Absorption heat pump
An absorption heat pump (AHP) is a heat pump driven by thermal energy such as combustion of natural gas, steam solar-heated water, air or geothermal-heated water<ref name=":0"/><ref>Romero, Rosenberg J.; Silva-Sotelo, Sotsil (2017-06-28), Mendes, Marisa Fernandes (ed.), "Energy Evaluation of the Use of an Absorption Heat Pump in Water Distillation Process", Distillation – Innovative Applications and Modeling, InTech, doi:10.5772/67094, ISBN 978-953-51-3201-1, retrieved 2020-07-14</ref> differently from compression heat pumps that are driven by mechanical energy.[citation needed] AHPs are more complex and require larger units compared to compression heat pumps.<ref name=":1" /> In particular, the lower electricity demand of such heat pumps is related to the liquid pumping only.<ref name=":1">Berntsson, Thore; Harvey, Simon; Morandin, Matteo (2013-01-01), Klemeš, Jiří J. (ed.), "5 – Application of Process Integration to the Synthesis of Heat and Power Utility Systems Including Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Industrial Heat Pumps", Handbook of Process Integration (PI), Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 168–200, doi:10.1533/9780857097255.2.168, ISBN 978-0-85709-593-0, retrieved 2020-07-14</ref> Their applications are restricted to those cases when electricity is extremely expensive or a large amount of unutilized heat at suitable temperatures is available and when the cooling or heating output has a greater value than heat input consumed.<ref name=":1" /> Absorption refrigerators also work on the same principle, but are not reversible and cannot serve as a heat source.[citation needed]
Operating principles
The heat pump system is made up of some main units such as the generator, condenser, evaporator, absorber and heat exchanger, as well as the suction device, shielding pump (solution pump and refrigerant pump).<ref name=":7">"吸收式热泵- 暖通空调百科 暖通空调在线". baike.51hvac.com. Retrieved 2020-07-16.</ref> In the simplest case, five heat exchangers are also required (at each component and an internal heat exchanger).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7" /> Other components include solution heat exchangers, valves, as well as the suction device, shielding pump (solution pump and refrigerant pump) and other auxiliary parts.<ref name=":7" />
For the absorption heat pump circulation, the absorber, generator and pump can be regarded as a "thermal compressor". The absorber is equivalent to the inlet side of the compressor, and the generator is equivalent to the outlet side of the compressor. The absorbent can be regarded as a carrier liquid that transports the generated refrigerant gas from the low-pressure side of the cycle to the high-pressure side.<ref name="Shi, Wenxing. 2016 102">Shi, Wenxing.; 石文星. (2016). Kong qi diao jie yong zhi leng ji shu = Refrigeration technology for air conditioning. Tian, Zhangqing, Wang, Baolong, 田长青, 王宝龙 (Di 5 ban ed.). Beijing: Zhong guo jian zhu gong ye chu ban she. p. 102. ISBN 978-7-112-18904-5. OCLC 1020344515.</ref>
Since the main components of devices that achieve three purposes are the same, there is a heat pump that enables it to realize all working modes: heat pump mode, cooler mode and heat transformer mode.<ref name=":6">Cudok, Falk & Ziegler, Felix. "ABSORPTION HEAT CONVERTER AND THE CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION METHOD". Conference: International Congress of Refrigeration.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</ref> The absorption heat pump can be used as a cooler during summer while, during winter, it can be used on heat pump or heat transformer mode according to the available heat source.<ref name=":6" />
The performance of the absorption heat pump is indicated by the coefficient of performance (COP). The COP is the ratio of the removed (for refrigeration) or provided (for heating) heat to the energy input. At present, the maximum temperature of its output does not exceed 150 °C. The temperature rise ΔT is generally 30–50 °C. The cooling performance coefficient is 0.8 to 1.6, the heating performance coefficient is 1.2 to 2.5, and the heat transfer performance coefficient is 0.4 to 0.5.<ref name=":7" />
When they are applied in industry, the absorption heat pumps should be properly placed in terms of energy and they must satisfy the limitations of special features of the surroundings.<ref name=":1" />
AHP types
Type 1: conventional heat pumps
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Classified by temperature, AHPs can be divided into two categories. In type 1 AHP, the condenser temperature is higher than evaporator temperature<ref name=":2">Rosenberg J Romero; Antonio Rodriguez-Martinez; Jesus Cerezo; W. Rivera (2011). "Comparison of double stage heat transformer with double absorption heat transformer operating with carrol water for industrial waste heat recovery". Chemical Engineering Transactions. 25: 129–134. doi:10.3303/CET1125022.</ref> (also referred to as heat amplifier<ref>"Absorption heat pump Type1". industrial.hitachiaircon.com. Retrieved 2020-07-14.</ref> and refrigeration<ref name=":1" />). Driven by a high-temperature heat source, the first type absorption heat pump extracts the heat of waste heat (waste heat) and outputs a medium-temperature heat medium that is 30–60 degrees Celsius higher than the waste heat.<ref name=":3">"万方数据知识服务平台". d.wanfangdata.com.cn. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1009-8402.2018.11.016. Retrieved 2020-07-15.</ref> This type is more common and could be an alternative to traditional compression machines. The coefficient of performance of the first type absorption heat pump is greater than 1, generally 1.5 to 2.5.<ref name=":7" />
