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{{Short description|1860–1861 mail service in the United States}}
{{about|the American horse-based mail service|other uses}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2015}}
[[File:Pony Express Poster.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|Pony Express advertisement]]
[[File:Pony Express'60 West bound 1860.jpg|thumb|Pony Express postmark, 1860, westbound]]

The '''Pony Express''' was an American [[express mail]] service that used relays of horse-mounted riders.  It operated from April 3, 1860, to October 26, 1861, between [[Missouri]] and [[California]].  It was operated by the [[Central Overland California and Pikes Peak Express Company]].

During its 18 months of operation, the Pony Express reduced the time for messages to travel between the [[East Coast of the United States|east]] and [[West coast of the United States|west US coast]] to about 10 days. It became the west's most direct means of east{{ndash}}west communication before the [[first transcontinental telegraph]] was established (October 24, 1861), and was vital for tying the new U.S. state of California with the rest of the United States.

Despite a heavy subsidy, the Pony Express was not a financial success and went bankrupt in 18 months, when a faster telegraph service was established.  Nevertheless, it demonstrated that a unified transcontinental system of communications could be established and operated year-round. When replaced by the telegraph, the Pony Express quickly became romanticized and became part of the lore of the [[American Old West|American West]]. Its reliance on the ability and endurance of hardy riders and fast horses was seen as evidence of rugged American individualism of the [[Frontier Thesis|frontier]] times.

==Inception and founding==
[[File:Alexander Majors Pony Express.jpg|thumb|upright|{{center|[[Alexander Majors]]}}]]

The idea of having a fast mail route to the Pacific Coast was prompted largely by California's newfound prominence and its rapidly growing population. After [[California gold rush|gold was discovered there in 1848]], thousands of [[prospectors]], investors, and businessmen made their way to California, at that time a new territory of the U.S. By 1850, California entered the Union as a free state. By 1860, the population had grown to 380,000.{{sfn|Bradley|1913|p=9}} The prospect of California and its national role became the source of bitter partisan debate in Congress.{{sfn|Chapman|1971|p=55}} The demand for a faster way to get the mail and other communications to and from this westernmost state became even greater as the [[American Civil War]] approached.{{sfn|Bradley|1913|pp=5, 9}}

[[William Hepburn Russell|William Russell]], [[Alexander Majors]], and [[William B. Waddell (Pony Express founder)|William B. Waddell]] were the three founders of the Pony Express. They were already in the freighting and [[drayage]] business. At the peak of the operations, they employed 6,000 men, owned 75,000 oxen, thousands of wagons, and warehouses, plus a sawmill, a meatpacking plant, a bank, and an insurance company.{{sfn|Peters|1996|pp=147–148}}

Russell was a prominent businessman, well respected among his peers and the community.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Hepburn-Russell|title=William Hepburn Russell {{!}} American businessman|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-05-03}}</ref> Waddell was co-owner of the firm Morehead, Waddell & Co. In 1859, C.R. Morehead took the proposal for the Pony Express to President Buchanan. After Morehead was bought out and moved to Leavenworth to enter the mercantile business, Waddell merged his company with Russell's, changing the name to Waddell & Russell. In 1855, they took on a new partner, Alexander Majors, and founded the company of Russell, Majors & Waddell.{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|pp=4–5}} They held government contracts for delivering army supplies to the western frontier, and Russell had a similar idea for contracts with the U.S. government for fast mail delivery.{{sfnp|Chapman|1971|p=76}}

By using a short route and mounted riders rather than traditional [[stagecoach]]es, they proposed to establish a fast mail service between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California, with letters delivered in 10 days, which many said was impossible. The initial price was set at $5 per {{convert|1/2|oz|g}}, then $2.50, and by July 1861 to $1. The initial price was 25000% higher than the price of mail through the normal mail service, which was $0.02.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Postal Service |first1=United States |title=Universal Service and the Postal Monopoly: A Brief History |url=https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/universal-service-postal-monopoly-history.pdf#:~:text=While%20newspaper%20postage%20cost%20less%20than%202%20cents,,of%20a%20laborer%E2%80%99s%20daily%20wage%20of%2072%20cents |website=USPS |access-date=2 March 2021 |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412171857/https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/universal-service-postal-monopoly-history.pdf#:~:text=While%20newspaper%20postage%20cost%20less%20than%202%20cents,,of%20a%20laborer%E2%80%99s%20daily%20wage%20of%2072%20cents |url-status=dead }}</ref> The founders of the Pony Express hoped to win an exclusive government mail contract, but that did not come about.

Russell, Majors, and Waddell organized and put together the Pony Express in two months in the winter of 1860. The undertaking assembled 80 riders, 184 stations, 400 horses, and several hundred personnel during January and February 1861.<ref name="museum">
{{cite web
|title=Pony Express National Museum
|url=http://www.ci.st-joseph.mo.us/history/ponyexpress.cfm
|publisher=City of St Joseph
|access-date=December 10, 2012
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312171306/http://www.ci.st-joseph.mo.us/history/ponyexpress.cfm
|archive-date=March 12, 2013
|df=mdy-all
}}</ref>

Majors was a religious man and resolved "by the help of God" to overcome all difficulties. He presented each rider with a [[Pony Express Bible|special-edition Bible]] and required this oath,{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1955|p=42}}{{sfnp|Bradley|1913|p=27}} which they were also required to sign.{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|p=52}}
{{clear}}

{{blockquote|I, ''' ... ''', do hereby swear, before the Great and Living God, that during my engagement, and while I am an employee of Russell, Majors, and Waddell, I will, under no circumstances, use profane language, that I will drink no intoxicating liquors, that I will not quarrel or fight with any other employee of the firm, and that in every respect I will conduct myself honestly, be faithful to my duties, and so direct all my acts as to win the confidence of my employers, so help me God."|Oath sworn by Pony Express Riders<ref>{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Richard|title=The City of the Saints|url=https://archive.org/details/cityofsaintsacro00burt|year=1862|publisher=Harper & Brothers|location=New York}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bradley|1913|p=52}}}}

{{clear}}

==Operation==
[[File:Pony-express-joseph.jpg|thumb|[[Pony Express Stables]] in St. Joseph, Missouri<ref name="NPSStables">{{cite web |title=Pony Express Stable - Pony Express National Historic Trail |url=https://www.nps.gov/poex/planyourvisit/pony-express-stable.htm |website=National Park Service |access-date=23 February 2020}}</ref>]]

[[File:Sacramento old town 12-25-10 (9Wiki b.jpg|thumb|The B.F. Hastings building in [[Sacramento]], California, western terminus of the Pony Express]]

In 1860, the  roughly 186 Pony Express stations were about {{convert|10 to 15|mi}} apart along the Pony Express route.<ref name="museum"/> At each station, the express rider would change to a fresh horse, get a bite to eat, and would only take the mail pouch called a ''mochila'' (from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for pouch or backpack) with him.

The employers stressed the importance of the pouch. They often said that, if it came to be, the horse and rider should perish before the ''mochila'' did. The ''mochila'' was thrown over the saddle and held in place by the weight of the rider sitting on it. Each corner had a ''cantina,'' or pocket. Bundles of mail were placed in these ''cantinas'', which were padlocked for safety. The'' mochila'' could hold {{convert|20|lb|0}} of mail along with the {{convert|20|lb|0}} of material carried on the horse.<ref>Riders were issued a Bible, a horn to alert employees at stations of their approach, a rifle, two Colt revolvers and ammunition for self defense. However, every ounce of weight slowed delivery, so riders were eventually issued just a single revolver.
{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.buffalobilldays.org/index.htm
 |publisher   = Sheridan Heritage Center
 |title       = Buffalo Bill Days History
 |access-date  = December 10, 2012
 |url-status     = dead
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20130411065213/http://www.buffalobilldays.org/index.htm
 |archive-date = April 11, 2013
 |df          = mdy-all
}}</ref> Eventually, everything except one revolver and a water sack was removed, allowing for a total of {{convert|165|lb}} on the horse's back. Riders, who could not weigh over {{convert|125|lb}}, changed about every {{convert|75|–|100|mi|sigfig=2}}, and rode day and night. In emergencies, a given rider might ride two stages back to back, over 20 hours on a quickly moving horse.

