Pioneer plaque

The illustration on the Pioneer plaque

The plaque attached to Pioneer 10

The Pioneer plaques are a pair of gold-anodized aluminum plaques that were placed on board the 1972 Pioneer 10 and 1973 Pioneer 11 spacecraft, featuring a pictorial message, in case either Pioneer 10 or 11 is intercepted by intelligent extraterrestrial life. The plaques show the nude figures of a human male and female along with several symbols that are designed to provide information about the origin of the spacecraft.<ref name="FOOTNOTESaganSaganDrake1972881–884">Sagan, Sagan & Drake 1972, pp. 881–884.</ref>

The Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft were the first human-built objects to achieve escape velocity from the Solar System. The plaques were attached to the spacecraft's antenna support struts in a position that would shield them from erosion by interstellar dust.

History

The original idea, that the Pioneer spacecraft should carry a message from mankind, was first mentioned by Eric Burgess<ref name="FOOTNOTEPournelle1982212–240">Pournelle 1982, pp. 212–240.</ref> when he visited the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, during the Mariner 9 mission. He approached Carl Sagan, who had lectured about communication with intelligent extraterrestrials at a conference in Crimea.

Sagan was enthusiastic about the idea of sending a message with the Pioneer spacecraft. NASA agreed to the plan and gave him three weeks to prepare a message. Together with Frank Drake he designed the plaque, and the artwork was prepared by Linda Salzman Sagan, who was Sagan's wife at the time. Additional artistic contributions were made by Jon Lomberg.<ref name= "Scott 2019" />

Both plaques were manufactured at Precision Engravers, San Carlos, California.<ref>"Plaque Engraving, Sign Engraving - Precision Engravers, San Carlos". www.precision-engravers.com. Retrieved 2020-06-29.</ref>

The first plaque was launched with Pioneer 10 on March 2, 1972, and the second followed with Pioneer 11 on April 5, 1973.

In May 2017, a limited edition of 200 replicas engraved from the original master design at Precision Engravers was made available in a Kickstarter Campaign, which also offered laser-engraved replicas.<ref name="King2017" />

Physical properties

• Material: 6061 T6 gold-anodized aluminium
• Width: 9 inches (228.6 mm)
• Height: 6 inches (152.4 mm)
• Thickness: 0.05 inches (1.27 mm)
• Mean depth of engraving: 0.015 inches (0.381 mm)
• Mass: approx. 4.2 ounces (120 g)

Symbolism

Hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen

Hyperfine transition of neutral hydrogen

At the top left of the plaque is a schematic representation of the hyperfine transition of hydrogen, which is the most abundant element in the universe. The spin-flip transition of a hydrogen atom's electron has a frequency of about 1420.405 MHz, which corresponds to a period of 0.704 ns. Light at this frequency has a vacuum wavelength of 21.106 centimetres (8.309 in) (which is also the distance the light travels in that time period). Below the symbol, the small vertical line—representing the binary digit 1—specifies a unit of length (21 cm) as well as a unit of time (0.7 ns). Both units are used as measurements in the other symbols.<ref name="Rosenthal2016" />

Figures of a man and a woman

Figures of a man and a woman

On the right side of the plaque, a nude man and woman are shown in front of the spacecraft.<ref name="Barnett2015" /> Between the brackets that indicate the height of the woman, the binary representation of the number 8 can be seen (1000). In units of the wavelength of the hyperfine transition of hydrogen this means 8 × 21 cm = 168 centimetres (66 in).

The small defect in the first zero is only in reproductions of the plaque (like here) and not on the original. It probably dates back to a printing error in the original article "A Message from Earth" which is the primary source for many of the copies of the engraving.<ref name="FOOTNOTESaganSaganDrake1972881–884">Sagan, Sagan & Drake 1972, pp. 881–884.</ref> In the replicas from the 2017 Kickstarter campaign mentioned above the delineation is correct.<ref name="King2017" />

The right hand of the man is raised as a sign of good will. Although this gesture may not be understood, it offers a way to show the opposable thumb and how the limbs can be moved.<ref name="FOOTNOTESagan200022">Sagan 2000, p. 22.</ref>

Originally Sagan intended the humans to be shown holding hands, but soon realized that an extraterrestrial might perceive them as a single creature rather than two organisms.<ref name="FOOTNOTESagan200022">Sagan 2000, p. 22.</ref>

The original drawings of the figures were based on drawings by Leonardo da Vinci and Greek sculptures.<ref name="FOOTNOTESagan200022">Sagan 2000, p. 22.</ref>

The woman's genitals are not depicted in detail; only the mons pubis is shown. It has been claimed that Sagan, having little time to complete the plaque, suspected that NASA would have rejected a more intricate drawing and therefore made a compromise just to be safe.<ref name="FOOTNOTEFletcher2001">Fletcher 2001.</ref> Sagan said that the decision to not include the vertical line on the woman's genitalia (pudendal cleft) which would be caused by the intersection of the labia majora was due to two reasons. First, Greek sculptures of women do not include that line. Second, Sagan believed that a design with such an explicit depiction of a woman's genitalia would be considered too obscene to be approved by NASA.<ref name="FOOTNOTESagan2000">Sagan 2000.</ref> According to the memoirs of Robert S. Kraemer, however, the original design that was presented to NASA headquarters included a line which indicated the woman's vulva,<ref name="FOOTNOTEWolverton200480">Wolverton 2004, p. 80.</ref> and this line was erased as a condition for approval of the design by John Naugle, former head of NASA's Office of Space Science and the agency's former chief scientist.<ref name="FOOTNOTEWolverton200480">Wolverton 2004, p. 80.</ref>

