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...ric field will transform it into a magnetic field. These are special cases of [[Duality (mathematics)|duality in mathematics]]. * The [[electric field]] ({{math|'''E'''}}) is the dual of the [[magnetic field]] ({{math|'''H'''}}). ...

{{short description|Sub-school of legal positivism}} ...0px|Rudolf von Ihering, one of the juris philosophers of the jurisprudence of concepts]] ...

{{Short description|Type of observable in a physical system}} ...ope to the [[Invariant (mathematics)|mathematical definition]]. Invariants of a system are deeply tied to the symmetries imposed by its environment. ...

...d theories of electricity eventually became updated to include the effects of [[magnetism]], and [[electron]]s (upon their discovery). ==Fluid theories== ...

{{Short description|Association of electrical terms into pairs based on interchanging voltage and current}} ...atement can be traced to the [[Duality (electricity and magnetism)|duality of electricity and magnetism]]. ...

...tial_\mu j^\mu=0</math>. The continuity equation represents a conservation law, hence the name. ...ugh to have no net currents through its surface, leads to the conservation law ...

{{Short description|Practice of sharing knowledge publicly and reusably}} ...|400x400px|Open knowledge is interpreted broadly, including the production of [[Free content|open content]] (such as [[open data]], [[open source softwar ...

{{short description|Process that attempts to determine the facts of a crime and circumstances}} ...stigation.<ref>Charles E. O'Hara & Gregory L. O'Hara (1994) ''Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation'' (Sixth Edition) {{ISBN|0-398-05889-X}}{{pn|date=Ma ...

{{Short description|4-dimensional analogue of force used in theories of relativity}} In the [[special theory of relativity]], '''four-force''' is a [[four-vector]] that replaces the class ...

...ation''', is one of a set of [[wave equation]]s describing the propagation of [[electromagnetic wave]]s generated by nonzero source [[electric charge|cha ! scope="row" | [[Gauss's law]] ...

...to be greater than most laypeople can realize; as scientists in philosophy of science, and further science and technology often like to say about this "I == Sociological theories == ...

...iption|Hypothesis that physics experiments will behave the same regardless of when they are conducted}} ...s Limited|isbn=978-1-84614-702-9|chapter=3}}</ref> In mathematics, the set of all time translations on a given system form a [[Lie group]]. ...

...rensic Economics (NAFE) is the scientific discipline that applies economic theories and methods to matters within a legal framework. Forensic economics covers, * the calculation of pecuniary damages in personal and commercial litigation; ...

{{Short description|Subfield of philosophical ethics}} ...is a sub-field of [[ethics|philosophical ethics]], and refers to the study of natural objects from their [[aesthetics|aesthetical]] perspective. ...

...Temporal Discrimination: Implications for Change and Internal Clock Models of Timing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDzefBYmrxcC&pg=PA5|access-dat ...> Gibbon and others later elaborated the model and applied it to a variety of other timing phenomena. ...

...'(<span style="color:red;">red</span>)'' in a magnetic circuit consisting of an iron core ''C'' forming a closed loop with two air gaps ''G'' in it. In ''L'' – average length of the magnetic circuit. It is the sum of the length ''L_core'' in the iron core pieces and the length ''L< ...

{{Short description|Overview of and topical guide to physics}} {{see also|Index of physics articles}} ...

...sm and special relativity|a more rigorous discussion|Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism}} {{electromagnetism|cTopic=[[Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism|Covariant formulation]]}} ...

{{short description|Practical application of scientific knowledge}} ...work=Contributions to a Philosophy of Technology: Studies in the Structure of Thinking in the Technological Sciences |pages=19–39 |editor-last=Rapp |edit ...

[[File:VFPt charges plus minus thumb.svg|220px|thumb|right|Illustration of the electric field surrounding a positive (red) and a negative (blue) charg ...ector fields]] at each point in spacetime, or as a [[Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism|single-rank 2-tensor]] field.<ref>[https://youtu ...