Whether riders tried crossing the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] in winter is unknown, but they certainly crossed central Nevada. By 1860, a telegraph station was in [[Carson City, Nevada|Carson City]], [[Nevada Territory]]. The riders received $125 a month as pay. As a comparison, the wage for unskilled labor at the time was about $0.43–$1 per day, and for semi-skilled laborers like bricklayers and carpenters was usually less than $2 per day.<ref name="babel.hathitrust.org">{{Cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.32106007458745&view=1up&seq=174|title = History of wages in the United States from Colonial times to 1928|series = United States. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Bulletin, no. 604|year = 1934|publisher = United States Govt. Print. Off.}}</ref>

Alexander Majors, one of the founders of the Pony Express, had acquired more than 400 horses for the project. He selected horses from around the west, paying an average of $200.{{sfnp|Bradley|1913|p=25}} These averaged about {{hands|14.2}} high and  {{convert|900|lb}}<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/resources/6a2b_ponyexpress.html
|title=The Story of the Pony Express
|first=Nancy
|last=Pope
|publisher=[[National Postal Museum]]
|journal=EnRoute
|volume=1
|issue=2
|date=April–June 1992
|access-date=December 10, 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021092351/http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/resources/6a2b_ponyexpress.html
|archive-date=October 21, 2012
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> each; thus, the name [[pony]] was appropriate, even if not strictly correct in all cases.
{{clear}}

==Pony Express route==

Beginning at [[St. Joseph, Missouri]], the approximately {{convert|1900|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} route<ref>
{{cite map
|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/trails/natltrails.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021021000117/http://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/trails/natltrails.pdf |archive-date=2002-10-21 |url-status=live
|title=National Scenic and Historic Trails
|format=PDF
|author=[[National Park Service]]
|date= n.d.
|scale= Scale not given
|publisher= National Park Service
|access-date=December 10, 2012
}}</ref> roughly followed the [[Oregon Trail|Oregon]] and [[California Trail]]s to [[Fort Bridger]] in [[Wyoming]], and then the [[Mormon Trail]] (known as the [[Hastings Cutoff]]) to [[Salt Lake City, Utah]]. From there, it followed the [[Central Nevada Route]] to Carson City, Nevada Territory, before passing over the Sierra and reaching to [[Sacramento, California]].{{sfn|Peters|1996|pp=153}} From there mail was transferred to boats to go downriver to [[San Francisco]].

[[File:Pony Express Map William Henry Jackson.jpg|thumb|upright=3.5|center|{{center|Illustrated Map of Pony Express Route in 1860<br />by [[William Henry Jackson]]<br />''~ Courtesy the Library of Congress ~''<br />The Pony Express mail route, April 3, 1860&nbsp;– October 24, 1861; reproduction of Jackson illustration issued to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Pony Express founding on April 3, 1960. Reproduction of Jackson's map issued by the Union Pacific Railroad Company.}}]]
{{clear}}
The route started at [[St. Joseph, Missouri]], on the [[Missouri River]], and then followed what is modern-day [[U.S. Route 36|U.S. Highway 36]] (the Pony Express Highway) to Marysville, Kansas, where it turned northwest following [[Little Blue River (Kansas/Nebraska)|Little Blue River]] to [[Fort Kearny]] in Nebraska. Through Nebraska, it followed the [[Great Platte River Road]], cutting through [[Gothenburg, Nebraska]], clipping the edge of Colorado at [[Julesburg, Colorado|Julesburg]]; and passing [[Courthouse Rock]], [[Chimney Rock National Historic Site|Chimney Rock]], and [[Scotts Bluff National Monument|Scotts Bluff]], before arriving first at [[Fort Laramie]] and then [[Fort Caspar]] (Platte Bridge Station) in Wyoming. From there, it followed the [[Sweetwater River (Wyoming)|Sweetwater River]], passing [[Independence Rock (Wyoming)|Independence Rock]], [[Devil's Gate (Wyoming)|Devil's Gate]], and [[Split Rock (Wyoming)|Split Rock]], through [[South Pass (Wyoming)|South Pass]] to [[Fort Bridger]] and then south to [[Salt Lake City, Utah]]. From Salt Lake City, it generally followed the [[Central Nevada Route]] blazed in 1859 by Captain [[James H. Simpson]] of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers#History|Corps of Topographical Engineers]]. This route roughly follows today's [[U.S. Route 50|US&nbsp;50]] across Nevada and Utah. It crossed the [[Great Basin]], the [[Central Nevada Route|Utah-Nevada Desert]], and the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] near [[Lake Tahoe]] before arriving in Sacramento. Mail was transferred and sent by steamer down the [[Sacramento River]] to [[San Francisco]]. On a few instances when the steamer was missed, riders took the mail by horseback to [[Oakland, California]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

===Stations===
Along the long and arduous route used by the Pony Express, 190 stations were used.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nalewicki|first=Jennifer|title=Six Stops on the Pony Express That You Can Still Visit|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/six-stops-on-pony-express-that-you-can-still-visit-180978604/|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en}}</ref> The stations and station keepers were essential to the successful, timely, and smooth operation of the Pony Express mail system. The stations were often fashioned out of existing structures, several of them located in military forts, while others were built anew in remote areas where living conditions were basic.{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|p=113}} The route was divided into five divisions.{{sfnp|Godfrey|1994}} To maintain the rigid schedule, 157 relay stations were located from {{convert|5|to|25|mi|0}} apart, as the terrain would allow. At each "swing station", riders would exchange their tired mounts for fresh ones, while "home stations" provided room and board for the riders between runs. This technique allowed the mail to be moved across the continent in record time. Each rider rode about {{convert|75|mi|sigfig=2}} per day.{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|p=162}}
<!-- No contemporary linking, please. Try to keep any links historically oriented, such as to a historic site that was a former station.
 This list of historical names is in the public domain. -->
{{collapse top|indent=0;border:solid 3px DarkGoldenrod;|bg=wheat|border=0|b-color=white|width=100%;margin-top:0|title={{resize|110%|''Pony Express Stations''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-ponyexpressstations.html |title=Pony Express Stations Across the American West |website=Legends of America |access-date=2018-04-01}}</ref>}}|border2=1px DarkGoldenrod|bg2=cornsilk}}
<div>{{resize|125%|{{color|Brown|'''Division One:'''}} Stations between [[St. Joseph, Missouri|St. Joseph]] and [[Fort Kearney]]}}

'''Missouri:'''<br />
1. [[Pony Express Stables|St. Joseph Station]]

'''Kansas:'''<br />
2. Troy Station<br />
3. Lewis Station<br />
4. Kennekuk (Kinnekuk) Station<br />
5. Kickapoo, Goteschall Station<br />
6. Log Chain Station<br />
7. Seneca Station<br />
8. Ash Point, Laramie Creek Station<br />
9. Guittard Station (aka Gantard's, Guttard)<br />
10. Marysville Station<br />
11. [[Hollenberg Pony Express Station|Cottonwood, Hollenberg Station]]<br />
12. Atchison Station<br />
13. Lancaster Station

'''Nebraska:'''<br />
14. Rock House Station<br />
15. [[Rock Creek Station]]<br />
16. Virginia City<br />
17. Big Sandy Station<br />
18. Millersville, Thompson's Station<br />
19. Kiowa Station<br />
20. Little Blue, Oak Grove Station<br />
21. Liberty Farm Station<br />
22. Spring Ranch, Lone Tree Station<br />
23. Thirty-two Mile Creek Station<br />
24. Sand Hill, Summit Station<br />
25. Hook's, Kearney, Valley Station<br />
26. [[Fort Kearney]]

----
<br />
{{resize|125%|{{color|Brown|'''Division Two:'''}} Stations between Fort Kearney and Horseshoe Creek}}

'''Nebraska''' (continued):<br />
27. Seventeen Mile, Platte Station<br />
28. Garden Station<br />
29. Plum Creek Station<br />
30. Willow Island, Willow Bend Station<br />
31. Cold Water, Midway Ranch Station<br />
32. Gilman's Station<br />
33. Machette's Station (Gothenburg)<br />
34. Cottonwood Springs Station<br />
35. Cold Springs Station<br />
36. Fremont Springs Station<br />
37. O'Fallon's Bluff, Dansey's/Elkhorn Station<br />
38. Alkali Lake Station<br />
39. Gill's, Sand Hill Station<br />
[[File:Pony Express Station Marker (So Platte) P6060581.JPG|thumb|Pony Express Marker along the South Platte River in western Nebraska on US 30 (Lincoln Hwy)]]
40. Diamond Springs Station<br />
41. Beauvais Ranch Station

'''Colorado:'''<br />
42. Frontz's/South Platte Station<br />
43. Julesburg Station

'''Nebraska''' (continued):<br />
44. Nine Mile Station<br />
45. Pole Creek No. 2 Station<br />
46. Pole Creek No. 3 Station<br />
47. Midway Station<br />
48. [[Mud Springs Pony Express Station|Mud Springs Station]]<br />
49. Court House (Rock) Station<br />
50. [[Chimney Rock National Historic Site|Chimney Rock]] Station<br />
51. Ficklin's Springs Station<br />
52. Scott's Bluff(s) Station<br />
53. Horse Creek Station

'''Wyoming:'''<br />
54. Cold Springs, Spring Ranch/Torrington Station<br />
55. Verdling's, Bordeaux, Bedeau's Ranch/Fort Benard Station<br />
56. [[Fort Laramie]] Station<br />
57. Nine Mile, Sand Point, Ward's, Central Star Station<br />
58. Cottonwood Station<br />
59. Horseshoe Creek, Horseshoe Station

----
<br />
{{resize|125%|{{color|Brown|'''Division Three:'''}} Stations between Horseshoe Creek and Salt Lake City}}