Sun and galactic landmarks

Relative position of the Sun to the center of the Galaxy and 14 pulsars with their periods denoted

The radial pattern on the left of the plaque shows 15 lines emanating from the same origin. Fourteen of the lines have corresponding long binary numbers, which stand for the periods of pulsars, using the hydrogen spin-flip transition frequency as the unit. Since these periods will change over time, the epoch of the launch can be calculated from these values.

The lengths of the lines show the relative distances of the pulsars to the Sun. A tick mark at the end of each line gives the Z coordinate perpendicular to the galactic plane.

If the plaque is found, only some of the pulsars may be visible from the location of its discovery. Showing the location with as many as 14 pulsars provides redundancy so that the location of the origin can be triangulated even if only some of the pulsars are recognized.

The data for one of the pulsars is misleading. When the plaque was designed, the frequency of pulsar "1240" (now known as J1243-6423) was known to only three significant decimal digits: 0.388 second.<ref name="FOOTNOTESaganSaganDrake1972881–884">Sagan, Sagan & Drake 1972, pp. 881–884.</ref> The map lists the period of this pulsar in binary to much greater precision: 100000110110010110001001111000. Rounding this off at about 10 significant bits (100000110100000000000000000000) would have provided a hint of this uncertainty. This pulsar is represented by the long line pointing down and to the right.

The fifteenth line on the plaque extends to the far right, behind the human figures. This line indicates the Sun's relative distance to the center of the galaxy.

The pulsar map and hydrogen atom diagram are shared in common with the Voyager Golden Record.

Solar System

The Solar System with the trajectory of the Pioneer spacecraft

At the bottom of the plaque is a schematic diagram of the Solar System. A small picture of the spacecraft is shown, and the trajectory shows its way past Jupiter and out of the Solar System. Both Pioneers 10 and 11 have identical plaques; however, after launch, Pioneer 11 was redirected toward Saturn and from there it exited the Solar System. In this regard the Pioneer 11 plaque is inaccurate. The Saturn flyby of Pioneer 11 would also greatly influence its future direction and destination as compared to Pioneer 10, but this fact is not depicted in the plaques.

Saturn's rings could give a further hint to identifying the Solar System. Rings around the planets Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune were unknown when the plaque was designed; however, unlike Saturn, the ring systems on these planets are not so easily visible and apparent as Saturn's. Pluto was considered to be a planet when the plaque was designed; in 2006 the IAU reclassified Pluto as a dwarf planet. Other large bodies classed as dwarf planets, such as Eris, are not depicted, as they were unknown at the time the plaque was made.

The binary numbers above and below the planets show the relative distance to the Sun. The unit is 1/10 of Mercury's orbit. Rather than the familiar "1" and "0", "I" and "–" are used.

Silhouette of the spacecraft

Silhouette of the Pioneer spacecraft relative to the size of the humans

Behind the figures of the human beings, the silhouette of the Pioneer spacecraft is shown in the same scale so that the size of the human beings can be deduced by measuring the spacecraft.

Criticism

One of the parts of the diagram that is among the easiest for humans to understand may be among the hardest for potential extraterrestrial finders to understand: the arrow showing the trajectory of Pioneer. Ernst Gombrich criticized the use of an arrow because arrows are an artifact of hunter-gatherer societies like those on Earth; finders with a different cultural heritage may find the arrow symbol meaningless.<ref name="FOOTNOTEGombrich198385–89">Gombrich 1983, pp. 85–89.</ref>

Art critic Craig Owens said that sexual bias is exhibited by the decision to have the man in the diagram perform the raised hand gesture to greet the extraterrestrials while the woman in the diagram has her hands at her sides.<ref name="FOOTNOTESpariosu1991176">Spariosu 1991, p. 176.</ref> Feminists also took issue with this choice for the same reason.<ref name="FOOTNOTEAchenbach199992">Achenbach 1999, p. 92.</ref> To appease these criticisms, a second illustration of a similar couple was provided, with the woman raising her hand instead.<ref name= "Scott 2019">Scott, Jonathan (21 March 2019). The Vinyl Frontier: The Story of NASA's Interstellar Mixtape. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4729-5611-8.</ref>

