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.... Because of the natural radiation of the hot atmosphere, the intensity of radiation is different from the transmitted part.]] ...al transmittance''' refers to energy loss by [[Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorption]], whereas (total) transmittance is that due to absorption, [[s ...

...velocity, time).<ref>{{cite book | author = M. F. Kaplan | title = Nuclear Radiation and the Properties of Concrete | date = August 1983 | url = https://inis.ia Earth atmospheric neutron flux, apparently from thunderstorms, can reach levels of 3·10<sup>− ...

...t may extend from a few [[Hertz|kHz]] to several tens of kHz, depending on atmospheric conditions. ..., Florida |date=1982 |volume=II |isbn=0849332273 }}</ref> Finally, [[upper-atmospheric lightning]] or [[Sprite (lightning)|sprite]]s, that occur at mesospheric al ...

*[[Atmospheric electricity]] ...ctro-magnetic radiation such as visible light, ultraviolet light, or gamma radiation. ...

...diation as transmitted rather than attenuated, and is more applicable to [[radiation shielding]]. ...f material and the energy of the radiation. Generally, for electromagnetic radiation, the higher the energy of the incident photons and the less dense the mater ...

...on two steel plates as electrode. The discharge is taking place in normal atmospheric air, at about 30 kHz, with a discharge gap of about 4&nbsp;mm. The ''foot'' ...e]] mix, with the glass walls acting as the dielectric barrier. Due to the atmospheric pressure level, such processes require high energy levels to sustain. Commo ...

...ensity of the radiation ([[amplitude modulation]]) or the frequency of the radiation ([[frequency modulation]]) is oscillated and then the individual oscillatio *[[Atmospheric temperature#Temperature range|Atmospheric thermal amplitude]] ...

...ogue_detail.htm?csnumber=16943|title=Thermal insulation — Heat transfer by radiation — Physical quantities and definitions|work=ISO 9288:1989|publisher=[[Intern ...g radiance averaged over all directions, in other words, the total flux of radiation hitting the surface per unit area, divided by π.<ref>{{cite journal |first1 ...

...wavelength) of liquid water (red),{{r|Bertiewww|Bertie96|tpdsciBertie96}} atmospheric [[water vapor]] (green){{r|spectraiaoru|HITRAN|hitraniaoru|spectraiaoru|Ari The '''absorption of electromagnetic radiation by water''' depends on the [[state of matter|state]] of the water. ...

...line]]s, space based systems ([[remote sensing]]), measurements, microwave radiation hazards and safety measures. ...could accurately locate enemy ships and planes with a focused beam of [[EM radiation]]. The foundations of this discipline are found in [[Maxwell's equations]] ...

...h]]s work [[iron]] when it is hot enough to emit plainly visible [[thermal radiation]].]] ...]] radiation, which is not visible to human eyes. A portion of the thermal radiation from very hot objects (see photograph) is easily visible to the eye. ...

...enclosed chamber, the consideration of being able to withstand external [[atmospheric pressure]] are the usual precaution for this type of design. Along with th ...vary depending on the level of vacuum used. Pressure slightly reduced from atmospheric pressure may be used to control airflow in ventilation systems, or in mater ...

...eeded|date=November 2017}} This principle has been used to detect ionizing radiation, as seen in the [[Quartz fiber dosimeter|quartz fibre electrometer]] and [[ ...ectrostatic/braun.html "Braun Electroscope (early 1900s)"], ORAU Museum of Radiation and Radiology, retrieved 20 September 2021.</ref> ...

...orensic science?|last=US Department of Commerce|first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|website=oceanservice.noaa.gov|language=EN-US|access-date=201 ...02">{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=What is marine forensic science? |url=https://oceanse ...

{{Short description|Atmospheric phenomenon causing planetary warming}} {{about|the atmospheric phenomenon causing planetary warming|the general heating or cooling of Eart ...

...ed by varying [[Solar irradiance|solar radiation]] intensity rather than [[Atmospheric temperature|air temperature]] oscillation. This produces a greater SCOP (Se ...

...z]] dipole in which electric alternating currents of frequency f flow. Its radiation of electromagnetic waves within the Earth-ionospheric waveguide can be desc ...dicating the equivalence of both theories<ref name="Volland">Volland, H., "Atmospheric Electrodynamics", Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1984</ref> ...

...who described the scientific process used to evaluate effects of ionizing radiation as trans science. The origin of the term '''regulatory science''' is unknow ...National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration]], [[National Marine Fisheries Service]], implement the deve ...

...rum (physical sciences)|spectrum]] of [[frequencies]] of [[electromagnetic radiation]] emitted due to [[electron]]s making a [[atomic electron transition|transi Emission of radiation is typically described using semi-classical quantum mechanics: the particle ...

..., absorbs most [[meteoroid]]s and [[ultraviolet]] [[Solar irradiance|solar radiation]], warms the surface through heat retention ([[greenhouse effect]]), and re ..., and 0.4% over the entire atmosphere. Air composition, temperature, and [[atmospheric pressure]] vary with altitude. Within the atmosphere, air suitable for use ...