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...singularities as viewed in a mirror placed at the location of the boundary conditions. Most typically, the mirror is a [[hyperplane]] or [[hypersphere]]. ...d of images''' can also be used in solving discrete problems with boundary conditions, such counting the number of restricted discrete [[random walks]]. ...

...Nimr |first1=M. A. |last2=Alkam |first2=M. K. |title=A generalized thermal boundary condition |journal=Heat and Mass Transfer |date=19 September 1997 |volume=3 ...te the coordinate system, while the numbers designate the type of boundary conditions that are satisfied. ...

...conductor|semiconducting material]] or a [[polyelectrolyte]]. Under these conditions an attractive force appears, whose magnitude depends on the voltage and the ...

...matics]], '''analytical regularization''' is a technique used to convert [[boundary value problem]]s which can be written as [[Fredholm integral equation]]s of Analytical regularization proceeds as follows. First, the boundary value problem is formulated as an integral equation. Written as an operator ...

...eplicates the boundary conditions of the problem (see [[Dirichlet boundary conditions]]). In a simplest case of the [[magnetic dipole]] over the flat superconduc ...

with the additional [[boundary condition]]s ...

...|first=Akhlesh |title=The Ewald–Oseen Extinction Theorem and the Extended Boundary Condition Method, in: The World of Applied Electromagnetics |date=2018 |pub By making use of the [[boundary conditions]] for the tangential field components on the scatterer surface, ...

...to enforce the [[Interface conditions for electromagnetic fields|boundary conditions]].]] ...[Interface conditions for electromagnetic fields|tangential field boundary conditions]] necessitate that ...

.../scattering problem in an [[unbounded set|unbounded]] region, or one whose boundary is located at [[infinity]]. For closed surfaces, it is possible to use the ...d by a numerical technique appropriate to integral equations such as the [[boundary element method|method of moments]]. ...

...f the problem (see [[Dirichlet boundary conditions]] or [[Neumann boundary conditions]]). ...he electric potential or the electric field and the corresponding boundary conditions we can swap the charge distribution we are considering for one with a confi ...

'''Classical nonradiation conditions''' define the conditions according to [[classical electromagnetism]] under which a distribution of a }}</ref> The modern derivation of these nonradiation conditions by [[Hermann A. Haus]] is based on the Fourier components of the current pr ...

...t is a convenient but idealized number that must be adjusted for operating conditions that differ from the test. The bollard pull of a vessel may be reported as ...idealized-2.svg|thumb|Figure 1: bollard pull trial under ideal (imaginary) conditions]] ...

...>z</sub> are equal in all the regions. This fact is due to the continuity conditions of the tangential components of the electric and [[magnetic field]]s, at th ...into account the boundary conditions at the metallic walls and continuity conditions at the air-dielectric interface. ...

...solutions in general represent waves propagating from sources outside the boundary. ...

...itly assumes that the system under study is infinitely [[Periodic boundary conditions|periodic]] (a sensible assumption for the interiors of crystals). One repea ...ll. The overall effect is called a [[periodic boundary conditions|periodic boundary condition]]. To visualize this most clearly, think of a unit cube; the uppe ...

...gation|radio waves can propagate]] in the space between the ground and the boundary of the [[ionosphere]]. ...the Earth-ionosphere waveguide is at 70&nbsp;km, corresponding to day time conditions at mid-latitudes. The amplitude minimum near ρ = 500&nbsp; is the last inte ...

...(except for sign), no matter from which direction the wave approaches the boundary. ...opposite signs. Voltage reflection coefficients on opposite sides of the boundary have opposite signs. ...

...inal coefficient of adhesion (fx) in function of the speed and the weather conditions for the asphalt:<br> B) Asphalt drainage in wet conditions<br> ...

...%20Principles%20notes.pdf Lecture 16, Wind and Turbulence, Part 1, Surface Boundary Layer: Theory and Principles ]'', Ecosystem Science Division, Department of ===Initial conditions=== ...

...onservative vector field]]'' if it meets any of these three ''equivalent'' conditions: {{math proof| title = Proof that these three conditions are equivalent when ''F'' is a [[force field (physics)|force field]] ...