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[[Category:Observational astronomy]] ...

...ay_Burst.jpg|thumb|Illustration of a short gamma-ray burst, a [[transient (astronomy)|transient astronomical event]] caused by a collapsing star.<ref name="Nior *Various [[time-domain astronomy|transient astronomical events]], which present limited (and often unpredict ...

# Test the hypothesis' predictions by an [[experiment]], [[observational study]], [[field research|field study]], or [[simulation]] ...as [[blind experiment|blind]] or [[double blind experiment]]s, to minimize observational bias. ...

...rology]], and [[astronomy]], relies on quasi-experiments. For example, in astronomy it is clearly impossible, when testing the hypothesis "Stars are collapsed ==Observational studies {{anchor|Contrast with observational study}}== ...

...estions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies |journal=Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences |year=2019 |volume=6 |pages=23 |doi=10.3389/fspas.2019.0 ==Observational history== ...

...nt assignment process is arguably exogenous. Thus, natural experiments are observational studies and are not controlled in the traditional sense of a randomized exp *#** [[Observational study]] – draws inferences about the possible effect of a treatment on subj ...

...s.esa.int/index.php?project=PLANCK&page=Planck_Published_Papers |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=571 |pages=A1 |arxiv=1303.5062 |bibcode=2014A&A. The first observational evidence for dark energy's existence came from measurements of [[supernova] ...

...t3=W.J.G. |last3=de&nbsp;Blok |year=2011 |title=THINGS about MOND |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=527 |issue=A76 |pages=A76 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201 ...MOND's effects predominate until objects are 41&nbsp;[[Light-second#Use in astronomy|light-days]] from the Sun; this is 53 times further away from the Sun than ...

...|book-title=IAU symposium 63: Confrontation of cosmological theories with observational data |publisher=Reidel |year=1974 |location=Dordrecht |title=Large number c ...work. In particular, I argue that existing methodology does not permit any observational consequences to be derived from contemporary cosmological theories, though ...

...visible light spectrum]]. The main causes of electromagnetic redshift in [[astronomy]] and [[cosmology]] are the relative motions of radiation sources, which gi ...y of the Earth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pannekoek|first=A.|title=A History of Astronomy |date=1961|publisher=Dover|page=451|isbn=978-0-486-65994-7}}</ref> In 1901, ...

...ttp://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=4 |title=Curious About Astronomy |publisher=Curious.astro.cornell.edu |access-date=2014-03-03 |url-status=de ...= 7D hyperspace + 4 common dimensions. To date, no direct experimental or observational evidence is available to support the existence of these extra dimensions. I ...

...l parameters|url=https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833910|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=641|pages=A6|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201833910|arxiv=18 ...percluster]]s which form immense [[galaxy filament|filaments]] and [[void (astronomy)|voids]] in space, creating a vast foam-like structure.<ref>{{Cite book|url ...

...cation of the material world in each universe. But since there would be no observational way of telling these universes apart then, according to the [[identity of i {{Portal bar|Physics|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Science}} ...

|title=The fundamental constants and their variation: observational status and theoretical motivations |journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]] ...

|title=The fundamental constants and their variation: Observational status and theoretical motivations |series=Springer-Praxis Books in Popular Astronomy ...

...ions, including basic research discovery, disease cures, particle physics, astronomy, marine science, and the environment.<ref name="Billionaire Ideas" /> Priva ...ews have also studied the results of non-randomized, [[Observational study|observational studies]]. The systematic reviews are published in the [[Cochrane Library]] ...

...und 3000 to 1200 [[Common Era|BCE]]. Their contributions to mathematics, [[astronomy]], and medicine entered and shaped the Greek [[natural philosophy]] of [[cl ...that would later find a place in Greek and medieval science: mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Rochberg|first1= Francesca|author-lin ...

...term ''mathematics'' more commonly meant "[[astrology]]" (or sometimes "[[astronomy]]") rather than "mathematics"; the meaning gradually changed to its present ...cal methods that will be used. Analysis of data from [[observational study|observational studies]] is done using [[statistical model]]s and the theory of [[statisti ...

...conversation with one's spouse. [[Direct realism|Direct realists]] explain observational knowledge by holding that perception is a direct contact with the perceived ...g this time, the first developments in scientific fields like mathematics, astronomy, and medicine were made. They were later formalized and greatly expanded by ...

...ly Renaissance, with polymath artists such as [[Leonardo da Vinci]] making observational drawings of anatomy and nature. Leonardo set up controlled experiments in w ...ref> The new scientific method led to great contributions in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology, and anatomy.{{efn|[[Joseph Ben-David]] wrote: ...