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...te web|url=http://spie.org/x37076.xml?ArticleID=x37076|title=Electroactive polymers for refreshable Braille displays|last=Bar-Cohen|first=Yoseph|date=11 Septem ...

...s, phase separated polymers, blends, and crystalline or liquid crystalline polymers.<ref>Kremer F., & Schönhals A. (eds.): Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy. – ...

...://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(68)80071-4].</ref><ref>Handbook of Conducting Polymers, 2 Volume Set. (2007). [https://doi.org/10.1201/b12346].</ref> Materials wh ...of another species. Materials such as metals, metal particles, conducting polymers, conducting carbon, e.g. CNTs, graphene, carbon fibres, electrodes, electro ...

...ct. Infra-red spectroscopy is especially useful for assessing oxidation of polymers, such as the [[polymer degradation]] caused by faulty [[injection moulding] ...components using [[macrophotography]] and [[optical microscopy]]. Although polymers usually possess quite different properties to [[metals]], [[ceramic]]s and ...

...crostructure]] of metals, but can also be applied to ceramics, glasses and polymers. [[Scanning electron microscope|SEM]] can often be critical in determining ==Polymers and composites== ...

...n ''Phase Transitions'', Vol. '''18''', pp. 143–211 (1989).</ref><ref name=polymers /> are a group of crystalline polar [[polymers]] that are also [[ferroelectric]], meaning that they maintain a permanent [ ...

...ation process [[polymer degradation|degrades the polymer]]. The irradiated polymers may sometimes be characterized using [[Differential scanning calorimetry|DS ...p://www.nukleonika.pl/www/back/full/vol55_2010/v55n1p097f.pdf}}</ref> When polymers are crosslinked, the molecular movement is severely impeded, making the pol ...

...e representation of dielectric and mechanical relaxation processes in some polymers ...

...diene]]. The range of materials available is much wider however, since all polymers become elastomeric above their [[glass transition]] temperature. However, t ...

.... |author8=Madden, J. D. W. |author9= Smoukov, S. K. |title= Electroactive polymers for sensing |journal=Interface Focus |year=2016 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=1 ...to its ease and practicality most research has been devoted to developing polymers that respond to electrical stimuli in order to mimic biological systems. ...

...ame=TOU>The Open University (UK), 2000. ''T838 Design and Manufacture with Polymers: Solid properties and design'', page 30. Milton Keynes: The Open Universit ...

...126/science.1159655 | title = Large Electrocaloric Effect in Ferroelectric Polymers Near Room Temperature | journal = Science | volume = 321 | issue = 5890 | p ...

...ns/ |date=2016-10-22 }}.</ref> and for the fabrication and modification of polymers, including liquid-crystal films, among many other applications. ...ugh a polymerization process. E-beam processing is also used to cross-link polymers to make them more resistant to thermal, mechanical or chemical stresses. ...

...nce%20length%22|doi=10.1351/goldbook.P04515 |chapter=Persistence length in polymers |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9678550-9-7 }}</ref> For charged polymers the persistence length depends on the surrounding salt concentration due to ...

...owever, the permeability of metals is much lower than that of ceramics and polymers due to their crystal structure and porosity. * Prediction of Mass Permeation in Polymers (and their Composites) based on Free Volume Theory and Sanchez-Lacombe Equa ...

...name="eight">del Hoyo-Melendez, J. Micro-fading Spectrometry. ''Fibers and Polymers''. '''2012''', ''13'', 1079-1085.</ref> The output of the xenon arc lamp is ...

...BeO), [[aluminum nitride]] (AlN), [[stainless steel]], sometimes even some polymers and in rare cases even [[silicon]] (Si) coated with silicon dioxide (SiO<su ...hat it can be handled or stored before final processing. For inks based on polymers and some solder pastes that cure at these temperatures, this may be the fin ...

*Reservoir devices coat the drug with polymers and in order for the reservoir devices to have sustained-release effects, t ...ps occur. The area and length of the drug release and number of cross-link polymers dictate the rate at which the drug is released, determining the SR effect.< ...