'''Wyoming''' (continued) :<br />
60. Elk Horn Station<br />
61. La Bonte Station<br />
62. Bed Tick Station<br />
63. Lapierelle/La Prele Station<br />
64. Box Elder (Creek) Station<br />
65. Deer Creek Station<br />
66. Little Muddy Station<br />
67. Bridger Station<br />
68.  [[Fort Caspar]], Platte Bridge/North Platte Station<br />
69. Red Butte (s) Station<br />
70. Willow Springs Station<br />
71. Horse, Greesewood Creek Station<br />
72. Sweetwater Station<br />
73. Devil's Gate Station<br />
74. Plant's, Plante Station<br />
75. Split Rock Station<br />
76. Three Crossings Station<br />
77. Ice Slough, Ice Springs Station<br />
78. Warm Springs Station<br />
79. Rocky Ridge, St. Mary's Station<br />
80. Rock Creek Station<br />
81. Upper Sweetwater, South Pass Station<br />
82. Pacific Springs Station<br />
83. Dry Sandy Station<br />
84. Little Sandy Creek Station<br />
85. Big Sandy Station<br />
86. Big Timber Station<br />
87. Green River Station (crossing Station)<br />
88. Michael Martin's Station<br />
89. Ham's Fork Station<br />
90. Church Buttes Station<br />
91. Millersville Station<br />
92. [[Fort Bridger]]<br />
93. Muddy Creek Station<br />
94. Quaking Asp, Aspen, Springs Station<br />
95. Bear River Station

'''Utah:'''<br />
96. The Needles, Needle Rock(s) Station<br />
97. (Head of) Echo Canyon Station<br />
98. Halfway Station<br />
99. Weber Station<br />
100. Brimville Emergency Station<br />
101. Carson House Station<br />
102. East Canyon Station<br />
103. Wheaton Springs Station<br />
104. Mountain Dell/Dale Station<br />
105. Salt Lake City Station

----
<br />
{{resize|125%|{{color|Brown|'''Division Four:'''}} Stations between Salt Lake City and Robert's Creek}}

'''Utah''' (continued):<br />
106. Trader's Rest, Traveler's Rest Station<br />
107. [[Hot Springs Hotel and Brewery|Rockwell's Station]] (Hot Springs Hotel and Brewery)<br />
108. Dugout, Joe's Dugout Station<br />
109. [[Camp Floyd / Stagecoach Inn State Park and Museum|Camp Floyd, Fairfield Station]]<br />
110. Pass, East Rush Valley Station<br />
111. Rush Valley, Faust's Station<br />
112. Point Lookout, Lookout Pass Station<br />
113. Government Creek Station<br />
114. Simpson's Springs, Egan's Springs Station<br />
115. River Bed Station<br />
116. Dugway Station<br />
117. Black Rock Station<br />
118. Fish Springs Station<br />
119. Boyd's Station<br />
120. Willow Springs Station<br />
121. Willow Creek Station<br />
122. Canyon, Burnt Station<br />
123. Deep Creek Station

'''Nevada:'''<br />
124. Prairie Gate, Eight Mile Station<br />
125. Antelope Springs Station<br />
126. Spring Valley Station<br />
127. [[Schellbourne, Nevada|Schell Creek Station]]<br />
128. Egan's Canyon, Egan's Station<br />
129. Bates', Butte Station<br />
130. Mountain Spring(s) Station<br />
131. [[Ruby Valley Pony Express Station|Ruby Valley Station]]<br />
132. Jacob's Well Station<br />
133. Diamond Springs Station<br />
134. Sulphur Springs Station<br />
135. Robert's Creek Station

----
<br />
{{resize|125%|{{color|Brown|'''Division Five:'''}} Stations between Roberts Creek and Sacramento}}

'''Nevada''' (continued):
136. Camp Station, Grub(b)s Well Station<br />
137. Dry Creek Station<br />
138. Simpson Park Station<br />
139. [[Jacobsville, Nevada|Reese River, Jacob's Spring Station]]<br />
140. Dry Wells Station<br />
141. Smith's Creek Station<br />
142. Castle Rock Station<br />
143. Edward's Creek Station<br />
144. Cold Springs, East Gate Station<br />
145. Middle Gate Station<br />
146. West Gate Station<br />
147. Sand Springs Station<br />
148. Sand Hill Station<br />
149. [[Carson Sink|Carson Sink Station]]<br />
150. Williams Station<br />
151. Desert, Hooten Wells Station<br />
152. Buckland's Station<br />
153. [[Fort Churchill State Historic Park|Fort Churchill]] Station<br />
154. Fairview Station<br />
155. Mountain Well Station<br />
156. Stillwater Station<br />
157. Old River Station<br />
158. Bisby's Station<br />
159. Nevada Station<br />
160. Ragtown Station<br />
161. Desert Wells Station<br />
162. Miller's, Reed's Station<br />
163. Dayton Station<br />
164. [[Carson City, Nevada|Carson City]] Station<br />
165. [[Genoa, Nevada|Genoa Station]]<br />
166. [[Friday's Station|Friday's, Lakeside Station]]

'''California:'''<br />
167. [[Woodfords, California|Woodford's Station]]<br />
168. Fountain Place Station<br />
169. [[Meyers, California|Yank's Station]]<br />
170. [[Strawberry, El Dorado County, California|Strawberry Station]]<br />
171. [[Kyburz, California|Webster's, Sugar Loaf House Station]]<br />
172. Moss/Moore, Riverton Station<br />
173. [[Sportsman's Hall, California|Sportsman's Hall Station]]<br />
174. [[Placerville, California|Placerville]] Station<br />
175. [[El Dorado, California|El Dorado]], Nevada House/Mud Springs Station<br />
176. Mormon Tavern, Sunrise House Station<br />
177. Fifteen Mile House Station<br />
178. Five Mile House Station<br />
179. [[Pleasant Grove House]] Station<br />
180. Duroc Station<br />
181. [[Folsom, California|Folsom]] Station<br />
182. [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] Station<br />
183. Benicia Station <br />
184. Martinez Station<br />
185. [[Oakland, California|Oakland]] Station <br />
186. [[San Francisco]] Station<br /></div>
{{collapse bottom}}

==First journeys==

===Westbound===
[[File:Stamp US Pony Express 25c.jpg|right|thumb|This 25-cent stamp printed by [[Wells Fargo]] was canceled in [[Virginia City, Nevada|Virginia City]], [[Nevada]], and used on a revived Pony Express run between there and [[Sacramento]] beginning in 1862.]]

The first westbound Pony Express trip left St. Joseph on April 3, 1860, and arrived 10 days later in Sacramento, California, on April 14. These letters were sent under cover from the east to St. Joseph, and never directly entered the U.S. mail system. Today, only a single letter is known to exist from the inaugural westbound trip from St. Joseph to Sacramento.{{sfnp|Frajola|Kramer|Walske|2005}} It was delivered in an envelope embossed with postage (depicted below) that was first issued by the U.S. Post Office in 1855.<ref>Scotts Specialized catalogue of U.S. Postage Stamps / Envelopes</ref>

The messenger delivering the ''mochila'' from [[New York City|New York]] and [[Washington, DC]], missed a connection in Detroit and arrived in [[Hannibal, Missouri]], two hours late. The railroad cleared the track and dispatched a special locomotive called ''Missouri'' with a one-car train to make the {{convert|206|mi|km|adj=on}} trek across Missouri in a record 4 hours and 51 minutes, an average of {{convert|40|mph}}.<ref>{{cite web
 |url          = http://www.xphomestation.com/hannibalrr.html
 |title        = Hannibal & Joseph Railroad
 |website      = XP Home Station
 |access-date   = December 10, 2012
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120722162410/http://www.xphomestation.com/hannibalrr.html
 |archive-date = July 22, 2012
 |url-status     = dead
 |df           = mdy-all
}}</ref> It arrived at Olive and 8th Street, a few blocks from the company's new headquarters in a hotel at [[Patee House]] at 12th and Penn Street, St. Joseph, and the company's nearby stables on Penn Street. The first pouch contained 49 letters, five private telegrams, and some papers for San Francisco and intermediate points.{{sfnp|Godfrey|1994|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160312195057/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/poex/hrs/hrs2.htm Chap 2] }}

St. Joseph [[Mayor]] [[M. Jeff Thompson]], William H. Russell, and Alexander Majors gave speeches before the ''mochila'' was handed off. The ride began at about 7:15&nbsp;pm. The ''[[St. Joseph Gazette]]'' was the only newspaper included in the bag.

The identity of the first rider has long been in dispute. The St. Joseph ''Weekly West'' (April 4, 1860) reported [[Johnson William Richardson]] was the first rider.{{sfnp|Root|Hickman|1946|loc=Note 358}}
[[Johnny Fry]] is credited in some sources as the rider. Nonetheless, the first westbound rider carried the pouch across the Missouri River ferry to [[Elwood, Kansas]]. The first horse-ridden leg of the Express was only about {{convert|1/2|mi|m}} from the Express stables/railroad area to the Missouri River ferry at the foot of Jules Street. Reports indicated that horse and rider crossed the river. In later rides, the courier crossed the river without a horse and picked up his mount at a stable on the other side.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The first westbound ''mochila'' reached  Sacramento, on April 14, at 1:00&nbsp;am.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.xphomestation.com/facts.html#K
|title=Westbound
|website=XP Home Station
|access-date=December 10, 2012
}}</ref>

{{multiple image
|align=center
|direction=horizontal
|width=
|header=First Period Westbound: April 3, 1860&nbsp;– July 30, 1860
|header_align=center
|image1=First Westbound Pony Express Apr3 1860.jpg
|width1=350
|alt1=
|caption1=Letter carried on first westbound trip
|image2=First Westbound Pony Express Overland Post-Mark Apr3.jpg
|width2=275
|alt2=
|caption2=Postmark used on first westbound trip, April 3, 1860
}}

