Experiment (horse-powered boat)

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Ticket for Experiment

Screw propeller similar to one used by Experiment

Experiment was an early 19th-century boat powered by horses and incorporating the idea of a screw propeller, which was a new idea at the time.<ref name="HorsePaddleBoat">Sheaff, Dick. "Powered Boats". Ephemera. Retrieved 12 December 2011.</ref><ref name="Lane">Lane, Gladys R. (Librarian of the Shepley Library, Providence, Rhode Island) (19 March 1925). Rhode Island's Earliest Engraver. Vol. VII. Antiques Magazine. p. 133.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</ref>

History

Experiment was a horse-powered ferry boat. It was a 12-ton, three-masted boat drawing a few feet of water, about 100 feet (30.48 m) long by 20 feet (6.1 m) beam.<ref name="Bishop">Bishop, James Leander; Freedley, Edwin Troxell; Young, Edward (April 1961). A history of American manufactures from 1608 to 1860: exhibiting the origin and growth of the principal mechanic arts and manufactures. Vol. 2. pp. 12, 36.</ref>) in 1807 to 1810, depending on the source.<ref name="RIS-EDI">Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry (1859). Transactions of the Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry. Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic Industry. p. 31 Mr. Varnum Wilkinson, now living (1859), built "The Experiment," he thinks in 1809 or 1810. </ref><ref name="Field510">Field, Edward (1902). State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the end of the century: a history. Vol. 2. Mason Pub. Co. p. 510.</ref><ref name="scientific">"Early Experiments in Steam Power". Scientific American Supplement. 23 (593): 9464. 14 May 1887.</ref> It was propelled by a "goose-foot paddle," a large mechanical screw propeller in the water instead of a paddle wheel at water surface.<ref name="Field510"/> The new technology devised by Grieve and Wilkinson was powered by eight horses on a treadmill. The technology to propel the boat upstream was originally invented by David Grieve and granted a patent 24 February 1801 in the category of "Boats to ascend rivers". The complete recorded patent was lost in the 1836 U.S. Patent Office fire.<ref name="HorsePaddleBoat"/> The idea of propelling vessels by a mechanical screw in the water is now referred to as Ericsson's propeller.<ref name="Bishop"/>

Maiden voyage

It is reported that Experiment made one unsuccessful voyage, as it ran aground on the return trip. The mechanism and associated parts were put together by Ephraim Southworth; little thought was put into the construction and it was poorly built.<ref name="Field511">Field, pp. 511–512</ref> The maiden voyage was in June 1809 with a group of gentlemen from the Grand Lodge of the State.<ref name="Society">Rhode Island Society, p. 30</ref> The first attempt of the "Screw Boat" began at Jackson's Wharf on Eddy's Point near Providence, Rhode Island, with a destination of Pawtuxet Village.<ref name="Hazard294"/> The eight horses for the "horse power" were owned by Marvin Morris; they were connected to a poorly designed contraption to make the boat move. It obtained a top speed of four knots with the help of a tide going in her direction and the wind on her back. It managed to get to Pawtuxet Village, where there was much celebration over its success. The return trip, however, resulted in humiliation when a gust of wind drove Experiment onto mud flats, causing its demise.<ref name="Hazard294">Hazard, p. 294</ref><ref name="Grieve2">Grieve, Robert (1920). The Sea Trade in Rhode Island an Providence Plantations. New York: American Historical Society, Inc. pp. 511–512. Retrieved 14 December 2011.</ref>

Financial failure

The Experiment venture had sold shares of stock from a prospectus to raise money to build it.<ref name="Society"/> There was so much confidence in the venture that tickets were engraved by William Hamlin for its anticipated voyages to New-Port and Providence.<ref name="Lane"/><ref name="RIHS">Rhode Island Historical Society collections. Vol. 15–18. Rhode Island Historical Society. 1922. p. 96.</ref> Ultimately, the horse boat and all the associated items were seized by the Sheriff at the behest of Grieve's creditors and sold for lack of payments on the loans, since it was not a successful venture.<ref name="Hazard294"/> Wilkinson later said that "after the frolic" it was "hauled up" and allowed to go to waste and ruin.<ref name="Field510"/> Nevertheless, the ship was carefully studied by Daniel French, who did the drawings for Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat (known as Clermont), and may have benefited that enterprise.<ref name="Field510"/>

Experiment is important as a precursor of public transportation on rivers, and it was the forerunner of a number of horse-powered boats, chiefly ferries used for more than a half-century along the eastern seaboard of the United States. Most commonly, those were paddle wheel boats, not screw-type propellers.<ref name="Perkins">Perkins, Sid (21 May 1999). "When Horses Really Walked on Water: Before the steam engine was invented, there were three sources of usable power: wind, water, and animals. The first of these to be harnessed — literally — was animal". The Chronicle of the Horse. pp. 90–92. Retrieved 12 December 2011.</ref><ref name="Crisman">Crisman, Kevin J.; Cohn, Arthur B. (1998). When Horses Walked on Water: Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 292. ISBN 9781560988434.</ref><ref name="Kennard">Kennard, Jim (2 July 2005). "Lake Champlain: Horse Powered Ferry Boat discovered in Lake Champlain". Shipwreck World. Retrieved 12 December 2011.</ref> Inclined treadmills were often used.<ref name="Perkins"/>

See also

• Animal-powered transport
• Horse-drawn boat – Canal boat pulled by a horse on a towpath
• Team boat
• Horse mill
• Horse engine
• Marine propulsion
• Paddle steamer includes comment regarding animal drive ships
• Treadwheel
• Working animal – Domesticated animals for assisting people

References

Sources

• Bishop, James Leander; Freedley, Edwin Troxell; Young, Edward (1864). A history of American manufactures from 1608 to 1860: exhibiting the origin and growth of the principal mechanic arts and manufactures, from the earliest colonial period to the adoption of the constitution and comprising annals of the industry of the United States in machinery. Vol. 2. E. Young & Co. p. 12.
• Crisman, Kevin J.; Cohn, Arthur B. (1998). When Horses Walked on Water: Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 292. ISBN 9781560988434.
• "Early Experiments in Steam Power". Scientific American Supplement. 23 (593): 9464. 14 May 1887.
• Field, Edward (1902). State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the end of the century: a history. Vol. 2. Mason Pub. Co. p. 510.
• Grieve, Robert (1920). The Sea Trade in Rhode Island an Providence Plantations. New York: American Historical Society, Inc. pp. 511–512. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
• Hazard, Samuel (1841). Hazard's United States commercial and statistical register. Vol. 4. W. F. Geddes. p. 294.
• Kennard, Jim (2 July 2005). "Lake Champlain: Horse Powered Ferry Boat discovered in Lake Champlain". Shipwreck World. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
• Lane, Gladys R. (Librarian of the Shepley Library, Providence, Rhode Island) (19 March 1925). Rhode Island's Earliest Engraver. Vol. VII. Antiques Magazine. p. 133.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Perkins, Sid (21 May 1999). "When Horses Really Walked on Water: Before the steam engine was invented, there were three sources of usable power: wind, water, and animals. The first of these to be harnessed — literally — was animal". The Chronicle of the Horse. pp. 90–92. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
• Sheaff, Dick. "Powered Boats". Ephemera. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
• VanWyk, Eugene (April 1961). "William Hamlin: Providence Engraver" (PDF). Rhode Island History. 20 (2): 36. Retrieved 12 December 2011.