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{{Short description|Energy that binds quarks into hadrons}} ...neutrons, the sum of the rest masses of the three valence quarks (two down quarks and one up quark) is approximately {{val|11.9|u=MeV/c2}}, while the neutron ...

...numbers describing [[invariant mass|mass]] and [[electric charge]] of both quarks and leptons from one discrete type to another. This is known as a flavour c ...rm]], [[bottomness]] or [[topness]]) can characterize the quantum state of quarks, by the degree to which it exhibits six distinct flavours (u, d, s, c, b, t ...

...[[Gell-Mann–Okubo mass formula|badly broken]] by the masses of the heavy quarks. Charges include the [[hypercharge]], the [[X (charge)|X-charge]] and the ...>, the number 3 denoting the dimension of the representation, and with the quarks transforming under <math>3</math> and the antiquarks transforming under <ma ...

...rity +1, antileptons have <math>P = -1</math>. Similarly the parity of the quarks is chosen to be +1, and antiquarks is -1.<ref name="Shaw 2017" />{{rp|139}} ...

[[Category:Quarks]] ...

...eraction]], which is mediated by [[gluon]]s through virtual gluons and sea quarks. ...of a neutron is about 927.7&nbsp;MeV. Large binding energy between bottom quarks (280&nbsp;MeV) causes some (theoretically expected) reactions with [[lambda ...

...to themselves. In [[particle physics]], the interactions between the three quarks that compose [[hadron]]s can be described in a [[diquark]] model which migh ...

...particles was developed in the 1960s. The nucleons are composed of three quarks, and the magnetic moments of these elementary particles combine to give the ...ns are composed of [[quark model|quarks]], and the magnetic moments of the quarks can be used to compute the magnetic moments of the nucleons.<ref name="Perk ...

...force increase within a short distance, [[Color confinement|confining the quarks]] within [[hadron]]s. As the field lines are pulled together tightly by glu ...

...it can only arise by quantum processes where [[virtual particle|virtual]] quarks are created, interact with the electron, and then are annihilated.<ref name ...

|title=Proceedings of the 1979 Cargèse Summer Institute on Quarks and Leptons ...last=Shupe |first=M. A. |year=1979 |title=A Composite Model of Leptons and Quarks |journal=[[Physics Letters B]] |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=87–92|bibcode = 1 ...

...lzen |author2=Martin, Alan | author-link2 = Alan Martin (physicist) |title=Quarks & Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics |url=https://a ...

...w quantum numbers, such as the [[flavour (particle physics)|flavour]] of [[quarks]], which have no classical correspondence. ...lan D. | authorlink2 = Alan Martin (physicist)|name-list-style=amp | title=Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics |url=https:/ ...

...believed they always occur in multiples of integral charge; free-standing quarks have never been observed. ...

...ing faces as attractive, like recognizing certain arrangements of leptons, quarks, etc. as tables, is simply something that one does, or is able to do. It is ...

|align="center"|Quarks, leptons |align="center"|Quarks, Gluons ...

...e ground state has spin&nbsp;0 and behaves like a boson, even though the [[quarks]] and electrons which make it up are all fermions. * [[Quarks]] and [[leptons]] (including [[electrons]] and [[neutrinos]]), which make u ...

A vaguer description is provided by {{cite book |title=Quarks, Leptons and the Big Bang |first=Jonathan |last=Allday |url=https://books.g ...

...wo [[up quarks]] and one [[down quark]]; the neutron is formed of two down quarks and one up quark; and the electron is a kind of lepton. An atom consists of ...down (d) quarks, charm (c) and strange (s) quarks, top (t) and bottom (b) quarks, and photon (γ) and gluon (g), respectively. The bottom two rows' columns c ...