===Eastbound===
The first eastbound Pony Express trip left Sacramento on April 3, 1860, and arrived at its destination 10 days later in St. Joseph, Missouri. From St. Joseph, letters were placed in the U.S. mails for delivery to eastern destinations. Only two letters are known to exist from the inaugural eastbound trip.{{sfn|Peters|1996|pp=160–162}}

{{multiple image
|align=center
|direction=horizontal
|width=
|header=First Period Eastbound: April 3, 1860&nbsp;– April 14, 1860
|header_align=center
|image1=First Eastbound Pony Express Apr3 1860.jpg
|width1=350
|alt1=
|caption1=Letter carried on first eastbound trip
|image2=First Eastbound Pony Express Post-Mark Apr3.jpg
|width2=295
|alt2=
|caption2=Postmark used on first eastbound cover
}}

==Mail==
[[File:Pony Express stamp2-1$.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Pony Express Stamp, 1860]]
As the Pony Express mail service existed only briefly in 1860 and 1861, few examples of Pony Express mail survive. Contributing to the scarcity of Pony Express mail is that the cost to send a {{convert|1/2|oz|g|adj=on}} letter was $5.00{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1955|p=61}} at the beginning ({{Inflation|US|5|1860|fmt=eq|r=-1}}{{Inflation-fn|US}}, or 2{{frac|1|2}} days of semi-skilled labor<ref name="babel.hathitrust.org"/>). By the end of the Pony Express, the price had dropped to $1.00 per {{frac|1|2}} ounce but even that was considered expensive to mail one letter. Only 250 known examples of Pony Express mail remain.{{sfnp|Frajola|Kramer|Walske|2005}}

===Postmarks===
<!--
 Composite photo made by User (filename/markup directly below). Individual postmarks are reproductions of Public Domain content, w/ no copyright. Anyone can reproduce and use/sell. This is not a non-free content image. These reproductions can be found all over the internet. None of the images on the Frajola website are protected by copyright, and Frajola makes no claim of authorship/ownership. This image was in place when the article passed GA review. Please discuss if you still feel it should be removed.
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Various postmarks were added to the mail to be carried by the Pony Express at the point of departure.
[[File:Postmarks Pony Express.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|'''Postmarks on Pony Express mail'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfrajola.com/Pony/page1_11.htm |title=Richard Frajola, Philatelist (Postmarks enhanced) |access-date=December 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407221728/https://www.rfrajola.com/pony/page1_11.htm |archive-date=April 7, 2013 }}</ref>}}]]

==Fastest mail service==
William Russell, senior partner of Russell, Majors, and Waddell, and one of the biggest investors in the Pony Express, used [[1860 United States presidential election|the 1860 presidential election]], of [[Abraham Lincoln]], as a way to promote the Pony Express and how fast it could deliver the U.S. Mail. This was an important event because just four years earlier, in [[1856 United States presidential election|the prior election]], it took months to get news of James Buchanan's win.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Worrall|first=Simon|date=June 13, 2018|title=Book Talk: Why the Short-Lived Pony Express Still Fascinates Us|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/why-the-short-lived-pony-express-still-fascinates-us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302182408/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/why-the-short-lived-pony-express-still-fascinates-us|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 2, 2021|website=National Geographic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=1856 Presidential Election|url=https://www.270towin.com/1856_Election/|website=270 To Win}}</ref>  The election of Lincoln was important because the newly-named president would have to take the country into the Civil War.<ref name=":0" /> Prior to the election, Russell hired extra riders to ensure that fresh riders and relay horses were available along the route. On November 7, 1860, a Pony Express rider departed [[Fort Kearny]], Nebraska Territory (the end of the eastern telegraph line) with the election results. Riders briskly traversed the route, over snow-covered trails to Fort Churchill, Nevada Territory (the end of the western telegraph line). California's newspapers received word of Lincoln's election only 7 days and 17 hours after the East Coast papers, an "unrivaled feat at the time".<ref>
{{cite web
 |url=http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibits/2a5a2_ponyexpress.html 
 |title=Pony Express: ''Romance'' versus ''Reality'' 
 |publisher=[[National Postal Museum]] 
 |access-date=December 10, 2012 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021120155/https://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibits/2a5a2_ponyexpress.html 
 |archive-date=October 21, 2012 
}}</ref>

==Attacks==
[[File:Pony Express Stolen Mail 1860.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|Stolen Pony Express mail. Notation on the cover reads "recovered from a mail stolen by the Indians in 1860" and bears a New York back stamp of May 3, 1862, the date when it was finally delivered in New York. The cover is also franked with the U.S. Postage issue of 1847, Washington, 10c black.<ref name="Scotts" />]]

The [[Paiute War]] was a minor series of raids and ambushes initiated by American expansion into the territory of the [[Northern Paiute|Paiute]] Indian tribe in Nevada, which resulted in the disruption of mail services of the Pony Express. It took place from May through June 1860, though sporadic violence continued for a period afterward.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
In the brief history of the Pony Express, only once did the mail not go through. After completing eight weekly trips from both Sacramento and Saint Joseph, the Pony Express was forced to suspend mail services because of the outbreak of the Paiute Indian War in May 1860.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

About 6,000 Paiutes in Nevada had suffered during a winter of fierce blizzards that year. By spring, the whole tribe was ready to embark on a war, except for the Paiute chief named [[Numaga]]. For three days, Numaga fasted and argued for peace.{{sfnp|Angel|1881|p=151}}
Meanwhile, a raiding party [[Williams Station Massacre|attacked Williams Station]], a Pony Express station<ref>{{cite web |title=Pony Express NHT: Historic Resource Study (Chapter 8) |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/poex/hrs/hrs8a.htm |access-date=February 7, 2021}}</ref> located on the then [[Carson River]] under present-day [[Lake Lahontan (reservoir)]], not to be confused with the large [[endorheic]] [[Pleistocene]] lake of the same name ([[Lake Lahontan]]). One account says the raid was a deliberate attempt to provoke war. Another says the raiders had heard that men at the station had kidnapped two Paiute women, and fighting broke out when they went to investigate and free the women. Either way, the war party killed five men and the station was burned.{{sfnp|Michno|2007|p=89-90}}

During the following weeks, other isolated incidents occurred when whites in the Paiute country were ambushed and killed. The Pony Express was a special target. Seven other express stations were also attacked; 16 employees were killed, and around 150 express horses were either stolen or driven off. Those who worked at the stations had no one around, possibly for miles, to help defend against the attacks, making working at the stations one of the deadliest jobs in the whole operation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 23, 2013|title=The Pony Express Battles the Paiutes|url=https://tripsintohistory.com/2013/04/23/the-pony-express-battles-the-paiutes/|access-date=2021-03-08|website=Trips Into History|language=en-US}}</ref> The Paiute War cost the Pony Express company about $75,000 in livestock and station equipment, not to mention the loss of life. In June of that year, the Paiute uprising had been ended through the intervention of U.S. troops, after which four delayed mail shipments from the East were finally brought to San Francisco on June 25, 1860.{{sfnp|Frajola|Kramer|Walske|2005|p=18}}

During this brief war, one Pony Express mailing, which left San Francisco on July 21, 1860, did not immediately reach its destination. That mail pouch (''mochila'') did not reach St. Joseph and subsequently New York until almost two years later.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Famous riders==
{{For|a list of Pony Express riders|Category:Pony Express riders}}
In 1860, riding for the Pony Express was difficult work&nbsp;– riders had to be tough and lightweight. An advertisement allegedly read, "Wanted: Young, skinny, wiry fellows not over eighteen. Must be expert riders, willing to risk death daily. Orphans preferred", but one historian, Joseph Nardone, claims that it is a hoax (dating no earlier than 1902), as no one has found the ad in contemporary newspaper archives.{{sfnp|Thompson|2005}}

The Pony Express had an estimated 80 riders traveling east or west along the route at any given time. In addition, about 400 other employees were used, including station keepers, stock tenders, and route superintendents. Many young men applied; Waddell and Majors could have easily hired riders at low rates, but instead offered $100 a month{{snd}}a handsome sum for that time.{{sfnp|Reinfeld|1973|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PSAOQ83qZ2cC&pg=PA49 49]}} Author [[Mark Twain]] described the riders in his travel memoir ''[[Roughing It]]'' as: "...&nbsp;usually a little bit of a man". Though the riders were small, lightweight, generally teenaged boys, they came to be seen as heroes of the American West.{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|p=162}} There was no systematic list of riders kept by the company,{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|pp=73–74}} but a partial list has been compiled by Raymond and Nancy Settle in their ''Saddles & Spurs'' (1972).{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|pp=74–76}}

James Butler [[Wild Bill Hickok|"Wild Bill" Hickok]] never worked as a rider and only worked as a stocktender for the Pony Express.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ponyexpress.org/historical-notes |title= Historical Notes|website=www.ponyexpress.org |access-date=2022-09-07}}</ref>

===First riders===
[[File:Riders Pony Express.jpg|thumb|{{center|Pony Express riders:<br />"Billy" Richardson, Johnny Fry,<br />Charles Cliff, Gus Cliff}}]]

