures.}}</ref>
<ref name="Eaton_2016">{{cite web |title=Technical Data 4085 - HCM0703 - High current power inductors |date=March 2016 |orig-date=December 2014 |id= |publisher=[[Eaton Electronics Division]] |publication-place=Cleveland, Ohio, USA |url=https://www.farnell.com/datasheets/2307649.pdf |access-date=2023-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205233750/https://www.farnell.com/datasheets/2307649.pdf |archive-date=2023-12-05 |quote=Part marking: XXX=Inductance value in uH, R= decimal point. If no R is present then last character equals number of zeros}}</ref>
<ref name="Yageo_2022">{{cite web |title=Data Sheet General Purpose Chip Resistors RC_L series ±0.1%, ±0.5%, ±1%, ±5% Sizes 0075/0100/0201/0402/0603/0805/1206/1210/1218/2010/2512 |publisher=[[Yageo]] |date=2022-08-02 |type=Datasheet |edition=Version 12 |url=https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/447/YAGEO_PYu_RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_12-3313492.pdf |access-date=2024-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207232859/https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/447/YAGEO_PYu_RC_Group_51_RoHS_L_12-3313492.pdf |archive-date=2024-02-07}} (10+1 pages)</ref>
<ref name="Vishay_2023">{{cite web |title=Standard Thick Film Chip Resistors D/CRCW e3 |publisher=[[Vishay Intertechnology, Inc.]] |date=2024-01-01 |orig-date=2023-11-07 |id=Document Number: 20035 |url=https://www.vishay.com/docs/20035/dcrcwe3.pdf |access-date=2024-02-07 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207232919/https://www.vishay.com/docs/20035/dcrcwe3.pdf |archive-date=2024-02-07}}</ref>
}}

{{List of IEC standards}}

[[Category:Standards]]
[[Category:Electrical components]]
[[Category:Encodings]]