The heat pump is composed of the main components such as generators, condenser, evaporator, absorber and heat exchanger, as well as the suction device, shielding pump (solution pump and refrigerant pump), and other auxiliary parts. The air extraction device removes the non-condensable gas in the heat pump and keeps the heat pump always in a high vacuum state.<ref name=":7" />
Type 2: heat transformer heat pumps
In type 2 AHP, condenser temperature is lower than evaporator temperature<ref name=":2" /> (also referred to as heat transformer<ref>"Absorption heat pump Type2". industrial.hitachiaircon.com. Retrieved 2020-07-14.</ref>). The type 2 absorption heat pump uses the heat of the medium-temperature waste heat intelligently, output high-temperature heat medium (hot water steam) 25–50 degrees Celsius higher than medium temperature waste heat.<ref name=":3" /> The type 2 absorption heat pump could be driven by low-grade waste heat in the production process or in nature, which can achieve energy saving and emission reduction and reduce production costs, and it has practical application in petrochemical and coal chemical industries.<ref name=":3" /> The coefficient of performance of the second type absorption heat pump is always less than 1, generally 0.4 to 0.5.<ref name=":7" />
Typical working fluids
A mixture of fluid is used as the working fluid, different concentrations of the working fluid correspond to different temperatures, the temperature and concentration of working fluid undergo a cyclic change. When the generator is supplied with heat, the temperature of the mixture rises, thereby increase the concentration of high-boiling components (absorbent) and release the refrigerant.<ref name=":1" /> When refrigerant is mixed with refrigerant are in the absorber, heat is released.<ref name="Shi, Wenxing. 2016 102"/> Several types of the mixture could be used in the absorption unit but water/lithium bromide and ammonia/water are the common choices.<ref name=":1" />
Water and Lithium bromide (LiBr)
Water is the refrigerant and LiBr the absorption medium.<ref name=":0">"Absorption heat pump / Industrial Heat Pumps". industrialheatpumps.nl. Retrieved 2020-07-14.</ref> Water and LiBr systems have bigger capacities and are applied in a broad range in the industry, the sizes vary from tens of kW to several MW.<ref name=":1" /> The first type of lithium bromide absorption heat pump unit is a high-temperature heat source (steam, high-temperature hot water, fuel oil, gas) as the driving heat source, lithium bromide solution as the absorbent, and water as the refrigerant, and the low-temperature heat source (such as waste hot water) is recycled and used.[citation needed]
Ammonia and water
Ammonia is the refrigerant and water the absorption medium.<ref name=":0" /> In the absorber and generator, the absorption or effect of the ammonia aqueous solution is used to radiate heat or absorb heat. In the evaporator and condenser, the phase change of pure ammonia is used to complete the external absorption or heat release.<ref name=":7" /> Like a traditional heat pump, the refrigerant (ammonia) is condensed in the condenser, and heat is then released; the pressure is dropped after the expansion unit and the refrigerant is evaporated to absorb heat.[citation needed]
The ammonia/water heat pumps are essentially limited to residential applications because they are only commercially limited to small sizes (a few KW).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">"Absorption Heat Pumps". Energy.gov. Retrieved 2020-07-16.</ref> If the system absorbs heat from the residential building, it works as a refrigeration machine; if it releases heat to the interior of a residential building, it heats the house.<ref name=":5" />
The key component of heat pumps using ammonia and water on the market today is the generator absorber heat exchanger (GAX), which improves the thermal efficiency of the equipment by recovering the heat released when ammonia is absorbed into the water.<ref name=":4" /> Other innovations applied to this type of heat pump include efficient steam separation, variable ammonia flow, and variable capacity, and low-emission capacity-variable gas combustion.<ref name=":4" />
Thermal energy sources
Solar thermal
Single, double, or triple iterative absorption cooling cycles are used in different solar-thermal-cooling system designs. The more cycles, the more efficient they are.[citation needed]
In the late 19th century, the most common phase change refrigerant material for absorption cooling was a solution of ammonia and water. Today, the combination of lithium bromide and water is also in common use. One end of the system of expansion/condensation pipes is heated, and the other end gets cold enough to make ice. Originally, natural gas was used as a heat source in the late 19th century. Today, propane is used in recreational vehicle absorption refrigerators. Innovative hot water solar thermal energy collectors can also be used as the modern "free energy" heat source.