The identity of the first westbound rider to depart St. Joseph has been disputed, but currently most historians have narrowed it down to either [[Johnny Fry]] or [[Johnson William Richardson|Billy Richardson]].{{sfnp|Root|Hickman|1946|loc=Note 358}}<ref name="NPSStables" />{{sfnp|Godfrey|1994|loc=[http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/poex/hrs/hrs2e.htm Chap 2 p. 5]}}<ref name="museum" /> Both Expressmen were hired at St. Joseph for A. E. Lewis' Division, which ran from St. Joseph to Seneca, Kansas, a distance of {{convert|80|mi}}. They covered at an average speed of {{convert|12+1/2|mph|0}}, including all stops.{{sfnp|Bradley|1913|p= {{page needed|date=June 2021}}}} Before the mail pouch was delivered to the first rider on April 3, 1860, time was taken out for ceremonies and several speeches. First, Mayor M. Jeff Thompson gave a brief speech on the significance of the event for St. Joseph. Then William H. Russell and Alexander Majors addressed the gala crowd about how the Pony Express was just a "precursor" to the construction of a transcontinental railroad. At the conclusion of all the speeches, around 7:15&nbsp;pm, Russell turned the mail pouch over to the first rider. A cannon fired, the large assembled crowd cheered, and the rider dashed to the landing at the foot of Jules Street, where the ferry boat ''Denver'', under a full head of steam, alerted by the signal cannon, waited to carry the horse and rider across the Missouri River to Elwood, Kansas Territory.{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1955|p=58}}{{sfnp|Bradley|1913|p= 31}} On April 9 at 6:45&nbsp;pm, the first rider from the east reached Salt Lake City, Utah. Then, on April 12, the mail pouch reached Carson City, Nevada Territory, at 2:30&nbsp;pm. The riders raced over the Sierra Nevada, through Placerville, California, and on to Sacramento. Around midnight on April 14, 1860, the first mail pouch was delivered by the Pony Express to San Francisco. With it was a letter of congratulations from [[James Buchanan|President Buchanan]] to California [[John G. Downey|Governor Downey]] along with other official government communications, newspapers from New York, Chicago, and St. Louis, and other important mail to banks and commercial houses in San Francisco. In all, 85 pieces of mail were delivered on this first trip.{{sfnp|Bradley|1913|pp=46–47}}

James Randall is credited as "the first eastbound rider" from the San Francisco Alta telegraph office, since he was on the steamship ''[[:File:Steamer antelope.jpg|Antelope]]'' to go to Sacramento.<ref>
{{cite book
|title=The Pony Express
|author=Jean Williams
|publisher=Compass Point Books
|year=2002
|isbn=978-0756503017
|page=27
}}</ref> Mail for the Pony Express left San Francisco at 4:00&nbsp;pm, carried by horse and rider to the waterfront, and then on by steamboat to Sacramento, where it was picked up by the Pony Express rider. At 2:45&nbsp;am, William (Sam) Hamilton was the first Pony Express rider to begin the journey from Sacramento. He rode all the way to Sportsman Hall Station, where he gave his ''mochila ''filled with mail to Warren Upson.{{sfnp|Godfrey|1994|loc=[http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/poex/hrs/hrs8b.htm Chap 8 p. 3]}} A California Registered Historical Landmark plaque at the site reads:

{{blockquote|This was the site of Sportsman's Hall, also known as the Twelve-Mile House. The hotel was operated in the late 1850s and 1860s by John and James Blair. A stopping place for stages and teams of the Comstock, it became a relay station of the central overland Pony Express. Here, at 7:40&nbsp;am, April 4, 1860, Pony rider William (Sam) Hamilton, riding in from Placerville, handed the Express mail to Warren Upson who, two minutes later, sped on his way eastward.|Plaque at Sportsman Hall}}

===William Cody===
[[File:Buffalo Bill Cody ca1875.jpg|thumb|upright|William "Buffalo Bill" Cody]]
Probably more than any other rider in the Pony Express, William Cody (better known as [[Buffalo Bill]]) epitomizes the legend and the folklore, be it fact or fiction, of the Pony Express.{{sfnp|Bradley|1913|p=127}}{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|p=83}} Numerous stories have been told of young Cody's adventures as a Pony Express rider, though his accounts may have been fabricated or exaggerated.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Warren|first1=Louis S.|date=2008-04-01|title=Was He a Hero?|url=http://www.truewestmagazine.com/was-he-a-hero/|access-date=11 April 2017|website=True West|publisher=truewestmagazine.com|archive-date=February 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203034158/https://truewestmagazine.com/was-he-a-hero/|url-status=dead}}</ref> At age 15, Cody was on his way west to California when he met Pony Express agents along the way and signed on with the company. Cody helped in the construction of several way-stations. Thereafter, he was employed as a rider and was given a short {{convert|45|mi|adj=on}} delivery run from the township of Julesburg, which lay to the west. After some months, he was transferred to Slade's Division in Wyoming, where he is said to have made the longest nonstop ride from Red Buttes Station to Rocky Ridge Station and back when he found that his relief rider had been killed. This trail of {{convert|322|mi}} was completed in 21 hours and 40 minutes, and 21 horses were required.{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|p=162}}  On one occasion when he is said to have  carried mail, he unintentionally ran into an Indian war party, but managed to escape. Cody was present for many significant chapters in early western history, including the gold rush, the building of the railroads, and cattle herding on the Great Plains. A career as a scout for the Army under General [[Phillip Sheridan]] following the Civil War earned him his nickname and established his notoriety as a frontiersman.<ref>Buffalo Bill's Wild West, R.L. Wilson</ref>{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|p=84}}<ref>{{cite web |first=Joshua |last=Johns |title=Pony Express History |publisher=University of Virginia |url=http://www.xphomestation.com/frm-history.html |access-date=December 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121140709/http://www.xphomestation.com/frm-history.html |archive-date=January 21, 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{clear}}

===Robert Haslam===
[[File:Haslam.gif|thumb|upright|Robert "Pony Bob" Haslam in later years]]
[[Robert Haslam (Pony Bob)|"Pony Bob" Haslam]] was among the most brave, resourceful, and best-known riders of the Pony Express. He was born in January 1840 in London, United Kingdom, and came to the United States as a teenager. Haslam was hired by Bolivar Roberts, helped build the stations, and was given the mail run from Friday's Station at Lake Tahoe to Buckland's Station near Fort Churchill, {{convert|75|mi}} to the east.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

His greatest ride, {{convert|120|mi}} in 8 hours and 20 minutes while wounded, was an important contribution to the fastest trip ever made by the Pony Express. The mail carried Lincoln's inaugural address. Indian problems in 1860 led to Haslam's record-breaking ride. He had received the eastbound mail (probably the May 10 mail from San Francisco) at Friday's Station. When he reached Buckland's Station, his relief rider was so badly frightened over the Indian threat that he refused to take the mail. Haslam agreed to take the mail all the way to Smith's Creek for a total distance of {{convert|190|mi}} without a rest. After a rest of 9 hours, he retraced his route with the westbound mail, where at Cold Springs, he found that Indians had raided the place, killing the station keeper and running off all of the stock. On the ride, he was shot through the jaw with an Indian arrow, losing three teeth.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Wyoming Tales and Trails
|url=http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/OregonTrail4.html
|access-date=December 10, 2012
}}</ref>{{Self-published source|date=April 2022}}
Finally, he reached Buckland's Station, making the {{convert|380|mi|adj=on}} round trip the longest on record.{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|p=162}}

Pony Bob continued to work as a rider for Wells Fargo and Company after the Civil War, scouted for the U.S. Army well into his 50s, and later accompanied his good friend "Buffalo Bill" Cody on a diplomatic mission to negotiate the surrender of Chief [[Sitting Bull]] in December 1890. He drifted in and out of public mention, but died in Chicago during the winter of 1912 (age 72) in deep poverty after suffering a stroke. Buffalo Bill paid for his friend's headstone at [[Mount Greenwood]] Cemetery (111 Street and Sacramento) on Chicago's far south side.{{sfnp|Corbett|2003|pp=198–199}}

===Jack Keetley===
[[File:Jkeetley.jpg|thumb|upright|Jack Keetley]]
Jack Keetley was hired by A. E. Lewis for his division at the age of 19 and put on the run from Marysville to Big Sandy. He was one of those who rode for the Pony Express during the entire 19 months of its existence.

Jack Keetley's longest ride, upon which he doubled back for another rider, ended at Seneca, where he was taken from the saddle sound asleep. He had ridden {{convert|340|mi}} in 31 hours without stopping to rest or eat.{{sfnp|Bradley|1913|p=109}}<ref name="Visscher">{{cite book|last=Visscher|first=William Lightfoot|title=Pony Express, A Thrilling and Truthful History|publisher=Vistabooks|year=1980}}<!-- A Thrilling and Truthful History of the Pony Express https://books.google.com/books?id=5ucpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1 --></ref> After the Pony Express was disbanded, Keetley went to [[Salt Lake City]], where he engaged in mining. He died there on October 12, 1912, where he was also buried.{{sfnp|Settle|Settle|1972|p=100}}

In 1907, Keetley wrote the following letter (excerpt):

{{blockquote|Alex Carlyle was the first man to ride the Pony Express out of St. Joe. He was a nephew of the superintendent of the stage line to Denver, called the "Pike's Peak Express". The superintendent's name was Ben Ficklin. Carlyle was a consumptive, and could not stand the hardships, and retired after about two months' trial, and died within about six months after retiring. John Frye was the second rider, and I was the third, and Gus Cliff was the fourth.
<br />
I made the longest ride without a stop, only to change horses. It was said to be 300 miles and was done a few minutes inside of twenty-four hours. I do not vouch for the distance being correct, as I only have it from the division superintendent, A.E. Lewis, who said that the distance given was taken by his English roadometer which was attached to the front wheel of his buggy which he used to travel over his division with, and which was from St. Joe to Fort Kearney.<ref name="Visscher" />|Jack Keetley}}

===Billy Tate===
Billy Tate was a 14-year-old Pony Express rider who rode the express trail in Nevada near Ruby Valley. During the Paiute uprising of 1860, he was chased by a band of Paiute Indians on horseback and was forced to retreat into the hills behind some big rocks, where he killed seven of his assailants in a shoot-out before being killed himself. His body was found riddled with arrows, but was not scalped, a sign that the Paiutes honored their enemy.{{sfnp|McNesse|2009|p=105}}
[[File:Howard Egan.jpg|thumb|Photo of Major Howard Egan c. 1860s.]]

