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...noise]] whereas the second term is related to the [[boson]]ic character of photons, variously known as "[[Satyendra Nath Bose|Bose]] noise" or "wave noise". ...intensity fluctuations in light - I. Basic theory: the correlation between photons in coherent beams of radiation ...

...s for all elements with [[atomic number]] Z smaller than 100 collected for photons with energies from 1 keV to 20 MeV. The discontinuities in the values are d ...h> along the path of a beam is the product of the number <math>N</math> of photons penetrating to depth <math>x</math> times the number <math>n</math> of abso ...

...iscrete energy levels of electromagnetic cavities are exploited to produce photons of desired frequencies and thus are essential for nano- or submicrometre-sc ...

...<math>\Phi_b</math> is the total flux of the source (often a blackbody) in photons/sec/cm². ...n be obviated by the use of a calibrated source, where the exact number of photons/s/cm² is known at the detector. If this is unknown, it can be es ...

...ergy level. For typical semiconductor photodetectors, QE drops to zero for photons whose energy is below the [[band gap]]. A photographic film typically has a ...antum efficiencies of greater than 100% may be achieved since the incident photons have more than twice the [[band gap]] energy and can create two or more ele ...

...ith half-integer spins; and [[Boson|bosons]], with integer spins. [[Photon|Photons]], which are the [[Quantum|quanta]] of [[Electromagnetic radiation|light]], ...al transverse light.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Cohen-Tannoudji|first1=C.|title=Photons and Atoms-Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics|last2=Dupont-Roc|first2=J ...

where <math>\nu_\text{g}</math> is the [[group velocity]]. When the photons are near resonance, the lifetime of an excited state in the atomic vapor is ...ion, Holstein asserted that there could not exist a mean free path for the photons. His treatment begins with the introduction of a probability function <math ...

...b|right|400px|Mass attenuation coefficients of selected elements for X-ray photons with energies up to 250 keV.]] ...n for all elements with [[atomic number]] Z smaller than 100 collected for photons with energies from 1 keV to 20 MeV. The discontinuities in the values are d ...

...e#Causal structure|null vector]] (for example, a single [[photon]] or many photons moving in exactly the same direction) have [[zero]] invariant mass and are ...ame" if the system is bound) exists. Thus, the mass of a system of several photons moving in different directions is positive, which means that an invariant m ...

...ver the band-gap energy, and {{math|''F_o''(''V'')}} is outgoing photons, given by<ref>{{Cite journal |title=On the Thermodynamic Limit of Photovolt The factor of 2 multiplying the outgoing flux is needed because photons are emitted from both sides, but the incoming flux is assumed to come from ...

...of light falling on the cell's surface, the greater is the probability of photons releasing electrons, and hence more electric energy is produced.<ref name=" ...

[[Category:Photons]] ...

...t that they do not follow the law of reciprocity and depend on the rate of photons hitting the leaf surface, as opposed to the total light levels. This means ...

...ntent, which is atomic movement), which is further radiated in the form of photons{{snd}}the light and heat. Once the energy to escape the gravity is dissipat ...

* [[Shockley–Queisser limit|Efficiently]] harvests photons at various visible wavelengths by the [[photoelectric effect]]. ...

..., interactions of cosmic rays with the [[Cosmic microwave background|CMB]] photons increase.<ref name=":5" /> With these interactions, the new cosmic-ray prod Initially, it was thought that the photons and protons were accelerated into the jets thanks to [[Fermi acceleration]] ...

* the [[Stokes line]] components from photons shifted to longer wavelength (lower frequency), and * the anti-Stokes line components with photons shifted to shorter wavelength (higher frequency) than the Rayleigh scatteri ...

*''f'' = frequency of incident photons (Hz = s⁻¹) *''φ'', Φ = [[Work function]] of the material the photons are incident on (J) ...