Efficient absorption refrigerators require water of at least 88 °C (190 °F). Common, inexpensive flat-plate solar thermal collectors only produce about 70 °C (160 °F) water, but several successful commercial projects in the US, Asia and Europe have shown that flat plate solar collectors specially developed for temperatures over 93 °C (200 °F) (featuring double glazing, increased backside insulation, etc.) can be effective and cost-efficient.<ref>"Solar Cooling." Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine www.solid.at. Accessed on 1 July 2008</ref> Evacuated-tube solar panels can be used as well. Concentrating solar collectors required for absorption refrigerators are less effective in hot humid, cloudy environments, especially where the overnight low temperature and relative humidity are uncomfortably high. Where water can be heated well above 88+ °C (190 °F), it can be stored and used when the sun is not shining.[citation needed]
For more than 150 years, absorption refrigerators have been used to make ice.<ref>Gearoid Foley; Robert DeVault; Richard Sweetser. "The Future of Absorption Technology in America" (PDF). U.S. DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-08.</ref> This ice can be stored and used as an "ice battery" for cooling when the sun is not shining, as it was in the 1995 Hotel New Otani Tokyo in Japan.<ref>"Ice-cooling System Reduces Environmental Burden". The New Otani News. New Otani Club International members. 28 June 2000. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</ref> Mathematical models are available in the public domain for ice-based thermal energy storage performance calculations.<ref name=":5">"Development of a thermal energy storage model for EnergyPlus" (PDF). 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2008-04-06.</ref>
Geothermal
The earth as a huge and stable thermal storage resource, its shallow ground temperature and groundwater also have wide application prospects in energy use, especially for building energy saving is of great significance. Using absorption heat pump (refrigeration) technology, 65–90°C geothermal water can be used to produce 7–9°C refrigerant water for summer air conditioning. Reasonable use of corresponding heat pump technology can achieve the efficient and comprehensive utilization of geothermal resources at different temperature levels, greatly reducing energy consumption for heating and cooling of residential and commercial buildings.<ref name=":7" /> The use of 65°C and above geothermal water (or waste/waste heat) to drive the absorption heat pump for cooling, and the corresponding heat pump type (heating/heating) for heating, can achieve good energy-saving and economic benefits.<ref name=":7" /> For low-temperature heat sources of 15–25 °C, driven by a small amount of high-temperature heat sources (such as high-temperature steam or direct combustion), cold water at a temperature of 7–15 °C and hot water at a temperature above 47 °C can be prepared. 1.2, >1.5 when heating.<ref name=":7" />
Natural gas
Natural gas is a common-used heat source, therefore, absorption heat pumps are sometimes called gas-fired heat pumps.<ref name=":4" /> Also, when other heat sources heat pumps (waste heat for example) are running at the heating mode, they can meet the overload heating requirements of very cold periods in an efficient manner through additional gas boilers.<ref name=":6"/>
Waste heat
Illustratively, the waste heat drive system may cover cooling and heating loads by operating in a cooler and heat converter mode. It is possible that only one device can provide resources to the urban area in a resource-efficient manner throughout most of the year driven by waste heat.<ref name=":6" />
