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In strong-field [[laser physics]], '''ponderomotive energy''' is the cycle-averaged quiver energy of a free In terms of the laser [[Intensity (physics)|intensity]] <math>I</math>, using <math>I=c\epsilon_0 E^2/2</math>, it rea ...

...er electrons of an atom see also: [[atomic form factor#Magnetic scattering|atomic form factor]] {{math-physics-stub}} ...

...5 |doi=10.1103/physrevlett.91.173005 |pmid=14611343 |issn=0031-9007 |arxiv=physics/0309043 |bibcode=2003PhRvL..91q3005K |s2cid=32242287}}</ref><ref name=":1"> ..." /> When it comes to precise measurements of transition frequency such as atomic clocks, the temporal fluctuations of the laser optical intensity would then ...

...ECR).<ref name="nationalmaglab"/> EMR looks at [[electrons]] rather than [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]] or [[ions]] as in [[nuclear magnetic resonance]] (NMR) and ...

...('''EFG''') measures the rate of change of the [[electric field]] at an [[atomic nucleus]] generated by the [[electron]]ic [[charge distribution]] and the o ...n the immediate vicinity of a nucleus. This is because the EFG [[Operator (physics)|operator]] scales as ''r''^&minus;3, where ''r'' is the distance ...

...typically used in the context of properties and/or applications in which [[atomic electronic transition]] is pertinent. The word electromaterials is a compou ...s, this is observed as [[atomic electronic transition]] between discrete [[Atomic orbital|orbital]]s, while for bulk [[semiconductor]] materials electronic b ...

...effects in local structure. Methods in nuclear spectroscopy use specific [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]] as probe. The nucleus of an [[atom]] is about 10,000 to 15 ...e=The electric field gradient in noncubic metals|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=51|issue=1|pages=161–214|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.51.161|bibcode=1979R ...

{{Short description|Phenomenon in particle physics}} ...hat three-body forces exist among the [[nucleon]]s inside [[atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] for many different isotopes ('''three-nucleon force'''). ...

....png|thumb|right|300px|'''Cross-sections''' values for all elements with [[atomic number]] Z smaller than 100 collected for photons with energies from 1 keV ...e generally, the term [[cross section (physics)|cross section]] is used in physics to quantify the probability of a certain particle-particle interaction, e.g ...

|title=The Basics of Physics |title=Preparation for Introductory College Physics: A Guided Student Primer ...

...ondensed matter physics, atomic physics, and chemistry, whereas in nuclear physics the term ''[[separation energy]]'' is used. ...re {{math|1=Δ''mc''² = Δ''E''}}.<ref>{{cite book| title=Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles |last1=Eisberg |first1=R ...

==Atomic properties== ...ment) the average mass of the atoms of an element, in daltons (Da), a.k.a. atomic mass units (amu). ...

In physics, the '''thermal conductance quantum''' <math>g_0</math> describes the rate ...last1=Mosso |first1=N. |display-authors=etal |title=Heat transport through atomic contacts |journal=Nature Nanotechnology |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=5 |pag ...

| journal = Foundations of Physics | journal = American Journal of Physics ...

...tion (electromagnetic radiation)|absorbed]] by another.<ref>[http://raptor.physics.wisc.edu/talk/part_2d2.htm Primer on Collisions<!-- Bot generated title --> | title = Radiation Trapping in Atomic Vapours ...

...icro-]] and [[nano-]] [[mechatronic]] systems with [[Spin (physics)|spin]] physics and [[spintronics]]. ...ninductive detection of single-proton magnetic resonance | journal=Applied Physics Letters | publisher=AIP Publishing | volume=58 | issue=24 | date=1991-06-17 ...

...mass of the ion ''m'' is often given in [[unfied atomic mass unit|unified atomic mass unit]] or dalton: 1{{nbsp}}u&nbsp;= 1{{nbsp}}Da&nbsp;≈ 1.660539040(20) ...://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0741-3335/54/4/045004|journal=Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion|volume=54|issue=4|pages=045004|doi=10.1088/0741-3335/ ...

...=Marilyn B | title=The Electron Beam Ion Trap: A New Instrument for Atomic Physics Measurements | journal=Physica Scripta | publisher=IOP Publishing | volume= ...]] in particular in the context of [[Theory of relativity|relativistic]] [[atomic structure]] theory and [[quantum electrodynamics]] (QED). Their suitability ...

...lude [[electron]]s, [[proton]]s, other [[fermion]]s, many [[atom]]ic and [[Atomic nucleus|nuclear]] systems, as well as classical macroscopic systems. The ex ...e system's angular momentum to the intrinsic magnetic moment; in classical physics it is just 1. The Larmor frequency is independent of the angle between <mat ...

...ction in the [[electron]] field (triplet production). The [[Cross section (physics)|cross section]] for single process listed above is a part of the total gam ...which a gamma [[photon]] interacts with an electron located in the [[Atom|atomic structure]]. This results the ejection of that [[electron]] from the [[atom ...