=== Major Howard Egan ===
Egan emigrated to the United States from Ireland with his parents in the early 1830s. While living in Massachusetts, he joined the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (also known as "Mormons"). He was with the Pioneer Party of 1847 that journeyed to the west to modern day Salt Lake City, Utah. At the start of the Pony Express, he was appointed Superintendent of the Division from Salt Lake City to Robert's Creek which is in present day Nevada. Egan filled in when others couldn't ride. After the Pony Express, he ranched and became involved with the court system in Utah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notable Riders |url=http://nationalponyexpress.org/historic-pony-express-trail/notable-riders/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=National Pony Express Association |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Horses==
[[File:Pony express crop.jpg|thumb|upright|Frank E. Webner, Pony Express rider c. 1861]]

At the west end of the Pony Express route in California, W.W. Finney purchased 100 head of short-coupled stock called "California horses",  while A.B. Miller purchased another 200 native ponies in and around the Great Salt Lake Valley. The horses were ridden quickly between stations, an average distance of {{convert|15|mi}}, and then were relieved and a fresh horse was exchanged for the one that just arrived from its strenuous run.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

During his route of {{convert|80|to|100|mi}}, a Pony Express rider would change horses 8 to 10 times. The horses were ridden at a fast trot, canter, or gallop, around {{convert|10|to|15|mph}} and at times they were driven to full gallop at speeds up to {{convert|25|mph}}. Horses of the Pony Express were purchased in Missouri, Iowa, California, and some western U.S. territories.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

The various types of horses ridden by riders of the Pony Express included [[Morgan horse|Morgans]] and thoroughbreds, which were often used on the eastern end of the trail. [[Mustangs]] were often used on the western (more rugged) end of the mail route.<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Stong
|first=Phil
|title=Horses and Americans
|url=https://archive.org/details/horsesamericans00ston
|url-access=registration
|publisher=Frederick A. Stokes
|location=New York
|year=1939
}} A history of horses in America from the arrival of the Arab Plains horses sometime around 1600, through the colonial period, taking in the Revolutionary War, Western migration and Cowboys, the Pony Express, the Civil War, the U.S. Cavalry, thoroughbred racing, and so on through the early 1930s.</ref>

==Saddle==
{{More citations needed section|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Mochilla.jpg|thumb|upright|The Mochila: detail from Pony Express [[#Route of the Pony Express|stations map]] by [[William Henry Jackson]]]]
In 1844, years before the Pony Express came to St. Joseph, Israel Landis opened a small saddle and harness shop there. His business expanded as the town grew, and when the Pony Express came to town, Landis was the ideal candidate to produce saddles for the newly founded Pony Express. Because Pony Express riders rode their horses at a quick pace over a distance of {{convert|10|mi}} or more between stations, every consideration was made to reduce the overall weight the horse had to carry. To help reduce this load, special lightweight [[saddle]]s were designed and crafted. Using less leather and fewer metallic and wood components, they fashioned a saddle that was similar in design to the regular stock saddle generally in use in the West at that time.{{sfnp|Chapman|1971}}{{page needed|date=April 2022}}

The mail pouch was a separate component to the saddle that made the Pony Express unique. Standard mail pouches for horses were never used because of their size and shape, as  detaching and attaching it from one saddle to the other was time-consuming, causing undue delay in changing mounts. With many stops to make, the delayed time at each station would accumulate to appreciable proportions. To get around this difficulty, a ''mochila'' (a covering of leather) was thrown over the saddle. The saddle horn and cantle projected through holes that were specially cut to size in the ''mochila''. Attached to the broad leather skirt of the ''mochila'' were four ''cantinas'', or box-shaped hard leather compartments, where letters were carried on the journey.{{sfnp|Chapman|1971}}{{page needed|date=April 2022}}

==Closing==
During its brief time in operation, the Pony Express delivered about 35,000 letters between St. Joseph and Sacramento.<ref>{{cite web |title=Replica of a Pony Express mochila |publisher=Smithsonian National Postal Museum |access-date=July 21, 2014 |url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=17889&img=1&pg=1 |archive-date=August 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809061452/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=2&cmd=1&id=17889&img=1&pg=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although the Pony Express proved that the central/northern mail route was viable, Russell, Majors, and Waddell did not get the contract to deliver mail over the route. The contract was instead awarded to Jeremy Dehut in March 1861, who had taken over the southern, congressionally favored [[Butterfield Overland Mail]] Stage Line. The so-called "Stagecoach King", [[Ben Holladay]], acquired the Russell, Majors, and Waddell stations for his stagecoaches.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

Shortly after the contract was awarded, the start of the [[American Civil War]] caused the stage line to cease operation. From March 1861, the Pony Express ran mail only between Salt Lake City and Sacramento. The Pony Express announced its closure on October 26, 1861, two days after the [[First Transcontinental Telegraph|transcontinental telegraph]] reached Salt Lake City and connected [[Omaha, Nebraska]], and Sacramento.<!--<h Museum]</ref>--> Other telegraph lines connected points along the line and other cities on the east and west coasts.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=The First Transcontinental Telegraph System Was Completed October 24, 1861
|work=AmericasLibrary.gov: America's Story from America's Library
|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]
|url=http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/civil/jb_civil_telegrap_1.html
|access-date=September 14, 2012
}}</ref>

Despite the subsidy, the Pony Express was a financial failure.  It grossed $90,000 and lost $200,000.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.xphomestation.com/facts.html#FINANCE
|title=Financial Problems
|website=XP Home Station
|access-date=December 10, 2012
}}</ref>

In 1866, after the Civil War was over, Holladay sold the Pony Express assets along with the remnants of the Butterfield Stage to [[History of Wells Fargo|Wells Fargo]]<!-- This link is properly to the "History of Wells Fargo" article as it relates to the express business of the original Wells, Fargo & Company (founded 1852). All articles referencing "Wells Fargo" prior to 1998 (when Norwest Corporation acquired the successor to the original company's California banking business and assumed the Wells Fargo name) should link to the history article, except the armored-car business best described in the "Loomis (company)" article (Loomis is that business' successor); NO pre-1998 use of "Wells Fargo" should link to the bank article. --> for $1.5&nbsp;million.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Legacy==

=== Postage stamps ===
In 1869, the United States Post Office issued the first U.S. postage stamp to depict an actual historic event, and the subject chosen was the Pony Express. Until then, only the faces of [[George Washington]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], and [[Andrew Jackson]] were found on the face of U.S. postage.<ref>Scotts United States Stamp Catalogue.</ref> Sometimes mistaken for an actual stamp used by the Pony Express, the "Pony Express Stamp" issue was released in 1869 (8 years after the Pony Express service had ended) to honor the men who rode the long and sometimes dangerous journeys and to commemorate the service they provided for the nation. In 1940 and 1960, commemorative stamps were issued for the 80th and 100th anniversaries of the Pony Express, respectively.
{| style="margin:1em auto;"
| [[File:Post Horse & Rider 1869 Issue-2c.jpg|thumb|200px|Pony Express Rider, issue of 1869]]
| [[File:Pony Express 3c 1940 issue.JPG|thumb|275px|Pony Express 80th-anniversary issue of 1940]]
| [[File:Pony Express centennial stamp 4c 1960 issue.jpg|thumb|275px|Pony Express 100th-anniversary issue of 1960]]
|}

===Historical research===
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Pony Express5 St Joseph 1860.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Mail from St. Joseph with a St. Joseph Pony Express postmark along with a city of destination postmark, San Francisco: The envelope also has an issue of 1855, Washington 10-cent postage affixed to it.<ref name="Scotts">Scotts Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps</ref>]]
The foundation of accountable Pony Express history rests in the few tangible areas where records, papers, letters, and mailings have yielded the most historical evidence. Until the 1950s, most of what was known about the short-lived Pony Express was the product of a few accounts, hearsay, and folklore, generally true in their overall aspects, but lacking in verification in many areas for those who wanted to explore the history surrounding the founders, the various riders, and station keepers, or who were interested in stations or forts along the Pony Express route.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The most complete books on the Pony Express are ''The Story of the Pony Express'' by Raymond and Mary Settle and ''Saddles and Spurs'' by Roy Bloss. Settle's account is unique, as he was the first writer and historical researcher to make use of Pony Express founder William B. Waddell's papers, now in a collection at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California. Mr. Settle wrote in the mid-1950s. Mr. Bloss was a writer for the Pony Express Centennial. While Settle's work was published generally without his annotations and notes, the writer's background here is unique and Settle does have an excellent bibliography. When Settle prepared to publish his well-researched account, he had a good volume of footnotes, citations prepared, but the editors chose not to use most of them. Instead, they opted for a less expensive approach to print and publish and released an accurate, but simplified account. Settle was not pleased with this new and sudden development, as he put much time and effort into the annotations. Yet, the account Settle wrote was and is a definitive one and is considered the best account on the history of the Pony Express among many historians.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01914.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320010743/http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01914.html|archive-date=20 March 2012|title=Russell, William Hepburn |encyclopedia=American National Biography |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |access-date=December 10, 2012}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=April 2022}}{{original research inline|date=April 2022}}

