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...or gathered through laboratory tests such as [[Blood test|blood work]], [[Clinical urine tests|urine samples]] etc. or through [[Physical examination|medical Outcome measures can be divided into [[clinical endpoint]]s and [[surrogate endpoint]]s where the former is directly relate ...

....gov/clinicalresearch/overview-translational.asp |title=Re-engineering the Clinical Research Enterprise: Translational Research |author=National Institutes of ...nts.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-RM-10-001.html |title=Institutional Clinical and Translational Science Award (U54)|author=National Institutes of Health ...

...[University of Edinburgh Medical School|University of Edinburgh College of Medicine]]. It focuses on the investigation of crime and death using forensic pathol ...unique for its application of forensic science and medicine to veterinary medicine and animal related crimes including animal cruelty cases. ...

...ive to leverage existing academic health center infrastructure through the Clinical and Translational Science Awards. Furthermore, some universities acknowledg ...nguage=en|work=Science|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/careers-clinical-and-translational-research|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite we ...

===Clinical research ethics=== ...including:<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beecher|first=Henry K.|title=Ethics and Clinical Research|journal=N Engl J Med|date=June 16, 1966|issue=24|pages=1354–1360|d ...

...]] Fellows conducting basic, [[translational research|translational]], and clinical research, the NIH Intramural Research Program is the largest biomedical res * Conduct distinctive, laboratory, clinical, behavioral, translational and population-based research that breaks new gr ...

The Renal Association has continued to produce clinical practice guidance on the management of patients with kidney disease since 1 ...://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/education-practice/advice/specialty-spotlight-renal-medicine|access-date=2021-08-05|website=RCP London}}</ref> ...

...s, the process of scientific inquiry, and translation of that knowledge to clinical practice".</ref> The interface between basic research and applied research ...|title=Focus: Between and beyond 'histories of science' and 'histories of medicine'—introduction |journal=Isis |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=97–101 |date=Mar 20 ...

...ours that require none.<ref name=Greene1988>Getz, Faye M. Western Medieval Medicine in {{cite book |title=History of medicine ...

...ees' notion: an overview |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine |date=18 December 2016|volume=9 |page=17 |pmid=28523118 |pmc=5432947 }}</re ...ees' notion: an overview |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine |date=18 December 2016|volume=9 |page=17 |pmid=28523118 |pmc=5432947 }}</re ...

...can be compared visually to a suspension of bacteria in sterile [[saline (medicine)|saline]] or nutrient broth. If the bacterial suspension is too turbid, it {{Clinical microbiology techniques}} ...

...sed according to a standardised list of keywords<ref>{{cite book | title = Clinical Research for Surgeons | author = Mohit Bhandari, Anders Joensson | publishe ...<ref>{{cite book | title = Finding information in science, technology, and medicine | author = Jill Lambert, Peter A. Lambert | page = 114 | publisher = Routle ...

...in detail in their publication; however, a 2005 study determined that most clinical trials have unclear allocation concealment in their protocols, in their pub ...doption of a methodological term. |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |date=June 2018 |volume=111 |issue=6 |pages=216–224 |doi=10.1177/0141076818 ...

...gineering or a doctoral degree (e.g. [[Doctor of Philosophy]], [[Doctor of Medicine]] or [[Doctor of Pharmacy]]). In some cases it can be synonymous with [[pos ...k: Research associates may carry out laboratory experiments, fieldwork, or clinical trials, depending on the field. They make certain that procedures are accur ...

...gy on the safety of medication administration."] ''New England Journal of Medicine, 362,'' 1698-707.</ref> One case study noted that the use of barcodes redu ...ty-in-the-Clinical-Laboratory-A|journal=Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine|language=en|volume=130|issue=11|pages=1662–1668|doi=10.5858/2006-130-1662-P ...

...s that study investigators submit a final protocol document for all funded clinical projects.}}</ref> ...k=CONSORT |access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> Though tailored to health and medicine, ideas in the CONSORT statement are broadly applicable to other fields wher ...

...l impedance analysis--part I: review of principles and methods | journal = Clinical Nutrition | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 1226–1243 | date = October 20 .... |last7=Dahlqvist Leinhard |first7=Olof |journal=Journal of Investigative Medicine |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=1.10–9 |pmc=5992366 |s2cid=4726327 |doi-access=f ...

...plied in [[evidence-based practice]]s and are integral to [[evidence-based medicine]] (EBM). ...arried by the different types of primary study when making decisions about clinical interventions".<ref name=green>{{cite journal | vauthors = Greenhalgh T | t ...

== Clinical and Biotechnological Significance == ...s.<ref name="Awan" /><ref name="Dimitri" /> In the field of [[regenerative medicine]], it offers hope for an application in [[Stem-cell therapy|stem cell thera ...

...evelopment of blood products. Currently, blood products frequently used in clinical treatment include over 20 types, belonging to such 3 sub-catalogues as [[hu ...earch on biological technologies is focused on agricultural breeding, gene medicine, marine biological products and the industrialization on key technologies. ...