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...ible light]], [[X-rays]] and [[gamma ray]]s. Electromagnetism mediates all chemical, biological, electrical and electronic processes. ...lear force mediates both [[nuclear fission]] and [[nuclear fusion|fusion]] reactions. ...

...energy]], such as that released in [[chemical explosion]]s, the burning of chemical [[fuel]] and [[Biology|biological]] processes. Bond energies and bond-disso |Among the chemical elements, [[Ionization energies of the elements (data page)|the range of io ...

...ance defines the rate with which electrons are transferred between quantum chemical states as described by the quantum rate theory. ...

{{Short description|Chemical mixture for absorbing carbon dioxide}} == Chemical components == ...

...q=\Delta U</math>. In solution chemistry, on the other hand, most chemical reactions are kept at constant pressure. Under this condition, the heat <math>q</math These functions have a minimum in chemical equilibrium, as long as certain variables (<math>T</math>, and <math>V</mat ...

**[[International reactions to the Israel–Hamas war]] **''M/T Strinda'', a Norwegian-owned [[chemical tanker]], is hit by at least one [[missile]] launched from [[Yemen]], with ...

...t a theoretical one. For a long time, the exact nature of the intermediate reactions during the charging or discharging of the cell were left up to speculation, ...nd sharp drop that is the fourth stage, occurring between 2.05 V – 1.5 V. Reactions taking place in each stage of the discharge are listed below; ...

...iki.png|thumb|Cross sectional view of a silicon wafer after metal assisted chemical etching (MACE). The dissolution rate of silicon is locally enhanced due to ...e Boor |first4=Johannes |last5=Gösele |first5=Ulrich |title=Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon: A Review: In memory of Prof. Ulrich Gösele |journal=Adv ...

...s a necessary condition for processes such as [[Chemical reaction|chemical reactions]] that may occur under these conditions. The Gibbs free energy is expressed ...y is the thermodynamic potential that is minimized when a system reaches [[chemical equilibrium]] at constant pressure and temperature when not driven by an ap ...

...t intake nutrients from food to be able to sustain energy by breaking down chemical bonds in nutrients during metabolic processes such as [[glycolysis]] and [[ ...ailable for work (such as mechanical work) or for other processes (such as chemical synthesis and [[anabolism|anabolic]] processes in growth), when weak bonds ...

...It can also be used to follow the [[chemical kinetics|kinetics of chemical reactions]] in a dilute gas mixture, provided these involve charged species. ...

...[[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs), [[fungal]] air contaminants, and [[chemical agent]]s and their associated [[odor]]s.<ref>Pelekani, Liggie. “Equipment N ...he chemicals and pathogens in air through a complex series of free radical reactions. As molecular oxygen is always present in the air, ozone is always formed a ...

...molecular assembler]]s began in 2001 and concluded in a cover story in ''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]'' in 2003.]] ...debate was concluded in late 2003 in a "Point–Counterpoint" feature in ''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]'' in which both parties participated. ...

...explosives]] research Helmholtz free energy is often used, since explosive reactions by their nature induce pressure changes. It is also frequently used to defi ...and first presented in 1882 in a lecture called "On the thermodynamics of chemical processes".<ref>{{cite book | author = von Helmholtz, H. | date = 1882 | ti ...

...d=s-sCt4RT0bMC&dq=transport+number+Hittorf+1853&pg=PA61 Pathways to Modern Chemical Physics] by Salvatore Califano (Springer 2012) p.61 {{ISBN|9783642281808}}< ...Q/2F) = t_-(Q/2F)</math>.<ref name=Crow/> This decrease may be measured by chemical analysis in order to evaluate the transport numbers. Analysis of the anode ...

[[Physical property|Physical]] or [[Chemical property|chemical]] [[Material property|properties of materials]] and [[system]]s can often b * [[chemical potential]], ''μ'' ...

* [[Chemical energy]] – energy contained in molecules ...ation energy]], explains the differences in the speeds of various chemical reactions ...

* The chemical gradient, or difference in [[Concentration|solute concentration]] across a ...[electric charge]] across a membrane and a differential concentration of [[chemical species]] across that same membrane. In the former effect, the concentrate ...

{{Short description|Storing surplus electricity production in chemical form}} ...r = Koordinierungskreis Chemische Energieforschung (Joint Working Group on Chemical Energy Research) | place = Germany | isbn = 978-3-89746-183-3 | url = http: ...

...nd [[engineering]], especially [[physical chemistry]], [[biochemistry]], [[chemical engineering]] and [[mechanical engineering]], but also in other complex fie ...modynamics]] studies the nature of the role of entropy in the process of [[chemical reaction]]s and has provided the bulk of expansion and knowledge of the fie ...