=== National Historic Trail ===
{{Infobox protected area|name=Pony Express National Historic Trail|photo=NPS pony-express-trail-map.pdf|photo_caption=Pony Express Trail Map|map=|relief=|map_caption=|location=[[California]], [[Colorado]],<br /> [[Kansas]], [[Missouri]],<br />[[Nebraska]], [[Nevada]],<br />[[Utah]], [[Wyoming]],<br /> [[United States|US]]|nearest_city=|coordinates=|coords_ref=|area=|established=|visitation_num=|visitation_year=|governing_body=[[National Trails System]]|website={{URL|https://www.nps.gov/poex/index.htm}}}}The Pony Express route was designated the Pony Express [[National Historic Trail]] August 3, 1992, by an act of Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-25 |title=Pony Express National Historic Trail |url=https://pnts.org/new/pony-express-national-historic-trail-2/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Partnership for the National Trails System (PNTS) |language=en-US}}</ref> Its route goes through eight states and includes substantial sections of land managed by the [[Bureau of Land Management]] in [[California]], [[Colorado]], [[Nevada]], [[Utah]], and [[Wyoming]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Scenic and Historic Trails |url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/national-scenic-and-historic-trails |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Bureau of Land Management |language=en}}</ref>

The public can auto-tour the route, visit interpretive sites and museums, and hike, bike, or horseback ride various trail segments.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-06|title=Programs: National Conservation Lands: National Scenic and Historic Trails: Pony Express National Historic Trail|url=https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/pony-express|access-date=2018-04-12|website=www.blm.gov|language=en}}</ref> Sites open to public visitation along the trail include the [[Sand Mountain Recreation Area]] in Nevada; automobile access to a [[List of Bureau of Land Management Back Country Byways|backcountry byway]] (the Pony Express Trail National Back Country Byway) along the route itself, Boyd Station and Simpson Springs Campground in Utah; and the Little Sandy Crossing in Wyoming. In total, approximately 120 historic sites along the trail may eventually be open to the public, including 50 stations or station ruins.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pony Express National Historic Trail: History and Culture|url=http://www.nps.gov/poex/historyculture/index.htm|access-date=August 31, 2013|publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref>

The [[National Pony Express Association]] is a nonprofit, volunteer-led historical organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About NPEA |url=https://nationalponyexpress.org/about/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=National Pony Express Association |language=en-US}}</ref> Its purpose is to preserve the original Pony Express trail and to continue the memory and importance of Pony Express in American history in partnership with the [[National Park Service]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pony Express National Historic Trail |first= |last2= |first2= |title=History & Culture |url=https://www.nps.gov/poex/learn/historyculture/index.htm |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=National Park Service |language=en}}</ref> [[Pony Express Trail Association]], and [[Oregon-California Trails Association]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pony Express National Historic Trail |first= |last2= |first2= |title=Partners |url=https://www.nps.gov/poex/getinvolved/partners.htm |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=National Park Service |language=en}}</ref>

===Other commemorations===
[[File:Pony-express-statue.jpg|thumb|Pony Express statue in St. Joseph, Missouri]]
From 1866 until 1889, the Pony Express logo was used by stagecoach and freight company [[Wells Fargo]], which provided secure mail service. Wells Fargo used the Pony Express logo for its guard and [[armored car (valuables)|armored-car]] services.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} The logo continued to be used when other companies took over the security business into the 1990s. Since 2001, the Pony Express logo is no longer used for security businesses, since the business has been sold.<ref>
{{cite press release
|url=https://www.wellsfargo.com/press/namerights19990504?year=1999
|title=Wells Fargo Reacquires Name Rights from Borg-Warner
|publisher=Wells Fargo
|date=May 4, 1999
|access-date=December 11, 2012
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060319220503/https://www.wellsfargo.com/press/namerights19990504?year=1999
|archive-date=March 19, 2006
|df=mdy-all
}}</ref>

In June 2006, the [[United States Postal Service]] announced it had [[trademark]]ed "Pony Express" along with "[[Airmail|Air Mail]]".<ref>[http://www.usps.com/communications/news/press/2006/pr06_043.htm U.S. Postal Service Expands Licensing Program News Release #06-043] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706172958/http://www.usps.com/communications/news/press/2006/pr06_043.htm |date=July 6, 2008 }} June 20, 2006</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|title=The United States Postal Service: An American History <!-- |url=http://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/welcome.htm
|url=http://www.warlca.org/documents/postal%20history_pub100.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123340/http://www.warlca.org/documents/postal%20history_pub100.pdf |archive-date=2018-12-15 |url-status=live -->
|work=Government Relations
|publisher=United States Postal Service
|year=2007
|page=85
}}</ref>
<!--"Pony Express" is also a [[trademarked]] name used by Freight Link international courier services company in Russia; their logo is similar to the one trademarked by United States Postal Service with "Since 1860" written under the image.<ref name="flr" /> [[Freight Link]] international [[Courier (express mail)|courier services]], based in [[Russia]], adopted the Pony Express trademark and a logo similar to that of the USPS.<ref name="flr">
{{cite web
|title=Freight Link Russia
|url=http://www.ponyexpress.ru/index-en.php
|access-date=December 10, 2012
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117021847/http://www.ponyexpress.ru/index-en.php
|archive-date=January 17, 2013
|df=mdy-all
}}</ref>-->

April 3, 2010 was the Pony Express's 150th anniversary. Located in St. Joseph, Missouri, the [[Patee House]] Museum, which was the Pony Express's headquarters, hosted events celebrating the anniversary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pony Express Sesquicentennial Banquet|url=http://www.stjomissouri.net/uploadedFiles/Content/Things_To_Do/Sesquicentennial%20Events%201%2025%2010.pdf|access-date=February 9, 2010|publisher=St. Joseph, Missouri Travel and Tourism}}{{dead link|date=April 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

On April 14, 2015, Google released a playable doodle game celebrating their 155th anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/when-was-the-first-mail-delivered-via-the-pony-express-google-logo-game-lets-you-ride-your-way-to-the-answer-218528|title=When was the first mail delivered via the Pony Express|date=April 14, 2015}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The continued remembrance and popularity of the Pony Express can be linked to [[Buffalo Bill Cody]], his autobiographies, and his [[Wild West Show]]. The first book dedicated solely to the Pony Express was not published until 1900.<ref name="Warren">
{{cite book
|last=Warren
|first=Louis S.
|year=2005
|title=Buffalo Bill's America: William Cody and the Wild West Show
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2lgq-ebTZfcC&pg=PP1
|publisher=Knopf
|edition=1st
|isbn=978-0-375-41216-5
}}</ref> However, in his first autobiography, published in 1879, Cody claims to have been an Express rider.<ref>
{{cite book
|last=Cody
|first=William F
|author-link=Buffalo Bill
|title=The Life of Honorable William F. Cody
|date=June 2004
|publisher=Kessinger
|isbn=9781419169601
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VpBpTb5JmKQC&pg=PP1
|access-date=December 10, 2012
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
|last=Cody
|first=William F
|author-link=Buffalo Bill
|title=The Life and Adventures of "Buffalo Bill" Colonel William F. Cody
|year=1917
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbws9JBBr9AC&pg=PP1
|access-date=December 10, 2012
}}</ref> While this claim has recently come under dispute,<ref name="Warren" /> his show became the "primary keeper of the pony legend" when it premiered as a scene in the Wild West Show.<ref name="Warren" />

===Film===
* ''[[The Pony Express (1925 film)|The Pony Express]]'' (1925)<ref>{{IMDb title|0016235|The Pony Express}}</ref>
* ''[[Winds of the Wasteland]]''(1936)<ref>{{Citation|last=Wright|first=Mack V.|title=Winds of the Wasteland|date=1936-07-06|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028510/|type=Comedy, Romance, Western|others=John Wayne, Phyllis Fraser, Lew Kelly, Douglas Cosgrove|publisher=Paul Malvern Productions|access-date=2020-09-01}}</ref>
* ''[[Frontier Pony Express]]'' (1939)<ref>{{IMDb title|0031347|Frontier Pony Express}}</ref>
* "Pony Express Days" (short) (1940)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/400526/pony-Express-Days/|title = Pony Express Days}}</ref>
* ''Pony Post'' (1940)<ref>{{IMDb title|0032923|Pony Post}}</ref>
* ''Plainsman and the Lady'' (1946)<ref>{{IMDb title|0038846|Plainsman and the Lady}}</ref>
* ''[[Pony Express (film)|Pony Express]]'' (1953)<ref>{{IMDb title|0046198|Pony Express}}</ref>
* ''Last of the Pony Riders'' (1953)<ref>{{IMDb title|0045987|Last of the Pony Riders}}</ref>
* ''The Pony Express Rider'' (1976)<ref>{{IMDb title|0075087|The Pony Express Rider}}</ref>
* ''Pony Express Rider'' (1996)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0221488/|title = Pony Express Rider|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref>
* ''Spirit of the Pony Express'' (2012)<ref>{{IMDb title|1583724|Spirit of the Pony Express}}</ref>

