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...rlies the basic [[epistemology|epistemological]] problem of establishing [[causal relationships]]. *[[Inference objection]] ...

...heir culture. Thus, understanding is correlated with the ability to make [[inference]]s. ...0-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-54827-9|language=en}}</ref> or non causal sources,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kitcher|first=Philip|date=1985-11-01|title ...

# provides a [[causal explanation]] of how and why outcomes were achieved, including whether the ...sophical […]. The essential characteristic is that the theory points out a causal relationship between a process ''A'' and an outcome ''B''.</blockquote> ...

...aird]] published ''Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference and Consciousness'' in 1983. In the same year, [[Dedre Gentner]] and Albert ...mal [[rules of inference]] (e.g., O'Brien, 2009), domain-specific rules of inference (e.g., Cheng & Holyoak, 2008; Cosmides, 2005), or probabilities (e.g., Oaks ...

[[Causal inference]] is another related component of information engineering. ...

...hing else.<ref>New Oxford American Dictionary</ref> A natural sign bears a causal relation to its object—for instance, [[thunder]] is a sign of storm, or med ...stitutio Oratoria'' 5.9.9-10), which regarded the sign as an instrument of inference. In his commentary on Aristotle's ''De Interpretatione'', Ammonius said, " ...

* [[Attribution (psychology)|Causal attributions]] ...bination of the two.<ref>Andersen, S. M. (1984). Self-knowledge and social inference: II. The diagnosticity of cognitive/affective and behavioral data. ''Journa ...

...st4=Nielsen|first4=R.|last5=Bollback|first5=J. P.|year=2001|title=Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology|journal=Science|volume= ...tion with other information but eventually there must be a connection to a causal input. ...

...ef>{{cite journal|last1=Holland|first1=Paul W.|title=Statistics and Causal Inference|journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association|date=December 1986| ....|title=Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference|date=2002|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|location=Boston|isbn=0-395-61556-9|edi ...

...o|author6= Gisin, Nicolas| title=Quantum nonlocality based on finite-speed causal influences leads to superluminal signaling|journal= Nature Physics|volume= ==Analogs of Bell’s theorem in more complicated causal structures== ...

# "It grows according to a process which is causal but not directed to [good] ends;" ...ection properties" of [[natural kind]]s.<ref name="Chak" />{{rp|231}} This inference is his fundamental ground for believing in intrinsic value. ...

...ndexes]] such as the [[mean]] or [[standard deviation]], and [[statistical inference|inferential statistics]], which draw conclusions from data that are subject ...elationships within the data (for example, using [[regression analysis]]). Inference can extend to the [[forecasting]], [[prediction]], and estimation of unobse ...

...he build-up of scientific evidence during the twentieth century for the "[[causal closure]] of the physical", the doctrine that all physical effects can be a ...closure of the physical realm led to even stronger naturalist views. The [[causal closure]] thesis implies that any mental and biological causes must themsel ...

...gument is also called "[[rule of inference]]". The most well-known rule of inference is ''[[modus ponens]]'', which states that given a premise of the form "If ...ertain proposal based on the fact that this proposal would bring with it a causal chain of events eventually leading to a bad outcome.<ref name="Dowden"/><re ...

...experiences that support rehearsing a behavior, empathizing, or exploring causal relationships.{{sfn|Fogg|2003c}} For example, simulations and games instant ...(RCTs),{{sfn|Hamari|Koivisto|Pakkanen|2014}} the “gold standard” in causal inference analysis. In particular, due to relevant practical challenges to perform st ...

...08|publisher=Free Press|oclc=700511906}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment|last=Nisbett, Richard E.|da ...ic Press]] |isbn=978-0120152100 |oclc=1283539}}</ref> Through the study of causal attributions, led by [[Harold Kelley]] and [[Bernard Weiner]] amongst other ...

* [[Fallacy of the single cause]] (causal oversimplification{{sfn|Damer|2009|p=178}}) – it is assumed that there is o * [[Magical thinking]] – fallacious attribution of causal relationships between actions and events. In [[anthropology]], it refers pr ...

...a contention (or conclusion), supporting arguments and objections, and an inference objection]] ...set of lines or arrows joining the points. Each line (arrow) represents an inference. The whole network of points and lines represents a kind of overview of the ...

...tory]] judgment which results in interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference, as well as explanation of the evidential, conceptual, methodological, crit ...awn from the structure of an argument's [[premises]], by use of [[rules of inference]] formally those of [[Propositional calculus#Basic and derived argument for ...

...ult can be deduced from premises, then the result can never be deduced. An inference rule, which is valid (or not), cannot be a premise, which is true (or false ...l|Ross' paradox}}: Disjunction introduction poses a problem for imperative inference by seemingly permitting arbitrary imperatives to be inferred. ...