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{{Short description|Radius which encloses 50% of the total light of a galaxy}} ...s simple.svg|thumb|right|Half light radius ''R_e'' encloses half of the total light emitted by an object]] ...

...iption|Hypothesis that physics experiments will behave the same regardless of when they are conducted}} ...s Limited|isbn=978-1-84614-702-9|chapter=3}}</ref> In mathematics, the set of all time translations on a given system form a [[Lie group]]. ...

{{short description|Velocity of an object or observer in the rest frame of another object or observer}} ...is the [[velocity]] of an object or observer '''B''' in the [[rest frame]] of another object or observer '''A'''. ...

...ttp://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/4020/1/CosmicTime.pdf On the physical basis of cosmic time] by S.E. Rugh and H. Zinkernagel</ref><ref>{{cite book ...r and complementary to the comoving coordinates) is blind to the expansion of the universe. ...

{{Short description|Ways of writing certain laws of physics}} {{main|Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field}} ...

{{Short description|Overview of and topical guide to physics}} {{see also|Index of physics articles}} ...

...0.1111/j.1600-0668.1994.t01-1-00004.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> in branches of physics other than radiometry, but in radiometry this usage leads to confus '''Radiosity''' of a ''surface'', denoted ''J''_e ("e" for "energetic", to avoid con ...

...tc.). The distance measures discussed here all reduce to the common notion of [[Euclidean distance|Euclidean]] distance at low redshift. ...derstanding of cosmology, these measures are calculated within the context of [[general relativity]], where the [[Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker met ...

...o allow frequencies of interest to pass while reflecting other frequencies of light. </ref> and submillimeter regions of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]]. These filters have been used in FIR and s ...

...ture of [[force]]s, [[Principle of relativity|relativity]], and the nature of [[physical law]]s. ...eniently represented. Hence it is not located in nature, but is the result of a choice by the observer. In the first case a mathematical formulation mirr ...

...of [[Paris]] can measure [[time]] as well as demonstrate the [[rotation]] of [[Earth]].]] ...complex of technological and scientific issues, and part of the foundation of ''[[recordkeeping]]''. ...

{{Short description|Interpretation of electrodynamics}} ...ulated by the Lorentz-invariant [[Action (physics)|action]] <math>S</math> of [[World line|particle trajectories]] <math> a^\mu(\tau),\,\, b^\mu(\tau),\, ...

...b|Josephson junction array chip developed by the [[NIST|National Institute of Standards and Technology]] as a standard volt]] ...ite journal |author=Josephson |first=B. D. |year=1974 |title=The discovery of tunnelling supercurrents |journal=Rev. Modern Physics |volume=46 |issue=2 | ...

{{Short description|Hypothesis that the total amount of energy in the universe is exactly zero}} ...sing particle spin in quantum mechanics, as well as the crests and troughs of electromagnetic waves, among other possible examples in nature. ...

{{Short description|Fundamental study of potential theory}} {{redirect|Gravity potential|Earth's gravity potential|Geopotential|the field of gravity potentials|Gravitational field}} ...

{{short description|Type of inertial force}} ...[[mass]] ''m'' at the distance ''r'' from the axis of rotation of a frame of reference rotating with [[angular velocity]] {{mvar|ω}} is: <math display=" ...

...objects that are separated in space. [[Coulomb's law]] and [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]] are based on action at a distance. ...gnetism]], the [[strong interaction]] and the [[weak interaction]]) in all of physics are not described by action at a distance. ...

{{short description|Change of wavelength in photons during travel}} ...galaxies (right), as compared to absorption lines in the visible spectrum of the [[Sun]] (left). Arrows indicate redshift. Wavelength increases up towar ...

{{about|the concept of flux in natural science and mathematics}} ...antity, defined as the [[surface integral]] of the perpendicular component of a [[vector field]] over a surface.<ref>Purcell, p. 22-26</ref> ...

{{Short description|Property of a mathematical space}} ...out|the dimension of a space|the dimension of an object|size|the dimension of a quantity|Dimensional analysis|other uses|Dimension (disambiguation)}} ...