View source for Roman Jakobson

{{short description|Russian linguist}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|image            = Roman Jakobson Idoso.jpg
|native_name      = {{nobold|Роман Якобсон}}
|image_size       =
|caption          =
|birth_name       = Roman Osipovich Jakobson
|birth_date       = {{OldStyleDate|11 October|1896|29 September}}
|birth_place      = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Empire]]
|death_date       = {{death date and age|1982|07|18|1896|10|11|df=y}}
|death_place      = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], U.S.
|alma_mater       = [[Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages]]<br>[[Moscow University]]
|school_tradition = [[Moscow linguistic circle]]<br>[[Prague linguistic circle]]
|main_interests   = [[Linguistics]]
|notable_ideas    = [[Jakobson's functions of language]]<br>[[Markedness]]
|spouse           = Svatava Pirkova, Krystyna Pomorska
}}
{{Semiotics}}
'''Roman Osipovich Jakobson''' ({{lang-ru|Рома́н О́сипович Якобсо́н}}, {{IPA-ru|rɐˈman ˈosʲɪpəvʲɪt͡ɕ (j)ɪkɐpˈson|IPA}}; {{OldStyleDate|11 October|1896|29 September}}{{snd}}18 July 1982) was a Russian [[Linguistics|linguist]] and [[Literary theory|literary theorist]].

A pioneer of [[structural linguistics]], Jakobson was one of the most celebrated and influential [[linguistics|linguists]] of the twentieth century. With [[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]], he developed revolutionary new techniques for the analysis of linguistic sound systems, in effect founding the modern discipline of [[phonology]]. Jakobson went on to extend similar principles and techniques to the study of other aspects of language such as [[syntax]], [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[semantics]]. He made numerous contributions to [[Slavic studies|Slavic linguistics]], most notably two studies of [[Russian declension|Russian case]] and an analysis of the categories of the [[Russian verbs|Russian verb]]. Drawing on insights from [[C. S. Peirce]]'s [[semiotics]], as well as from [[communication theory]] and [[cybernetics]], he proposed methods for the investigation of poetry, music, the [[visual arts]], and cinema.

Through his decisive influence on [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] and [[Roland Barthes]], among others, Jakobson became a pivotal figure in the adaptation of structural analysis to disciplines beyond linguistics, including [[philosophy]], [[anthropology]] and [[literary theory]]; his development of the approach pioneered by [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], known as "[[structuralism]]", became a major post-war intellectual movement in Europe and the United States. Meanwhile, though the influence of structuralism declined during the 1970s, Jakobson's work has continued to receive attention in [[linguistic anthropology]], especially through the ethnography of communication developed by [[Dell Hymes]] and the semiotics of culture developed by Jakobson's former student [[Michael Silverstein]]. Jakobson's concept of underlying linguistic universals, particularly his celebrated theory of  [[distinctive features]], decisively influenced the early thinking of [[Noam Chomsky]], who became the dominant figure in theoretical linguistics during the second half of the twentieth century.<ref>Knight, Chris, 2018. ''Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics.'' New Haven & London: Yale University Press,</ref>

