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...ringer, New York 2005, {{ISBN|3-540-25470-6}}</ref> When this happens, the semiconductor is said to be in a state of '''velocity saturation'''. <ref name="e2">{{cit ...10-100&nbsp;kV/cm. Both saturation field and the saturation velocity of a semiconductor material are typically strong function of impurities, [[crystal defect]]s a ...

...or aging|one of the mechanisms]] that adversely affects the [[Reliability (semiconductor)|reliability of semiconductors]] of solid-state devices.<ref name=KK2011>{{ ...term “hot carrier injection” usually refers to the effect in [[Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor|MOSFET]]s, where a carrier is injected from the con ...

...le pairs]] produced by the ionization trail of beta particles traversing a semiconductor.<ref name=tr20091109>{{cite web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/ Early [[semiconductor|semiconducting]] materials weren't efficient at converting [[electron]]s fr ...

...f937ac027f2|hdl-access=free}}</ref> of a [[photosensitivity|photosensitive device]], or it may refer to the [[Tunnel magnetoresistance|TMR effect]] of a magn ...cterize a device's [[efficiency]] at each photon energy level. For typical semiconductor photodetectors, QE drops to zero for photons whose energy is below the [[ba ...

...attery''', '''radioisotope battery''' or '''radioisotope generator''' is a device which uses energy from the [[radioactive decay|decay]] of a [[radioactive i ...es are well known, but modern nano-scale technology and new [[wide-bandgap semiconductor]]s have created new devices and interesting material properties not previou ...

...derstanding of the [[physics]] of [[insulator (electrical)|insulators]], [[semiconductor]]s, [[metal]]s, and [[superconductor]]s. The applied science of mesoscopic ...object is miniaturized, as with the miniaturization of [[transistor]]s in semiconductor electronics. The mechanical, chemical, and electronic properties of materia ...

In semiconductor physics, [[Depletion region|space charge layers]] that are depleted of char ...e doesn't generally apply to a semiconductor/insulator in a single-carrier device, and is replaced by the Mott–Gurney law. For a thin slab of material of thi ...

...age and transfer. Spintronic systems are most often realised in [[Magnetic semiconductor|dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS)]] and [[Heusler alloy]]s and are of pa ...own state, and no transport properties are dependent on spin. A spintronic device requires generation or manipulation of a spin-polarized population of elect ...

...haracterises how quickly an [[electron]] can move through a [[metal]] or [[semiconductor]] when pulled by an [[electric field]]. There is an analogous quantity for ...or semiconductor materials. Almost always, higher mobility leads to better device performance, with other things equal. ...

...ield was pioneered by a number of investigators throughout the fledgling [[semiconductor]] industry. One of the most important engineering studies was performed by ...owever, electromigration (EM) continues to be an ever-present challenge to device fabrication, and therefore the EM research for copper interconnects is ongo ...

...ical sensors picking up in the 1960s with the demonstration of metal-oxide semiconductor sensors capable of sensing analyses such as oxygen.<ref>{{Cite journal|last ...mework|covalent-organic]] frameworks.<ref name=":0" /> One of the simplest device architectures for an electronic chemical sensor is a [[chemiresistor]], and ...

...of materials developed for use in advanced ceramic engineering, such as [[semiconductor]]s. ...rains, secondary phases, grain boundaries, pores, micro-cracks, structural defects, and hardness micro indentions. Most bulk mechanical, optical, thermal, ele ...

...ubner Verlag, 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-8351-0228-6}}</ref> e.g. for the study of semiconductor materials, intermetallic compounds, surfaces and interfaces, and a number o ...ISOLDE Schema.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Schema of '''Isotope Separator On Line DEvice'''' ([[ISOLDE]]) am [[CERN]]. The proton beam of the [[proton synchrotron|p ...

...from the nucleus) and polarisation of molecules or combinations of ions or defects. ...e, providing high tunability. Films suffer significant losses arising from defects. ...

...lly charged objects. In 1762 Swedish professor [[Johan Wilcke]] invented a device later named [[electrophorus]] that produced a static electric charge. By 18 ...at's Whisker" Detectors |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/semiconductor-rectifiers-patented-as-cats-whisker-detectors/ |website=The Silicon Engine ...

{{About|the device|the physical phenomenon|Capacitance|an overview of types|Capacitor types}} In [[electrical engineering]], a '''capacitor''' is a device that stores [[electrical energy]] by accumulating [[electric charge]]s on t ...

{{Short description|Device that controls current between electrodes}} {{About|the electronic device|experiments in an evacuated pipe|Free fall|the transport system|Pneumatic t ...

...deen]], [[Walter Brattain]] and [[William Shockley]] developed the first [[semiconductor]]-based [[transistor]], heralding a revolution in electronics.<ref name=mar ...e local electric and magnetic fields. These methods are suitable to study defects, diffusion, phase transitions and magnetic order. Common experimental metho ...

{{term|term= '''[[Actuator]]'''}}{{defn|defn=A device that accepts 2 inputs (control signal, energy source) and outputs kinetic e {{term|term= '''[[Amplifier]]'''}}{{defn|defn=A device that replicates a signal with increased power.}} ...

{{term|term= '''[[Machine]]'''}}{{defn|defn=A machine (or mechanical device) is a [[mechanical structure]] that uses [[Power (physics)|power]] to apply ...ion achieved by using a tool, [[mechanical device]] or machine system. The device trades off input forces against movement to obtain a desired amplification ...