View source for Concept-driven strategy

{{short description|Process for formulating strategy}}
{{multiple issues|
{{original research|date=February 2013}}
{{COI|date=January 2013}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2013}}
{{technical|date=January 2013}}
{{peacock|date=October 2013}}
}}

A '''concept-driven strategy''' is a process for formulating [[strategy]] that draws on the explanation of how humans inquire provided by linguistic pragmatic philosophy. This argues that thinking starts by selecting (explicitly or implicitly) a set of [[concept]]s (frames, patterns, lens, principles, etc.) gained from our past experiences. These are used to reflect on whatever happens, or is done, in the future.<ref>James, W. 1911/1996. Some Problems of Philosophy. University of Nebraska Press Nebraska.</ref>

Concept-driven strategy therefore starts from agreeing and enacting a set of strategic concepts ([[organizing principle]]s) that "works best" for an organisation. For example, a hospital might set its strategy as intending to be Caring, World Class, Local, Evidence Based, and Team Based. A University might set its strategy as intending to be Ranked, Problem Solving, Online, Equis, and Offering Pathways. A commercial corporation might set its strategy as intending to be Innovative, Global, Have Visible Supply Chains, Agile and Market Share Dominant. These strategic concepts make up its ''statement of intent'' (or purpose).

==Background==

Much of the [[strategic management]] literature mutates [[Peter Drucker]]'s call for corporations to start the strategic management process by producing a statement of purpose, mission and objectives. This has been mutated into a call to start with a vision, mission and objectives statement. There is an alternative approach which focuses on the statement of purpose or intent. Drucker's example for this statement for a commercial corporation was to state that the corporation's purpose was to create customers. That is, it was going to use the concept of 'customer creation' to coordinate and organise the cognition or mindset of those that worked for the organisation. This was why the corporation existed. Having one concept is now thought to be insufficient{{fact|date=September 2022}}. [[George Armitage Miller]]'s modified [[The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two]] and [[dialectic]] suggests a handful of concepts under tension would be preferable{{Original research inline|date=September 2022}}.

The statement of purpose, statement of intent or concept-driven approach to strategy formulation therefore focuses on setting and enacting a set strategic concepts. If a participatory approach is being used these concepts will be acquired through a process of collaboration with stakeholders. Once agreed the strategic concepts can be used to coordinate activities and act as a set of [[decision making]] criteria. The set of concepts that make up the Statement of Intent is then used to make sense of an unpredictable future across an organisation in a co-ordinated manner.<ref>Metcalfe M. A Pragmatic System of Decision Criteria Systems Research and Behavioral Science 2012 {{doi|10.1002/sres.2122}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.12.006 | volume=31 | title=The linguistic turn in project conceptualization | year=2013 | journal=International Journal of Project Management | pages=1154–1162 | author=McKenna Allen, Metcalfe Mike| issue=8 }}</ref>

==Underlying philosophy==

Linguistic [[pragmatism]] argues that our prior conceptions interpret our perception (sensory inputs). These conceptions are represented by concepts like running, smiling, justice, reasoning and agility. They are patterns of activity, experienced in our past and remembered. They can be named by those with language and so shared.<ref>Rorty, R. 1982. Consequences of Pragmatism. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.</ref><ref>Schon, D.A. 1963. Displacement of Concepts. Tavistock Publications, London.</ref><ref>Shields, P. 2005. Classical Pragmatism does not need an Upgrade. Administration & Society 37(4) 504-518</ref><ref>Brandom, R., B,. 2011. Perspectives On Pragmatism. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts</ref><ref>Haack, S. 2006. Pragmatism: Old and New. Prometheus Books, New York.</ref><ref>Toulmin, S. 1972. Human Understanding: The Collective Use and Evolution of Concepts. Princeton University Press, Princeton New Jersey.</ref>

Bagginni explains pragmatic concepts using the classic example of whether the earth is flat or round.<ref>Baggini, J. 2005. Pragmatism History Of Ideas. BBC Radio 4, London.</ref>