===Television===
* ''[[The Range Rider]]'' (1951–1953) season-one episode "The Last of the Pony Express"<ref>{{IMDb title|0682660|The Range Rider}}</ref>
* ''[[Crossroad Avenger]]'' (1953) 
* ''[[Pony Express (TV series)|Pony Express]]'' (1959–1960)<ref>{{IMDb title|0159903|Pony Express}}</ref>
* ''[[Bonanza]]'' (1959–1973) season seven, two-part episode "Ride the Wind"<ref>{{IMDb title|0529636|Bonanza {{noitalics|"Ride the Wind" pt. 1}}}}</ref><ref>{{IMDb title|0529637|Bonanza {{noitalics|"Ride the Wind" pt. 2}}}}</ref>
* ''[[The Young Riders]]'' (1989–1992)
* ''[[Into the West (miniseries)|Into the West]]'' (2005)
* ''[[My Little Pony: Equestria Girls]]'' (2013)
'''Comic books'''

* Lucky Luke: The Pony Express (1988)

==See also==
* [[Cursus publicus]]
* [[Joseph Alfred Slade]]
* [[Yam (route)|Örtöö]]
* [[Pony Express Museum]]
* [[Pony Express mochila]]
* [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States]]
* [[Royal Road]]
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Angel |editor-first=Myron |title=History of Nevada |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnevada00ange |access-date=September 14, 2012 |location=Oakland, California |year=1881 |publisher=Thompson and West }}
* {{cite book |last=Beasley |first=Delilah Leontium |author-link=Delilah L. Beasley |title=The Negro trail blazers of California |year=1919 |publisher=Times Mirror Printing and Binding House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xk8OAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP1 |ref=Beasley}}
* {{cite book |last=Bradley |first=Glenn Danford |title=The story of the Pony Express |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofponyexpre00bradrich |year=1913 |publisher=A. C. McClurg & Co. |access-date=June 15, 2014 }}
* {{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Arthur |title=The pony express: the record of a romantic adventure in business |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |year=1971 |isbn=9780815403913 |url=https://archive.org/details/ponyexpressrecor0000chap }}
* {{cite journal |title=Pony Express|journal=[[The Century Magazine|Century Magazine]] |location=New York |year=1898 |volume=XXXIV}}
* {{cite book |last1=Cody |first1=William F. |last2=Visscher |first2=William Lightfoot |author1-link=Buffalo Bill |name-list-style= amp |title=Life and Adventures of 'Buffalo Bill' Colonel William F. Cody |year=1917 |publisher=Stanton and Van Vliet |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeandadventur00vissgoog }}
* {{cite book |last=Corbett |first=Christopher |title=Orphans Preferred: The Twisted Truth and Lasting Legend of the Pony Express |publisher=Broadway Books |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=9780767906920 |url=https://archive.org/details/orphanspreferred00corb }}
* {{cite book |last=Egan |first=Ferol |title=The Pony Express: The Record of a Romantic Adventure in Business |publisher=University of Nevada Press |year=1972 |page=316 |isbn=0-87417-097-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IobrkJ6uX6kC }}{{clarify |reason=Title does not match URL; |date=December 2012}}
* {{cite book |last1=Frajola |first1=Richard C. |last2=Kramer |first2=George J. |last3=Walske |first3=Steven C. |name-list-style= amp |title=The Pony Express, A Postal History |url=http://www.rfrajola.com/pony/ponybook.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://www.rfrajola.com/pony/ponybook.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-10 |url-status=live |publisher=The Philatelic Foundation |year=2005 |isbn=0-911989-03-X }}
* {{cite web |last=Godfrey |first=Anthony |title=Pony Express National Historic Trail Historic Resource Study |year=1994 |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=February 20, 2012 |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/poex/hrs/hrs.htm}}
* {{cite book |last1=Majors |first1=Alexander |first2=William |last2=Cody |name-list-style= amp |title=The Pony Express: Bringing Mail to the American West |publisher=The Western Miner and Financier |year=1873 |isbn=9781604130287 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCtwHZqPbWEC&q=%22pony+express%22}}{{clarify |reason=Title does not match URL; |date=December 2012}}
* {{cite book |last=McNesse |first=Tim |title=The Pony Express: Bringing Mail to the American West |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |page=138 |isbn=9781438119847 }}
* {{cite book |last=Michno |first=Gregory |title=The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864–1868 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZExU-tGSz8C&pg=PP1 |access-date=September 15, 2012 |year=2007 |publisher=Caxton Press |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZExU-tGSz8C&pg=PA157 157]|isbn=978-0-87004-460-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Peters |first=Arthur K. |title=Seven Trails West |publisher=Abbeville Press |date=1996 |isbn=1-55859-782-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/seventrailswest00pete }}
* {{cite book |last=Reinfeld |first=Fred |title=Pony Express |publisher=Macmillan / Bison Books |author-link=Fred Reinfeld |year=1973 |url=https://archive.org/details/ponyexpress00rein |isbn=9780803257863 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Root |first1=George A.|last2=Hickman |first2=Russell K. |name-list-style= amp |url=http://www.kshs.org/publicat/khq/1946/46_1_roothickman.htm |title=Part IV-The Platte Route-Concluded. The Pony Express and Pacific Telegraph |journal=Kansas Historical Quarterly |volume=14 |number=1 |pages=36–92 |date=February 1946 |access-date=December 10, 2012 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Settle |first1=Raymond |last2=Settle |first2=Mary |name-list-style= amp |title=Empire on Wheels |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1949 |page=153 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Settle |first1=Raymond |last2=Settle |first2=Mary |name-list-style= amp |title=Saddles and Spurs: The Pony Express Saga |url=https://archive.org/details/saddlesspurspony00sett |url-access=registration |publisher=Stackpole |year=1955 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Settle |first1=Raymond |last2=Settle |first2=Mary |name-list-style= amp |title=Saddles and Spurs: The Pony Express Saga |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5xz6d9W5AoC&pg=PP1 |publisher=Bison Books |year=1972 |access-date=December 10, 2012 |isbn=9780803257658 }}
* {{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Don |agency=[[Associated Press]] |title=Historian finds Pony Express ad |url=http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050320/news_1n20ponyexp.html |work=[[U-T San Diego]] |date=March 20, 2005 |access-date=September 16, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313183122/http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050320/news_1n20ponyexp.html |archive-date=March 13, 2012 |url-status=dead }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/ponyexpressstati00fike |title=The Pony Express Stations of Utah in Historical Perspective |last1=Fike |first1=Richard E. |last2=Headley |first2=Joh W. |publisher=Bureau of Land Management, Utah |year=1979|location=Washington, D.C. |name-list-style= amp }}
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924030134104 |title=The Postage Stamps of the United States |last=Luff |first=John Nicholas |publisher=Scott Stamp & Coin Company |year= 1902}}
* {{cite book |url=http://archive.org/stream/athrillingandtr01vissgoog#page/n8/mode/2up |title=A Thrilling and Truthful History of the Pony Express: Or, Blazing the Westward Way |last=Visscher |first=William Lightfoot |publisher=Rand McNally |year=1908}}
* {{cite book |last=Carter |first=Kate B |title=Riders of the pony express |publisher=Chicago : A. C. McClurg |year=1952 |url=https://archive.org/details/ridersofponyexpr00cartrich |ref=carter1952}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|auto=yes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170825004513/http://spiritoftheponyexpress.com/ Spirit of the Pony Express] (Documentary)
* [http://www.nps.gov/poex/index.htm Pony Express National Historic Trail] (National Park Service)
* [https://www.blm.gov/programs/national-conservation-lands/pony-express Pony Express National Historic Trail] (Bureau of Land Management)
* {{cite web |url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf409nb3f6/ |title=Inventory of the Waddell F. Smith Papers,1939–1976 |publisher=[[Online Archive of California]]}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.historybuff.com/library/refrichardson.html |title=The Correct Identity of Billy Richardson, the Pony Express Rider |last1=Hartnagle |first1=Ernie |last2=Hartnagle |first2=Elaine |name-list-style=amp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509192608/http://www.historybuff.com/library/refrichardson.html |archive-date=May 9, 2008 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.kansastravel.org/hollenbergstation.htm |title=Hollenberg Pony Express Station |publisher=kansastravel.org}}
* [http://briankeithohara.blogspot.com/2013/02/billy-tate-pony-express-rider-and-hero.html The True Story of Billy Tate Pony Express Rider Who died at 14-years-old]
* [https://www.visittheusa.com/experience/pony-express-national-historic-trail Visit the USA]

{{TrailSystem}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Pony Express| ]]
[[Category:American companies disestablished in 1861]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1860]]
[[Category:Central Overland Route]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in California]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Kansas]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Missouri]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Nebraska]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Nevada]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Utah]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Wyoming]]
[[Category:National Historic Trails of the United States]]
[[Category:Units of the National Landscape Conservation System]]
[[Category:Wells Fargo]]