==Life and work==
Jakobson was born in Moscow on {{OldStyleDate|11 October|1896|29 September}}<ref name="Kucera">{{cite journal|last=Kučera|first=Henry|author-link=Henry Kučera|year=1983|title=Roman Jakobson|journal=[[Language (journal)|Language]]|volume=59|number=4|pages=871{{ndash}}883|jstor=413375}}</ref><ref name="EB">{{cite web|title=Roman Jakobson|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roman-Jakobson|website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308042049/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roman-Jakobson|archive-date=8 March 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> to well-to-do parents of [[Jewish]] descent, the industrialist Osip Jakobson and chemist Anna Volpert Jakobson,<ref name="Kucera"/> and he developed a fascination with language at a very young age. He studied at the [[Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages]] and then at the Historical-Philological Faculty of [[Moscow State University|Moscow University]].<ref>Jakobson, Roman (1997). ''My Futurist Years'', pp. 5, 30. trans. Stephen Rudy. Marsilio Publishers. {{ISBN|1-56886-049-8}}.</ref> As a student he was a leading figure of the [[Moscow linguistic circle|Moscow Linguistic Circle]] and took part in [[Moscow]]'s active world of [[avant-garde]] art and poetry; he was especially interested in [[Russian Futurism]], the Russian incarnation of Italian [[Futurism]]. Under the pseudonym 'Aliagrov', he published books of [[zaum]] poetry and befriended the Futurists [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]], [[Kazimir Malevich]],  [[Aleksei Kruchyonykh]] and others. It was the poetry of his contemporaries that partly inspired him to become a linguist.
[[File:Roman Yakobson.jpg|thumb|Yakobson before 1917]]
The linguistics of the time was overwhelmingly [[neogrammarian]] and insisted that the only scientific study of language was to study the history and development of words across time (the [[wikt:diachronic|diachronic]] approach, in [[Course in General Linguistics#The Synchronic and Diachronic Axes|Saussure's terms]]). Jakobson, on the other hand, had come into contact with the work of [[Ferdinand de Saussure]], and developed an approach focused on the way in which language's structure served its basic function ([[wikt:synchronic|synchronic]] approach) – to communicate information between speakers. Jakobson was also well known for his critique of the emergence of sound in film. Jakobson received a master's degree from Moscow University in 1918.<ref name="Kucera" />

===In Czechoslovakia===
Although he was initially an enthusiastic supporter of the Bolshevik revolution, Jakobson soon became disillusioned as his early hopes for an explosion of creativity in the arts fell victim to increasing state conservatism and hostility.<ref>Knight, Chris, 2018.  "Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics". London & New Haven: Yale University Press, 2018, pp. 85-86.</ref> He left Moscow for Prague in 1920, where he worked as a member of the Soviet diplomatic mission while continuing with his doctoral studies. Living in Czechoslovakia meant that Jakobson was physically close to the linguist who would be his most important collaborator during the 1920s and 1930s, Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, who fled Russia at the time of the Revolution and took up a chair at Vienna in 1922. In 1926 the [[Prague linguistic circle|Prague school]] of linguistic theory was established by the professor of English at Charles University, [[Vilém Mathesius]], with Jakobson as a founding member and a prime intellectual force (other members included [[Nikolai Trubetzkoy]], [[René Wellek]] and [[Jan Mukařovský]]). Jakobson immersed himself in both the academic and cultural life of [[History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)|pre-World War II Czechoslovakia]] and established close relationships with a number of Czech poets and literary figures. Jakobson received his Ph.D. from Charles University in 1930.<ref name="Kucera"/> He became a professor at [[Masaryk University]] in [[Brno]] in 1933. He also made an impression on Czech academics with his studies of Czech verse.

Roman Jakobson proposed the [[Atlas Linguarum Europae]] in the late 1930s, but [[World War II]] disrupted this plan and it laid dormant until being revived by [[Mario Alinei]] in [[1965]].<ref>
{{cite journal
  | title=Conference reports / Rapports de congrès / Konferenzberichte 
  | first=Rita| last=Caprini
  | journal=Dialectologia et Geolinguistica
  | year=1996
  | volume=4
  | page=122}}</ref>

===Escapes before the war===
Jakobson escaped from Prague in early March 1939<ref name="Kucera"/> via Berlin for [[Denmark]], where he was associated with the [[Copenhagen school (linguistics)|Copenhagen linguistic circle]], and such intellectuals as [[Louis Hjelmslev]]. He fled to Norway on 1 September 1939,<ref name="Kucera"/> and in 1940 walked across the border to Sweden,<ref name="Kucera"/> where he continued his work at the [[Karolinska Hospital]] (with works on [[aphasia]] and language competence). When Swedish colleagues feared a possible German occupation, he managed to leave on a cargo ship, together with [[Ernst Cassirer]] (the former rector of Hamburg University) to [[New York City]] in 1941<ref name="Kucera"/> to become part of the wider community of intellectual émigrés who fled there.

