File:Inclinedthrow.gif

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Inclinedthrow.gif(400 × 288 pixels, file size: 374 KB, MIME type: image/gif, looped, 102 frames, 10 s)

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Summary

Description
English: Trajectories of three objects thrown at the same angle (70°). The black object doesn't experience any form of drag and moves along a parabola. The blue object experiences Stokes' drag, and the green object Newton drag.
Date
Source Own work
Author AllenMcC.
Other versions Inclinedthrow2.gif
GIF development
InfoField
 
This plot was created with Matplotlib.
Source code
InfoField

Python code

#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf8 -*-

import os
import inspect
from math import *
import numpy as np
from scipy.integrate import odeint
from scipy.optimize import newton
import matplotlib as mpl
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib import animation

# settings
mpl.rcParams['path.snap'] = False
fname = 'inclinedthrow'
size = 400, 288
l, w, b, h = 22.5/size[0], 1-23/size[0], 22.5/size[1], 1-23/size[1]
nframes = 102
delay = 8
lw = 1.
ms = 6
c1, c2, c3 = "#000000", "#0000ff", "#007100"

def projectile_motion(g, mu, pot, xy0, vxy0, tt):
    # use a four-dimensional vector function vec = [x, y, vx, vy]
    def dif(vec, t):
        # time derivative of the whole vector vec
        v = hypot(vec[2], vec[3])
        vxrel, vyrel = vec[2] / v, vec[3] / v
        return [vec[2], vec[3], -mu * v**pot * vxrel, -g - mu * v**pot * vyrel]

    # solve the differential equation numerically
    vec = odeint(dif, [xy0[0], xy0[1], vxy0[0], vxy0[1]], tt)
    return vec[:, 0], vec[:, 1], vec[:, 2], vec[:, 3]  # return x, y, vx, vy

g = 1.
theta  = radians(70)
v0 = sqrt(g/sin(2*theta))
vinf = 2.1
# use identical terminal velocity vinf for both types of friction
mu_stokes = g / vinf**1
mu_newton = g / vinf**2
x0, y0 = 0.0, 0.0
vx0, vy0 = v0 * cos(theta), v0 * sin(theta)

T = newton(lambda t: projectile_motion(g, 0, 0, (x0, y0), (vx0, vy0), [0, t])[1][1], 2*vy0/g)
nsub = 10
tt = np.linspace(0, T * nframes / (nframes - 1), (nframes - 1) * nsub + 1)

traj_free = projectile_motion(g, 0, 0, (x0, y0), (vx0, vy0), tt)
traj_stokes = projectile_motion(g, mu_stokes, 1, (x0, y0), (vx0, vy0), tt)
traj_newton = projectile_motion(g, mu_newton, 2, (x0, y0), (vx0, vy0), tt)

def animate(nframe, saveframes=False):
    print(nframe, '/', nframes)
    t = T * float(nframe) / nframes
    
    plt.clf()
    fig.gca().set_position((l, b, w, h))
    fig.gca().set_aspect("equal")
    plt.xlim(0, 1)
    plt.ylim(0, (h*size[1]) / (w*size[0]))
    plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
    plt.xlabel('Distance', size=12)
    plt.ylabel('Height', size=12)
    
    plt.plot(traj_free[0][:nframe*nsub+1], traj_free[1][:nframe*nsub+1],
        '-', lw=lw, color=c1)
    plt.plot(traj_free[0][nframe*nsub], traj_free[1][nframe*nsub],
        'ok', color=c1, markersize=ms, markeredgewidth=0)
    
    plt.plot(traj_stokes[0][:nframe*nsub+1], traj_stokes[1][:nframe*nsub+1],
        '-', lw=lw, color=c2)
    plt.plot(traj_stokes[0][nframe*nsub], traj_stokes[1][nframe*nsub],
        'ok', color=c2, markersize=ms, markeredgewidth=0)
    
    plt.plot(traj_newton[0][:nframe*nsub+1], traj_newton[1][:nframe*nsub+1],
        '-', lw=lw, color=c3)
    plt.plot(traj_newton[0][nframe*nsub], traj_newton[1][nframe*nsub],
        'ok', color=c3, markersize=ms, markeredgewidth=0)
    
    if saveframes:
        # export frame
        dig = int(ceil(log10(nframes)))
        fsavename = ('frame{:0' + str(dig) + '}.svg').format(nframe)
        fig.savefig(fsavename)
        with open(fsavename) as f: content = f.read()
        content = content.replace('pt"', 'px"').replace('pt"', 'px"')
        with open(fsavename, 'w') as f: f.write(content)

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(size[0]/72., size[1]/72.))

os.chdir(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(inspect.getfile(inspect.currentframe()))))
for i in range(nframes):
    animate(i, True)
os.system('convert -loop 0 -delay ' + str(delay) + ' frame*.svg +dither ' + fname + '.gif')
# keep last frame for two seconds
os.system('gifsicle -k32 --color-method blend-diversity -b ' + fname + '.gif -d' + str(delay) + ' "#0-' + str(nframes-2) + '" -d200 "#' + str(nframes-1) + '"')
for i in os.listdir('.'):
    if i.startswith('frame') and i.endswith('.svg'):
        os.remove(i)

Licensing

I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following license:
w:en:Creative Commons
attribution share alike
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
You are free:
  • to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
  • to remix – to adapt the work
Under the following conditions:
  • attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
  • share alike – If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same or compatible license as the original.

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15 December 2008

File history

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Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
current16:10, 21 October 2020Thumbnail for version as of 16:10, 21 October 2020400 × 288 (374 KB)wikimediacommons>Geek3adjusted friction coefficients such to make terminal velocity of both trajectories equal. In this case, the Newton projectile moves further.

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