{{quote|"...if we treat the world as if these concepts do exist then we find we can manipulate the world and make things work much better. The point about this is that you cannot just choose any concept. What is useful is not just on our whim to choose. [A concept is] a better concept for looking at the world because it works much better than others. You don't have to worry, as some British philosophers have thought that if you go down the pragmatic route that you might believe the world is flat because [that fits best with our sensory input]. Ultimately it isn't useful to believe that the world is flat. All sorts of things won't work if you construct your view in that way. These concepts are tools for helping us manipulate the world and some work better than others."|Julian Baggini, (aired 2005) Editor of The Philosophers' Magazine.}}

Another example would be that we can think of the war in Iraq differently by reflecting off the concepts of oil security, Imperialism, aggressive capitalism, liberation or democracy. 
The concept-driven approach to strategy formulation involves setting and using a set of linguistic pragmatic concepts.<ref>Metcalfe M  Pragmatic inquiry Journal of the Operational Research Society (2008) 59</ref>

== Method ==

The steps to formulating a participatory concept-driven strategy are:

# Select who the strategy is for exactly, and what exactly is their problem. 
# Reflect on significant events in the past that have impacted on the organisation (past [[experience]] matters)
# Identify all stakeholders including suppliers, competitors, staff, alliances, government, environmentalist, industry experts, etc. 
# Ask them what concerns they have for the future relevant to your organisation. Use their experiences and expertise from being involved in the industry.  
# Use [[idea networking]] to cluster these stakeholder concern statements into about five clusters
# Name these clusters as strategic concepts (priorities, [[organizing principle]]s). For example, one cluster of statements might be about innovation, another about becoming more international. 
# Reflect on the possible paradoxical consequences of enacting these strategic concepts
# Draft a one-page 'Statement of Intent' which says the organisation intends to become more like the five or so strategic concepts.
# Draft implementation action plans for each strategic concept. These should be both organisational change actions and investment projects, with goals and milestones. 
# Communicate the 'Statement of Intent' and 'Action Plans' to stakeholders as appropriate.
# Get senior staffs' comments, performance measures, selection criteria and decision criteria to reflect the 'Statement of Intent'.
# In the longer term, reflect on the strategic concepts in the Statement of Intent.<ref>Blog on Concept Driven Strategy http://mudmap.wordpress.com/tag/concept-driven-strategy/</ref>

==Other terminology==
Concept-driven strategy is the name given to a number of similar [[strategic thinking]] approaches.

Generally, the term 'concept-driven' is used to encourage a focus on the 'concepts' being used.<ref>Mareschal, D., P. Quinn, S. Lea. 2010. The Making of Human Concepts. Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref><ref>Shaw, M.L.G., B.R. Gaines. 1989. Comparing Conceptual Structures: Consensus, Conflict, Correspondence and Contrast. Knowledge Acquisition 1 341-363.</ref> See [[Concept learning]] or Management Concepts.<ref>Management Concepts Wikibooks http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Management_Concepts_and_Applications/Management</ref>

Some organisations produce a 'statement of intent' with little thought as to the concepts it contains.<ref>Hamel, G., C.K. Prahalad. 2005. Strategic Intent. Harvard Business Review 83(7/8) 148-161.</ref><ref>Katada, T. 1994. Strategic Intent to Corporate Purpose: The Remaking of Komatsu. Harvard Business Review 72(6) 83-.</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Saku M., Sillance J.A.A. | year = 2007 | title = Strategic Intent as a Rhetorical Device | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Management | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = 406–423 | doi = 10.1016/j.scaman.2007.03.002 }}</ref> However, if it is a short list of concepts, high level objectives, principles, priorities or frames, then concept-driven strategy offers a philosophical basis for these statements.

Some organisations produce a 'strategic principles'<ref>{{cite web|title = Difference between Strategic Principle and Mission Statement|url =  http://disruptit.wordpress.com/2007/12/01/difference-between-strategic-principle-and-mission-statement/|date = 1 December 2007|website = Disrupt it!}}</ref><ref>How to Turn a Great Strategic Principle into Great Results http://www.strategydriven.com/2011/06/27/how-to-turn-a-great-strategic-principle-into-great-results/</ref> statement which again is similar to a statement of intent and the same applies about the concepts approach offering a philosophical basis. The term 'strategic priorities' or 'strategic values' are often used in the same way as strategic principles.