===Career in the United States and later life ===
[[File:Roman Jakobson.jpg|thumb|Roman Jakobson]]
In New York, he began teaching at [[The New School]], still closely associated with the Czech émigré community during that period. At the [[École libre des hautes études]], a sort of Francophone university-in-exile, he met and collaborated with [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]], who would also become a key exponent of [[structuralism]]. He also made the acquaintance of many American linguists and [[anthropology|anthropologists]], such as [[Franz Boas]], [[Benjamin Whorf]], and [[Leonard Bloomfield]]. When the American authorities considered "repatriating" him to Europe, it was Franz Boas who actually saved his life.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} After the war, he became a consultant to the [[International Auxiliary Language Association]], which would present [[Interlingua]] in 1951.

In 1949<ref name="Kucera"/> Jakobson moved to [[Harvard University]], where he remained until his retirement in 1967.<ref name="Kucera"/> His universalizing structuralist theory of [[phonology]], based on a [[markedness]] hierarchy of [[distinctive features]], achieved its canonical exposition in a book published in the United States in 1951, jointly authored by Roman Jakobson, C. Gunnar Fant and [[Morris Halle]].<ref>Jakobson, R., C. Gunnar Fant and M. Halle, 1951. ''Preliminaries to Speech Analysis: The distinctive features and their correlates.'' Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.</ref> In the same year, Jakobson's theory of 'distinctive features' made a profound impression on the thinking of young Noam Chomsky, in this way also influencing generative linguistics.<ref>Knight, Chris, 2018. "Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics". London & New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 85-90.</ref> He was elected a foreign member of the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00001090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012193255/https://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00001090 |title=R.O. Jakobson (1896 - 1982) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |archive-date=12 October 2020}}</ref>

In his last decade, Jakobson maintained an office at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], where he was an honorary professor emeritus. In the early 1960s, Jakobson shifted his emphasis to a more comprehensive view of language and began writing about communication sciences as a whole. He converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Christianity]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Jakobson_Roman_Osipovich |title=YIVO &#124; Jakobson, Roman Osipovich |publisher=Yivoencyclopedia.org |access-date=2014-01-17}}</ref>

Jakobson died in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], on 18 July 1982.<ref name="Kucera"/><ref name="rudy">[http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/mc72.html#ref8425 "Roman Jakobson: A Brief Chronology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126001813/http://libraries.mit.edu/archives/research/collections/collections-mc/mc72.html#ref8425 |date=2016-01-26 }}, compiled by Stephen Rudy</ref> His widow died in 1986. His first wife, who was born in 1908, died in 2000.

== Intellectual contributions ==
According to Jakobson's own personal reminiscences, the most decisive stage in the development of his thinking was the period of revolutionary anticipation and upheaval in Russia between 1912 and 1920, when, as a young student, he fell under the spell of the celebrated Russian futurist wordsmith and linguistic thinker [[Velimir Khlebnikov]].<ref>Knight, Chris, 2018. 'Incantation by Laughter', chapter 11 in ''Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics.'' London & New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 91-103.</ref>
 
Offering a slightly different picture, the preface to the second edition of ''The Sound Shape of Language'' argues that this book represents the fourth stage in "Jakobson's quest to uncover the function and structure of sound in language."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrZTFHTD-r4C&q=jakobson%20saussure%20%22fig.%20*%22&pg=PA1|title=The Sound Shape of Language|last1=Jakobson|first1=Roman|last2=Waugh|first2=Linda R.|date=2002-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110889451|language=en}}</ref> The first stage was roughly the 1920s to 1930s where he collaborated with [[Nikolai Trubetzkoy|Trubetzkoy]], in which they developed the concept of the phoneme, and elucidated the structure of phonological systems. The second stage, from roughly the late 1930s to the 1940s, during which he developed the notion that "binary distinctive features" were the foundational element in language, and that such distinctiveness is "mere otherness" or differentiation.<ref name=":0" /> In the third stage in Jakobson's work, from the 1950s to 1960s, he worked with the acoustician C. Gunnar Fant and Morris Halle (a student of Jakobson's) to consider the acoustic aspects of distinctive features.

