Singularitarianism

Template:Transhumanism Singularitarianism is a movement defined by the belief that a technological singularity—the creation of superintelligence—will likely happen in the medium future, and that deliberate action ought to be taken to ensure that the singularity benefits humans.<ref name="time immortal" />

Singularitarians are distinguished from other futurists who speculate on a technological singularity by their belief that the singularity is not only possible, but desirable if guided prudently. Accordingly, they may sometimes dedicate their lives to acting in ways they believe will contribute to its rapid yet safe realization.<ref name="Kurzweil 2005">Kurzweil, Raymond (2005). The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. Viking Adult. ISBN 0-670-03384-7. OCLC 224517172.</ref>

Time magazine describes the worldview of Singularitarians by saying "even though it sounds like science fiction, it isn't, no more than a weather forecast is science fiction. It's not a fringe idea; it's a serious hypothesis about the future of life on Earth. There's an intellectual gag reflex that kicks in anytime you try to swallow an idea that involves super-intelligent immortal cyborgs, but... while the Singularity appears to be, on the face of it, preposterous, it's an idea that rewards sober, careful evaluation".<ref name="time immortal">Grossman, Lev (10 February 2011). "2045: The Year Man Becomes Immortal". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 3 December 2023.</ref>

Definition

The term "Singularitarian" was originally defined by Extropian thinker Mark Plus (Mark Potts) in 1991 to mean "one who believes the concept of a Singularity". This term has since been redefined to mean "Singularity activist" or "friend of the Singularity"; that is, one who acts so as to bring about the singularity.<ref>Extropy Institute. "Neologisms of Extropy". Extropy.org. Retrieved 30 March 2011.</ref>

Singularitarianism can also be thought of as an orientation or an outlook that prefers the enhancement of human intelligence as a specific transhumanist goal instead of focusing on specific technologies such as A.I.<ref name=":0">Thweatt-Bates, Jeanine (2016). Cyborg Selves: A Theological Anthropology of the Posthuman. Oxon: Routledge. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4094-2141-2.</ref> There are also definitions that identify a singularitarian as an activist or a friend of the concept of singularity, that is, one who acts so as to bring about a singularity.<ref>Kurzweil, Ray (2010). The Singularity is Near. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co. ISBN 978-0-7156-4015-9.</ref> Some sources described it as a moral philosophy that advocates deliberate action to bring about and steer the development of a superintelligence that will lead to a theoretical future point that emerges during a time of accelerated change.<ref>"Singularitarianism | Technoprogressive Wiki". ieet.org. Retrieved 26 October 2018.</ref>

Inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil, author of the 2005 book The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology, defines a Singularitarian as someone "who understands the Singularity and who has reflected on its implications for his or her own life"<ref name="Kurzweil 2005" /> and estimates the singularity will occur around 2045.<ref name="Kurzweil 2005" />

History

An early singularitarian articulation that history is making progress toward a point of superhuman intelligence is found in Hegel's work, The Phenomenology of Spirit.<ref name="Eden Moor Soraker Steinhart 2013 p. 6">Eden, A.H.; Moor, J.H.; Soraker, J.H.; Steinhart, E. (2013). Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment. The Frontiers Collection. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 6. ISBN 978-3-642-32560-1. Retrieved 5 May 2023.</ref> In 1993, mathematician, computer scientist, and science fiction author Vernor Vinge hypothesized that the moment might come when technology will allow "creation of entities with greater than human intelligence"<ref>The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era, by Vernor Vinge, Department of Mathematical Sciences, San Diego State University, (c) 1993 by Vernor Vinge.</ref> and used the term "the Singularity" to describe this moment.<ref name="nytimes july09"/> He suggested that the singularity may pose an existential risk for humanity, and that it could happen through one of four means:

1. The development of computers that are "awake" and superhumanly intelligent.
2. Large computer networks (and their associated users) may "wake up" as a superhumanly intelligent entity.
3. Computer/human interfaces may become so intimate that users may reasonably be considered superhumanly intelligent.
4. Biological science may find ways to improve upon the natural human intellect.<ref>The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era, by Vernor Vinge, Department of Mathematical Sciences, San Diego State University, (c) 1993 by Vernor Vinge.</ref>