The literature about 'corporate purpose'<ref>Basu, S. 1999. Corporate Purpose: Why it Matters More than Strategy. Garland Publishing, Inc, New York & London.</ref><ref>Ellsworth, R., R. 2002. Leading with Purpose. Stanford University Press, California.</ref> is also similar to that of strategic intent. Sometimes, purpose refers to present actions and intent to future ones. If purpose is expressed as a set of concepts, then the concepts approach again provides some philosophical basis.

There is a connection between '[[systems thinking]]'<ref>{{cite journal | author = Ackoff R | year = 1971 | title = Towards A System Of System Concepts | journal = Management Science | volume = 17 | issue = 11| pages = 661–671 | doi=10.1287/mnsc.17.11.661}}</ref> and concept-driven strategy. The Churchman/Ackoff stream of systems thinking was interested in a developing generic system of concepts for thinking about problems. Rather than a generic set of concepts, the concept-driven approach uses whatever concepts stakeholders think work best for the future of their organisation.

There is a military planning approach called 'concept-led'.<ref>The Role of OR and Analysis in Concept-led Long Range Planning http://www.dsto.defence.gov.au/publications/2535/DSTO-CR-0282.pdf{{Dead link|date=October 2016}}</ref><ref>On the implementation of 'Concept-led and Participative' planning in the development of the Defence Logistics Transformation Plan http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4367990</ref><ref>The Headline Experiment a concept-led team effort http://adamdonovan.net/pdf/adam%20defence%20mag.pdf</ref> The military-like leadership seems to have moved the concepts from being drivers to be leaders. There seems to be very little difference otherwise.

In turbulent environments, concepts are thought 'more flexible than objectives' (goals, targets) as they provide why certain actions are preferable. The purpose and intent literature likes to distinguish itself from the objectives literature by saying purpose and intent provide the reasons for (why change), the driver for change. Objectives are where you end up. In complex dynamic situations, there may be many acceptable end points, many of which cannot be anticipated by planners. Arguably the only objective is to survive. How is explained in the statement of intent.

Perhaps strangely, there is a connection between 'metaphor', [[metaphoric criticism]], or [[conceptual metaphor]] and concept-driven strategy. [[Pragmatism|Pragmatic]] concepts are not images but most concepts relate to metaphors. For example, to say an organisation is like a machine, with cogs, or like an adaptive organism, is to use the concepts of machine and organism to reflect on organisations. Much of what has been written about the usefulness of metaphors in planning applies to concepts.<ref>Schon, D.A. 1963. Displacement of Concepts. Tavistock Publications, London.</ref>

The term 'strategic frames' is not common given the extensive literature on [[frame analysis]] but frames and pragmatic concepts seem to be very similar. [[Amos Tversky]] defines a frame as a conception of outcomes.

The system of strategic concepts listed in a statement of intent, purpose, principles, frames or conceptual metaphor are [[organizing principle]](s).<ref>Vnuk-Balan, E. 2010. Concept Driven Strategy, American Academy of Management Conference, Toronto.</ref>

Also, as Karl Weick explains [[sensemaking]] as the process of conceptualising problems, concept-driven strategy might be thought of as a pragmatic means of sensemaking a strategy.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

==See also==
*[[Bounded rationality]]
*[[Framing (social sciences)]]
*[[Institutional logic]]
*[[Interactive planning]]
*[[Letter of intent]]
*[[Sensemaking]]
*[[Strategic planning]]
*[[Wicked problem]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Ackoff, R.L. 1970. A concept of corporate planning Wiley., New York:.
*{{cite journal|author=Bartlett, C.A., S. Ghoshal|date=November 1994|url=http://hbr.org/product/changing-the-role-of-top-management-beyond-strategy-to-purpose/an/94601-PDF-ENG|title=Changing the role of top management: Beyond strategy to purpose|journal=Harvard Business Review|pages=79–88}}
*Carter, P.D. 2002. Building Purposeful Action: Action Methods and Action Research. Educational Action Research 10(2) 207-232.
*Gustavsen, B., B. Hofmaier, M. Ekman Philips, A. Wikman. 1996. A Concept-Driven Development and the Organization of the Process of Change. John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
*Margolis, E.L., Stephen. 2010. Concepts Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts/. Stanford University, California.

[[Category:Planning]]
[[Category:Pragmatics]]
[[Category:Pragmatism]]
[[Category:Concepts]]
[[Category:Strategy]]
[[Category:Cognition]]