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...presence or absence of a radio [[signal (electronics)|signal]], since all communications were in [[Morse code]]. The term is still in use today to describe a compo ...an electrical output. For example, the light signal received through an [[optical fiber]] is converted to an electrical signal in a detector such as a [[phot ...

...h as a [[reflections of signals on conducting lines|copper cable]] or an [[optical fiber]]. Some of the signal power may be reflected back to its origin rathe ...he same, this concept is perhaps easiest to understand when considering an optical fiber. Imperfections in the glass create mirrors that reflect the light bac ...

...The [[Intelligent electronic device|IED]]s, communications protocols, and communications methods, work together as a system to perform power-system automation. === Communications devices === ...

{{Short description|Popular optical dispersion relation}} ...conductor and dielectric materials at energies near and greater than their optical [[band gap]].<ref name = "Chrysicopoulou1998"/><ref name = "Liu2006"/><ref ...

...67928}}</ref> Semaphores can be used for [[telegraphy]] when arranged in [[Optical telegraph|visually connected networks]], or for traffic signalling such as ...editor-first = Christopher H. | editor-last = Sterling | title = Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century | year = 2008 | location = Santa Ba ...

...ergenceCartoon goof.png|alt=|thumb|414x414px|An example of what a typical communications and remote sensing network would like. As more systems get added to a netwo ...practical network will incorporate numerous remote sensing modalities and communications systems, making the problem of achieving RF convergence intangible. ...

* {{Annotated link |Amateur radio emergency communications}} * {{Annotated link |Communications satellite}} ...

...{mf}</math>, the number of scattering events scales with the square of the optical depth.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weiss |first1=Patrizia |last2=Araújo |firs ...tical Materials|series=Proceedings of the Fifth French-Israeli Workshop on Optical Properties of Inorganic Materials|language=en|volume=24|issue=1|pages=103–1 ...

...t1=I.|last2=Wilkowski|first2=D.|last3=Zheludev|first3=N. I.|title=Toroidal optical transitions in hydrogen-like atoms|journal=Science Advances|volume=8|issue= ...itle=Nonradiating anapole modes in dielectric nanoparticles|journal=Nature Communications|volume=6|pages=8069|year=2015|doi=10.1038/ncomms9069|doi-access=free |hdl=1 ...

...called transponders), used in virtually every form of [[wireless]] (tele-)communications and network device connections. Another example are [[Ultrasonic transducer ...sing system.png|thumb|Transducers are used in [[Electronics|electronic]] [[communications system]]s to convert signals of various physical forms to [[Signal (electro ...

...stin, Yvan; Salomon, Christophe (1996). "Bloch Oscillations of Atoms in an Optical Potential". ''Physical Review Letters'' '''76''' (24): 4508–4511. [[doi:10. ...ormation dynamics in non-resonantly excited semiconductors". ''Solid State Communications'' '''129''' (11): 733–736. [[doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2003.12.015]]</ref> Also sim ...

...io, Tineke |author4=Grupp, D. E. |author5=Lezec, H. J |title=Extraordinary Optical Transmission through Sub-wavelength Hole Arrays|journal=Abstract from a Tal ...=H. Liu |author2=P. Lalanne |title=Microscopic theory of the extraordinary optical transmission |journal=Nature|volume=452|issue=7188 |pages=728–731|year=2008 ...

...doi-access=free}}</ref> 3D chirality causes the electromagnetic effects of optical activity and linear conversion dichroism. ...Plum| first =E.|author2=Fedotov, V. A. |author3=Zheludev, N. I. | title =Optical activity in extrinsically chiral metamaterial| journal =Applied Physics Let ...

...as |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-24189-3 |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=3924 |doi=10.1038/s41467-021-24189- ...of leaky topological states in all-dielectric metasurfaces |journal=Nature Communications |date=2 March 2018 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=909 |doi=10.1038/s41467-018-033 ...

...rmation by hand-held devices|the mechanical system using signalling towers|Optical telegraph}} ...k/exhibits/imagestactical/history%20of%20semaphore.pdf |website=Royal Navy Communications Branch Museum/Library |access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |a ...

...pline. Some of these areas are radar, [[satellite]], [[wireless radio]], [[optical communication]], faster computer circuits, and collision avoidance radar.< ...h and educational programs in microwave remote sensing, antenna design and communications systems. Courses and project work are offered leading toward graduate degre ...

| industry = [[Information and communications technology]] ...velops and produces connecting technology for [[telecommunications network|communications networks]], such as fiber-optic distributors, patch panels and computer con ...

...n|first=Djordjevic|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/699999686|title=Coding for Optical Channels.|date=2010|publisher=Springer US|isbn=978-1-4419-5569-2|pages=2|oc [[Category:Optical communications]] ...

...ations |journal=[[Journal of the Optical Society of America|Journal of the Optical Society of America B]] |date=2016 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=A31–A50 |doi=1 ...mula, its vector analogue, and other field equivalence theorems |journal=[[Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics]] |date=1951 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=43–5 ...

| [[Data communications equipment|DCE]] | Data communications equipment ...