Singularitarianism coalesced into a coherent ideology in 2000, when artificial intelligence (AI) researcher Eliezer Yudkowsky wrote The Singularitarian Principles,<ref name="Kurzweil 2005"/><ref name="yudkowsky1">Singularitarian Principles"</ref> in which he stated that a Singularitarian believes that the singularity is a secular, non-mystical event which is possible and beneficial to the world and is worked towards by its adherents.<ref name="yudkowsky1"/> Yudkowsky's conceptualization of singularity offered a broad definition developed to be inclusive of various interpretations.<ref name=":0" /> There are theorists such as Michael Anissimov who argued for a strict definition, one that refers only to the advocacy of the development of posthuman (greater than human) intelligence.<ref name=":0" />

In June 2000 Yudkowsky, with the support of Internet entrepreneurs Brian Atkins and Sabine Atkins, founded the Machine Intelligence Research Institute to work towards the creation of self-improving Friendly AI. MIRI's writings argue for the idea that an AI with the ability to improve upon its own design (Seed AI) would rapidly lead to superintelligence. These Singularitarians believe that reaching the singularity swiftly and safely is the best possible way to minimize net existential risk.

Many people believe a technological singularity is possible without adopting Singularitarianism as a moral philosophy. Although the exact numbers are hard to quantify, Singularitarianism is a small movement, which includes transhumanist philosopher Nick Bostrom. Inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil, who predicts that the Singularity will occur circa 2045, greatly contributed to popularizing Singularitarianism with his 2005 book The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology.<ref name="Kurzweil 2005"/>

With the support of NASA, Google, and a broad range of technology forecasters and technocapitalists, the Singularity University opened in June 2009 at the NASA Research Park in Silicon Valley with the goal of preparing the next generation of leaders to address the challenges of accelerating change.

In July 2009, many prominent Singularitarians participated in a conference organized by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) to discuss the potential impact of robots and computers and the impact of the hypothetical possibility that they could become self-sufficient and able to make their own decisions. They discussed the possibility and the extent to which computers and robots might be able to acquire any level of autonomy, and to what degree they could use such abilities to possibly pose any threat or hazard (i.e., cybernetic revolt). They noted that some machines have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons. They warned that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved "cockroach intelligence". They asserted that self-awareness as depicted in science fiction is probably unlikely, but that there were other potential hazards and pitfalls.<ref name="nytimes july09">Markoff, John (26 July 2009). "Scientists Worry Machines May Outsmart Man". New York Times.</ref> Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions.<ref>Palmer, Jason (3 August 2009). "Call for debate on killer robots". BBC News.</ref> The President of the AAAI has commissioned a study to look at this issue.<ref>AAAI Presidential Panel on Long-Term AI Futures 2008-2009 Study, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, Accessed 7/26/09.</ref>

Reception

There are several objections to Kurzweil's singularitarianism, and these even include criticisms from optimists within the A.I. field. For instance, Pulitzer Prize winning author Douglas Hofstadter argued that Kurzweil's predicted achievement of human-level A.I. by 2045 is not viable.<ref name=":1">Margolis, Eric; Samuels, Richard; Stitch, Stephen (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Cognitive Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-19-530979-9.</ref> Even Gordon Moore, who is credited for introducing the Moore's Law that predicated<ref>Lazar, Zohar (7 April 2016). "When Is the Singularity? Probably Not in Your Lifetime". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 October 2018.</ref> the notion of singularity, maintained that it will never occur.<ref>"Tech Luminaries Address Singularity". IEEE Spectrum. 1 June 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2018.</ref> According to some observers, these criticisms do not diminish enthusiasm for singularity because it has assumed a quasi-religious response to the fear of death, allowing its adherents to enjoy the benefits of religion without its ontological burdens.<ref name=":1" /> Science journalist John Horgan provided more insights into this notion as he likened singularitarianism to a religion:

Kurzweil rejects this categorization, stating that his predictions about the singularity are driven by the data that increases in computational technology have been exponential in the past.<ref>W. Jenkins, Jr., Holman (12 April 2013). "Will Google's Ray Kurzweil Live Forever?". Wall Street Journal.</ref> He also claimed that critics who challenge his view mistakenly take an intuitive linear view of technological advancement.<ref>Barfield, Woodrow (2015). Cyber-Humans: Our Future with Machines. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 40. ISBN 978-3-319-25048-9.</ref>

See also

• Artificial general intelligence
• Eschatology
• Existential risk from artificial general intelligence
• Global brain
• Intelligence explosion
• Outline of transhumanism
• Post-scarcity economy
• Technological utopianism

External links

• Ethical Issues in Advanced Artificial Intelligence by Nick Bostrom, 2003
• "The Consciousness Conundrum", a criticism of singularitarians by John Horgan