===The communication functions===
{{main|Jakobson's functions of language}}
Influenced by the [[Organon-Model]] by [[Karl Bühler]], Jakobson distinguishes six communication functions, each associated with a dimension or factor of the [[communication]] process [n.b. – Elements from Bühler's theory appear in the diagram below in yellow and pink, Jakobson's elaborations in blue]:
*Functions
#referential (: contextual information)
#aesthetic/poetic (: auto-reflection)
#emotive (: self-expression)
#conative (: vocative or imperative addressing of receiver)
#phatic (: checking channel working)
#metalingual (: checking code working)<ref name="Middleton"/>

[[Image:Roma jakobson theory.png|center|<ref name="Middleton">Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). ''Studying Popular Music'', p.241. Philadelphia: Open University Press. {{ISBN|0-335-15275-9}}.</ref>]]

One of the six functions is always the dominant function in a text and usually related to the type of text. In poetry, the dominant function is the poetic function: the focus is on the message itself. The true hallmark of poetry is according to Jakobson "the projection of the principle of equivalence from the axis of selection to the axis of combination". Very broadly speaking, it implies that poetry successfully combines and integrates form and function, that poetry turns the poetry of grammar into the grammar of poetry, so to speak. Jakobson's theory of communicative functions was first published in "Closing Statements: Linguistics and Poetics" (in [[Thomas A. Sebeok]], ''Style In Language'', Cambridge Massachusetts, MIT Press, 1960, pp.&nbsp;350–377). Despite its wide adoption, the six-functions model has been criticized for lacking specific interest in the "play function" of language that, according to an early review by Georges Mounin, is "not enough studied in general by linguistics researchers".<ref>Mounin, Georges (1972) La linguistique du XX siècle. Presses Universitaires de France</ref>

==Legacy==
Jakobson's three principal ideas in linguistics play a major role in the field to this day: [[linguistic typology]], [[markedness]], and [[linguistic universals]]. The three concepts are tightly intertwined: typology is the classification of languages in terms of shared grammatical features (as opposed to shared origin), markedness is (very roughly) a study of how certain forms of grammatical organization are more "optimized" than others, and linguistic universals is the study of the general features of languages in the world. He also influenced [[Nicolas Ruwet]]'s [[paradigmatic analysis]].<ref name="Middleton"/>

Jakobson has also influenced [[Friedemann Schulz von Thun]]'s [[four sides model]], as well as [[Michael Silverstein]]'s [[metapragmatics]], [[Dell Hymes]]'s [[ethnography of communication]] and [[ethnopoetics]], the psychoanalysis of [[Jacques Lacan]], and philosophy of [[Giorgio Agamben]].

Jakobson's legacy among researchers specializing in Slavics, and especially Slavic linguistics in North America, has been enormous, for example, [[Olga Yokoyama]].

==Bibliography==
* Jakobson R., ''Remarques sur l'évolution phonologique du russe comparée à celle des autres langues slaves''. Prague, 1929 (Annotated English translation by Ronald F. Feldstein: ''Remarks on the Phonological Evolution of Russian in Comparison with the Other Slavic Languages''. MIT Press: Cambridge, MA and London, 2018).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/remarks-phonological-evolution-russian-comparison-other-slavic-languages|title=Remarks on the Phonological Evolution of Russian in Comparison with the Other Slavic Languages|date=13 November 2018|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262038690}}</ref>
* Jakobson R., ''K charakteristike evrazijskogo jazykovogo sojuza''. Prague, 1930.
* Jakobson R., ''Child Language, Aphasia and Phonological Universals'', 1941.
* Jakobson R., ''[[On Linguistic Aspects of Translation]]'', essay, 1959.
* Jakobson R., "Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics", in ''Style in Language'' (ed. Thomas Sebeok), 1960.
* Jakobson R., ''Selected Writings'' (ed. Stephen Rudy). The Hague, Paris, Mouton, in six volumes (1971–1985):
** I. Phonological Studies, 1962;
** II. Word and Language, 1971;
** III. The Poetry of Grammar and the Grammar of Poetry, 1980;
** IV. Slavic Epic Studies, 1966;
** V. On Verse, Its Masters and Explores, 1978;
** VI. Early Slavic Paths and Crossroads, 1985;
** VII. Contributions to Comparative Mythology, 1985;
** VIII. Major Works 1976–1980. Completion Volume 1, 1988;
** IX.1.  Completion, Volume 2/Part 1, 2013;
** IX.1.  Completion, Volume 2/Part 2, 2014.
* Jakobson R., ''Questions de poetique'', 1973.
* Jakobson R., ''Six Lectures of Sound and Meaning'', 1978.
* Jakobson R., ''The Framework of Language'', 1980.
* Jakobson R., Halle M., ''Fundamentals of Language'', 1956.
* Jakobson R., Waugh L., ''The Sound Shape of Language'', 1979.
* Jakobson R., Pomorska K., ''Dialogues'', 1983.
* Jakobson R., ''Verbal Art, Verbal Sign, Verbal Time'' (ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy), 1985.
* Jakobson R., Language in Literature (ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy), 1987.
* Jakobson R. "Shifters and Verbal Categories". ''On Language'' (ed. Linda R. Waugh and Monique Monville-Burston). 1990. 386–392.
* Jakobson R., La Génération qui a gaspillé ses poètes, Allia, 2001.

