View source for Relaxor ferroelectric

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'''Relaxor ferroelectrics''' are [[ferroelectric]] materials that exhibit high [[electrostriction]]. {{As of|2015}}, although they have been studied for over fifty years,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s10853-005-5915-7| title = Recent progress in relaxor ferroelectrics with perovskite structure| journal = Journal of Materials Science| volume = 41| issue = 1| pages = 31| year = 2006| last1 = Bokov | first1 = A. A.| last2 = Ye | first2 = Z. -G. |bibcode = 2006JMatS..41...31B | s2cid = 189842194}}</ref> the mechanism for this effect is still not completely understood, and is the subject of continuing research.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.147602| title = Anisotropic Local Correlations and Dynamics in a Relaxor Ferroelectric| journal = Physical Review Letters| volume = 110| issue = 14| year = 2013| last1 = Takenaka | first1 = H. | last2 = Grinberg | first2 = I. | last3 = Rappe | first3 = A. M. |arxiv = 1212.0867 |bibcode = 2013PhRvL.110n7602T | pmid=25167037 | page=147602| s2cid = 9758988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ganesh|first1=P.|last2=Cockayne|first2=E.|last3=Ahart|first3=M.|last4=Cohen|first4=R. E.|last5=Burton|first5=B.|last6=Hemley|first6=Russell J.|last7=Ren|first7=Yang|last8=Yang|first8=Wenge|last9=Ye|first9=Z.-G.|date=2010-04-05|title=Origin of diffuse scattering in relaxor ferroelectrics|journal=Physical Review B|volume=81|issue=14|pages=144102|doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.81.144102|arxiv=0908.2373|bibcode=2010PhRvB..81n4102G|s2cid=119279021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Phelan|first1=Daniel|last2=Stock|first2=Christopher|last3=Rodriguez-Rivera|first3=Jose A.|last4=Chi|first4=Songxue|last5=Leão|first5=Juscelino|last6=Long|first6=Xifa|last7=Xie|first7=Yujuan|last8=Bokov|first8=Alexei A.|last9=Ye|first9=Zuo-Guang|year=2014|title=Role of random electric fields in relaxors|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=111|issue=5|pages=1754–1759|doi=10.1073/pnas.1314780111|issn=0027-8424|pmid=24449912|pmc=3918832|arxiv=1405.2306|bibcode=2014PNAS..111.1754P|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Examples of relaxor ferroelectrics include:

* [[lead magnesium niobate]] (PMN) <ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s10853-005-5915-7| title = Recent progress in relaxor ferroelectrics with perovskite structure| journal = Journal of Materials Science| volume = 41| issue = 1| pages = 31–52| year = 2006| last1 = Bokov | first1 = A. A.| last2 = Ye | first2 = Z. -G. |bibcode = 2006JMatS..41...31B | s2cid = 189842194}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shipman|first1=Matt|title=Atomic Structure of Ultrasound Material Not What Anyone Expected|url=https://news.ncsu.edu/2018/02/atomic-structure-relaxor-2018/|publisher=NC State News|date=20 February 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cabral|first1=Matthew J.|last2=Zhang|first2=Shujun|last3=Dickey|first3=Elizabeth C.|last4=LeBeau|first4=James M.|title=Gradient chemical order in the relaxor Pb(MgNb)O|journal=Applied Physics Letters|date=19 February 2018|volume=112|issue=8|pages=082901|doi=10.1063/1.5016561|bibcode=2018ApPhL.112h2901C|url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/aiimpapers/2997}}</ref>
* [[lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate]] (PMN-PT) <ref>{{Cite book|last=and|first=and|title=Proceedings., Second International Conference on Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials |chapter=Lead magnesium niobate relaxor ferroelectric ceramics of low-firing for multilayer capacitors |date=September 1988|pages=125–128 vol.1|doi=10.1109/ICPADM.1988.38349|s2cid=137495812}}</ref>
* [[lead lanthanum zirconate titanate]] (PLZT)<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=Emery|last2=Ma|first2=Chunrui|last3=Acharya|first3=Jagaran|last4=Ma|first4=Beihai|last5=Wu|first5=Judy|last6=Li|first6=Jun|date=2014-12-24|title=Controlling Dielectric and Relaxor-Ferroelectric Properties for Energy Storage by Tuning Pb0.92La0.08Zr0.52Ti0.48O3 Film Thickness|journal=ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces|volume=6|issue=24|pages=22417–22422|doi=10.1021/am506247w|pmid=25405727|osti=1392947|issn=1944-8244|url=https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1392947}}</ref>
* [[lead scandium niobate]] (PSN) <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Drnovšek|first1=Silvo|last2=Casar|first2=Goran|last3=Uršič|first3=Hana|last4=Bobnar|first4=Vid|date=2013-10-01|title=Distinctive contributions to dielectric response of relaxor ferroelectric lead scandium niobate ceramic system|journal=Physica Status Solidi B|volume=250|issue=10|pages=2232–2236|doi=10.1002/pssb.201349259|bibcode=2013PSSBR.250.2232B |s2cid=119554924 |issn=1521-3951}}</ref>
*Barium Titanium-Bismuth Zinc Niobium Tantalum (BT-BZNT)<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Zhao|first1=Peiyao|last2=Wang|first2=Hongxian|last3=Wu|first3=Longwen|last4=Chen|first4=Lingling|last5=Cai|first5=Ziming|last6=Li|first6=Longtu|last7=Wang|first7=Xiaohui|title=High-Performance Relaxor Ferroelectric Materials for Energy Storage Applications|journal=Advanced Energy Materials|issue=17|pages=1803048|doi=10.1002/aenm.201803048|issn=1614-6840|year=2019|volume=9|s2cid=107988812 }}</ref>
*Barium Titanium-Barium Strontium Titanium (BT-BST) <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ortega|first1=N|last2=Kumar|first2=A|last3=Scott|first3=J F|last4=Chrisey|first4=Douglas B|last5=Tomazawa|first5=M|last6=Kumari|first6=Shalini|last7=Diestra|first7=D G B|last8=Katiyar|first8=R S|date=2012-10-10|title=Relaxor-ferroelectric superlattices: high energy density capacitors|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=24|issue=44|pages=445901|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/24/44/445901|pmid=23053172|bibcode=2012JPCM...24R5901O|s2cid=25298142|issn=0953-8984}}</ref>

==Applications==

Relaxor Ferroelectric materials find application in high efficiency [[energy storage]] and conversion as they have high dielectric constants, orders-of-magnitude higher than those of conventional ferroelectric materials. Like conventional ferroelectrics, Relaxor Ferroelectrics show permanent dipole moment in domains. However, these domains are on the nano-length scale, unlike conventional ferroelectrics domains that are generally on the micro-length scale, and take less energy to align. Consequently, Relaxor Ferroelectrics have very high specific capacitance and have thus generated interest in the fields of energy storage.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, due to their slim hysteresis curve with high saturated polarization and low remnant polarization, Relaxor ferroelectrics have high discharge energy density and high discharge rates. BT-BZNT Multilayer Energy Storage Ceramic Capacitors (MLESCC) were experimentally determined to have very high efficiency(>80%) and stable thermal properties over a wide temperature range.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Electric and magnetic fields in matter]]
[[Category:Ferroelectric materials]]
[[Category:Electrical phenomena]]


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