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{{Short description|Criterion in mean field theory}} ...eration. The '''Ginzburg criterion''' tells quantitatively when mean field theory is valid. It also gives the idea of an ...

...ge fields couple to conserved currents. For example, the [[electromagnetic field]] couples to the [[charge conservation|conserved electric current]]. ...existence of a symmetry. Conserved currents play an important role in the theory of [[partial differential equation]]s, as the existence of a conserved curr ...

{{Short description|Gauge theory with affine connections}} ...ry]] when <math>X</math> is a [[world manifold]] and, in particular, gauge theory of the [[fifth force]]. ...

{{redirect|Classical electrodynamics|the textbook by J. D. Jackson|Classical Electrodynamics (book)}} ...better described by [[quantum electrodynamics]] which is a [[quantum field theory]]. ...

...ef>{{Cite web|title=Derek Leinweber|url=http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/theory/staff/leinweber/VisualQCD/ImprovedOperators/index.html|access-date=2020-12- ...t elementary particles, such as [[electric field|electric]] and [[magnetic field]]s which represent the [[electromagnetic force]] carried by [[photon]]s, [[ ...

{{Short description|Mathematical object that describes the electromagnetic field in spacetime}} ...h-redirect|Electromagnetic field strength|Electric field strength|Magnetic field strength}} ...

{{Short description|Physical phenomenon in electromagnetic field theory}} ...and special relativity|a more rigorous discussion|Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism}} ...

...mechanics|quantum mechanical]] [[Aharonov–Bohm effect]], where instead the field is exactly static inside and null outside. ....<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Oliver Lodge|year=1889|title=On an Electrostatic Field produced by varying Magnetic Induction|url=https://archive.org/details/s5ph ...

...arge]] under [[acceleration]] will emit electromagnetic radiation. In some classical electron models a distribution of charges can however be accelerated so tha | title = When can a classical electron accelerate without radiating? ...

...g to [[Maxwell's Equations]]. The '''retarded time''' is the time when the field began to propagate from the point where it was emitted to an observer. The ...tracting this delay from the observer's time ''t'' gives the time when the field ''actually began to propagate'' - the retarded time, ''t''<big>′</big>.<ref ...

...first1=Robert|last2=Jenkins|first2=Alejandro|date=2020-10-30|title=Quantum Theory of Triboelectricity|url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.18 ...<ref name=vanVleck>{{cite book |last = Van Vleck |first = J. H. |title=The theory of electric and magnetic susceptibilities |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |y ...

...bsite=www.eng.cam.ac.uk|language=en|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref> The field first became identifiable in the early 21st century. ...telligence]], [[control theory]], [[signal processing]], and [[information theory]], and more applied fields such as [[computer vision]], [[natural language ...

...be used to construct a compact, unified and geometrical formalism for both classical and quantum mechanics. ==Classical electrodynamics== ...

...description|Movement of an object's magnetic moment axis about a magnetic field}} [[File:Precession in magnetic field.svg|thumb|Direction of precession for a particle with positive gyromagnetic ...

...the [[Lorentz invariant]] divergence of ''J'' is zero:<ref>J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd Edition (1999), p. 554</ref> ...math>\Box </math> is the [[D'Alembert operator]], or the [[electromagnetic field tensor]]: ...

...) in spacetime dimensions higher than four, as described in [[Kaluza–Klein theory]]. ...://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-12022004-160245]; "N=2 Supergravity Theory With A Gauged Central Charge", ''Phys. Lett. B'', '''76''', (1979), pp.&nbs ...

...aussian units]]. They govern the [[electric field]] '''E''' and [[magnetic field]] '''B''' due to a source [[charge density]] ''ρ'' and [[current density]] ...n applied on scalar functions.) gives the wave equation for the [[electric field]] '''E''': ...

...American English|date=March 2019}}{{Short description|Relativistic vector field}} ...tivity|relativistic]] [[vector function]] from which the [[electromagnetic field]] can be derived. It combines both an [[electric scalar potential]] and a [ ...

...eriments of electrodynamics of moving bodies with low speeds, the Galilean theory is the most adapted because it is easier of stake in work from the calculus ...tics]] (magnetostatics with electric field caused by variation of magnetic field according to [[Faraday's law of induction|Faraday's law]], or by [[Ohm's la ...

...e said </dfn>to be coupled when they are interacting with each other. In [[classical mechanics]], coupling is a connection between two [[Oscillation|oscillating ...rs when the [[magnetic field]] of <dfn>one atom affects the </dfn>magnetic field of another nearby atom. This is very common in [[Magnetic resonance imaging ...