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Esterhill, Frank (2000). ''Interlingua Institute: A History''. New York: Interlingua Institute.

==Further reading==
* Armstrong, D., and van Schooneveld, C.H., ''Roman Jakobson: Echoes of His Scholarship'', 1977.
* Brooke-Rose, C., A Structural Analysis of Pound's 'Usura Canto': Jakobson's Method Extended and Applied to Free Verse, 1976.
* Caton, Steve C., "Contributions of Roman Jakobson", ''Annual Review of Anthropology'', vol 16: pp.&nbsp;223–260, 1987.
* [[Jonathan Culler|Culler, J.]], ''Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics, and the Study of Literature'', 1975.
* Groupe µ, ''Rhétorique générale'', 1970. [A General Rhetoric, 1981]
* Holenstein, E., ''Roman Jakobson's Approach to Language: Phenomenological Structuralism'', Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1975.
* Ihwe, J., ''Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik. Ergebnisse und Perspektiven'', 1971.
* Kerbrat-Orecchioni, C., ''L'Enonciation: De la subjectivité dans le langage'', 1980.
* Knight, Chris. "Russian Formalism", chapter 10 in ''Decoding Chomsky: Science and revolutionary politics'' (pbk), London & New Haven: Yale University Press.
* Koch, W. A., ''Poetry and Science'', 1983.
* Le Guern, M., ''Sémantique de la metaphore et de la métonymie'', 1973.
* Lodge, D., ''The Modes of Modern Writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and the Typology of Modern Literature'', 1977.
* [[Michael Riffaterre|Riffaterre, M.]], Semiotics of Poetry, 1978.
* Steiner, P., ''Russian Formalism: A Metapoetics'', 1984.
* [[Tzvetan Todorov|Todorov, T.]], ''Poétique de la prose'', 1971.
* Waugh, L., ''Roman Jakobson's Science of Language'', 1976.

== External links ==
* [https://emmas-lib.mit.edu/repositories/2/resources/633 MIT "Guide to the Papers of Roman Jakobson"]{{Dead link|date=July 2023}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jakobson, Roman}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Moscow]]
[[Category:People from Moskovsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Jews from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Russian Jews]]
[[Category:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism]]
[[Category:Linguists from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Linguists of Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Communication theorists]]
[[Category:People of the Prague linguistic circle]]
[[Category:Harvard University faculty]]
[[Category:Jewish American scientists]]
[[Category:American semioticians]]
[[Category:Jewish philosophers]]
[[Category:Jewish linguists]]
[[Category:Phonologists]]
[[Category:Metaphor theorists]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Masaryk University]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:Semioticians from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Soviet emigrants to Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Czechoslovak emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:20th-century translators]]
[[Category:Linguistic Society of America presidents]]
[[Category:20th-century linguists]]
[[Category:Corresponding Fellows of the British Academy]]
[[Category:Translation theorists]]
[[Category:Russian scientists]]