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...wave]]s, [[microwave]]s, [[infrared]], [[visible light]], [[X-rays]] and [[gamma ray]]s. Electromagnetism mediates all chemical, biological, electrical and ...

==X-rays== ...and other branches of physics. The photons can be in form of [[X-ray]]s, [[gamma ray]]s, and [[bremsstrahlung]]. ...

...nergy neutrinos are produced from interactions of utlra-high-energy cosmic rays, the observed rate of production of the latter places a limit on the former == Cosmic rays == ...

...the same order of magnitude as the upper limit for energy at which cosmic rays have experimentally been detected, although indeed some detections appear t ...e [[Pierre Auger Observatory]], suggest that most ultra-high energy cosmic rays are [[HZE ions|heavier elements known as HZE ions]].<ref name="Aab2017">{{c ...

{{Short description|Probability that a gamma ray interacts with matter}} ...cs)|cross section]] for single process listed above is a part of the total gamma ray cross section. ...

...infrared]], [[visible light]] and [[ultraviolet]]), [[x-ray]]s and [[gamma rays]]. In the field of [[particle physics]] this electromagnetic radiation is t ...s, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, gamma rays etc.; ...

*[[X-ray]]s or [[gamma ray]]s, where it is denoted ''μ'' and measured in cm⁻¹; *[[High-energy X-rays]] ...

|title=A Bayesian analysis of the 27 highest energy cosmic rays detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory ...might be [[iron]] nuclei, rather than the protons that make up most cosmic rays.<ref name="Cosmic-ray theory unravels">{{cite journal ...

...etrating rays of three distinct sorts, which they labeled alpha, beta, and gamma after the first three [[Greek alphabet|Greek letters]]. Some of these kinds ...a particle]], a high-energy [[electron]]. [[Gamma decay]] releases [[gamma rays]], which unlike alpha and beta radiation are not matter but [[electromagnet ...

...ess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as [[gamma radiation]]; transferred to one of its [[electron]]s to release it as a [[I ...]] from a radionuclide source hits the sample and excites characteristic X-rays in the sample. This radiation is registered and the chemical composition of ...

...[[infrared]], [[visible light]], [[ultraviolet light]], [[X-rays]], and [[gamma ray]]s. The many commercial applications of these radiations are discussed ...s [[ultraviolet]] light{{sfnp|ps=|Ultraviolet Radiation Guide|1992}} and [[gamma ray]]s,{{sfnp|ps=|Valentin|2007|pp=61–79|loc=§4. Quantities used in radiolo ...

...On the other hand, nuclear shell transitions can emit high energy [[gamma rays]], while nuclear spin transitions emit low energy [[radio waves]]. ...re perceptible to the naked eye, as the spectrum also includes ultraviolet rays and infrared radiation. ...

...>{{cite book | first = Per F. | last = Dahl | title = Flash of the Cathode Rays: A History of J J Thomson's Electron | publisher = CRC Press | year = 1997| <math display="block">p^\alpha = \left(p_0, p_1, p_2, p_3 \right) = \left(\gamma m c, p_x, p_y, p_z \right) ,</math> ...

...make up [[visible light]], which was later shown to be true. Gamma-rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves were ...the lowest frequencies, to visible light at intermediate frequencies, to [[gamma ray]]s at the highest frequencies. ...

...]], [[visible light]], [[Ultraviolet|ultraviolet light]], [[X-ray]]s and [[gamma ray]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-25|title=Introduction to the Electromag ...

...ly reflecting boundary. The beam consists of a uniform density of parallel rays, and the beam-circle interaction is modeled within the framework of [[geome *[[Gamma ray cross section]] ...

...ugh the number of fissions produced in the RTG is very small (making their gamma radiation negligible), because each fission reaction releases over 30 times ...requires heavy shielding. Isotopes must not produce significant amounts of gamma, [[neutron radiation]] or penetrating radiation in general through other [[ ...

| Energy of [[gamma ray]] photons<ref name="NASA_spectrum"/> ...astro-ph/0102282 |bibcode = 2001ApJ...562L..55F | s2cid = 1047372 }} "the gamma-ray energy release, corrected for geometry, is narrowly clustered around 5 ...

...Electromagnetic spectrum|spectrum]] of radiation from [[radio wave]]s to [[gamma ray]]s. | <math>\partial_{[\alpha} F_{\beta\gamma]} = 0 </math> ...

...tromagnetism]] - electricity, magnets, and light from radio waves to gamma rays ...