Carl Sagan regretted that the figures in the finished engraving failed to look panracial. Although this was the intent, the final figures were criticised for looking too white. Both had broad and flattened noses, and the woman was given epicanthial folds to resemble East Asian people.<ref name="FOOTNOTEAchenbach199992">Achenbach 1999, p. 92.</ref> In the original drawing, the man was drawn with an "Afro" haircut, so an additional African physical trait would be included in the man to make the figures look more panracial, but that detail was changed to a "non-African Mediterranean-curly haircut" in the finished engraving.<ref name="FOOTNOTEGeppert2012297">Geppert 2012, p. 297.</ref> Furthermore, Carl Sagan said that Linda Sagan intended to portray both the man and woman as having brown hair, but the hair being only outlined, rather than being both outlined and shaded made their hair appear blonde instead.<ref name="FOOTNOTESpangenburgMoserMoser200474">Spangenburg, Moser & Moser 2004, p. 74.</ref> Other people had different interpretations of the race of people depicted by the figures. White people, black people and East Asian people each tended to think that the figures resembled their own racial group, so, although some people were proud that their race appeared to have been selected to represent all of humankind, others viewed the figures as "terribly racist" for "the apparently blatant exclusion" of other races.<ref name="FOOTNOTEWolverton200482">Wolverton 2004, p. 82.</ref>

Linda Sagan decided to make the figures nude to address the problem of the type of clothes they should wear to represent all of humanity and to make the figures more anatomically educational for extraterrestrials, but some viewed their nudity as pornographic.<ref name="FOOTNOTEWolverton200479">Wolverton 2004, p. 79.</ref> According to astronomer Frank Drake, there were many negative reactions to the plaque because the human beings were displayed naked.<ref name="FOOTNOTESagan1978">Sagan 1978.</ref> When images of the final design were published in American newspapers, one newspaper published the image with the man's genitalia removed and another newspaper published the image with both the man's genitalia and the woman's nipples removed.<ref name="FOOTNOTESagan200023">Sagan 2000, p. 23.</ref> In one letter to a newspaper, a person angrily wrote that they felt that the nudity of the images made the images obscene.<ref name="FOOTNOTESagan200025">Sagan 2000, p. 25.</ref> In contrast, in another letter to the same newspaper, a person was critical of the prudishness of the people who found depictions of nudity to be obscene.<ref group="lower-alpha">The writer is being sarcastic in second quotation on page 25. Using sarcasm, the writer is mocking the prudishness which led to the censorship of the woman's vulva rather than supporting the censorship.<ref name="FOOTNOTESagan200025">Sagan 2000, p. 25.</ref> </ref> There have also been criticisms of the censorship of the female figure's genitals. Scientist and artist Joe Davis protested the depiction with his Poetica Vaginal project wherein he used an MIT radar dish to transmit the recordings of a vaginal detector.<ref name="FOOTNOTEHay2020">Hay 2020.</ref>

See also

• Alien language
• Arecibo message
• Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
• Lunar plaque
• Pioneer program
• Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
• Voyager Golden Record

References

Sources

• Achenbach, Joel (1999). Captured by Aliens: The Search for Life and Truth in a Very Large Universe. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-84856-3.
• Fletcher, Alan (2001). The Art of Looking Sideways. Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-7148-3449-8.
• Geppert, Alexander C.T. (2012). Geppert, Alexander C. T. (ed.). Imagining Outer Space: European Astroculture in the Twentieth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9780230361362. ISBN 978-0-230-23172-6.
• Gombrich, E. H. (1983). "The Image and the Eye: Further Studies in the Psychology of Pictorial Representation". The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 42 (1): 85. doi:10.2307/429951. ISSN 0021-8529. JSTOR 429951.
• Hay, Mark (26 February 2020). "NASA's Fight to Protect Aliens From Naked Ladies". OZY.
• Morgan, Edwin (1997). Collected Poems. Manchester: Carcanet Press. ISBN 978-1-857541-88-5.
• Pournelle, Jerry (April 1982). "The Osborne 1, Zeke's New Friends, and Spelling Revisited". BYTE. pp. 212–240.
• Sagan, C.; Sagan, L. S.; Drake, F. (1972). "A Message from Earth". Science. 175 (4024): 881–884. Bibcode:1972Sci...175..881S. doi:10.1126/science.175.4024.881. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17781060.
• Sagan, Carl (1978). Murmurs of Earth: the Voyager interstellar record. Random House. ISBN 978-0-394-41047-0.
• Sagan, Carl (2000). Carl Sagan's Cosmic Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 978-0-521-78303-3.
• Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Kit; Moser, Diane (2004). Carl Sagan: A Biography. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-32265-5.
• Spariosu, Mihai (1991). Bogue, Ronald (ed.). Mimesis in contemporary theory : an interdisciplinary approach. Vol. 2, Mimesis, semiosis, and power. Philadelphia ; Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. ISBN 9789027242259. OCLC 185840954.
• Wolverton, Mark (2004). The Depths of Space: The Story of the Pioneer Planetary Probes. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09050-6.

External links

• Hans Mark: Origin Story of Carl Sagan's Plaque on Pioneer 10 on YouTube – recording from 1994 interview
• Reading the Pioneer/Voyager Pulsar Map (Wm. Robert Johnston), updated 11 March 2003. Last accessed on 8 April 2006
• The Sagan, Sagan & Drake 1972 article is available here
  • Page 881
  • Page 882
  • Page 883
  • Page 884