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...title=The concept of ionic strength eighty years after its introduction in chemistry|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=81|issue=5|pages=750|year=2004 ...n of the [[concentration]] of ''all'' [[ion]]s present in that [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]].<ref>{{GoldBookRef|title=Ionic strength, ''I''|file=I03180}}</r ...

{{Distinguish|Thermodynamic equilibrium}} ...le:Thermal equilibrium in closed system.png|thumb|Development of a thermal equilibrium in a [[closed system]] over time through a [[heat flow]] that levels out te ...

...''' is the [[mass fraction (chemistry)|mass fraction]] in a [[Vapor–liquid equilibrium|saturated mixture]] that is [[vapor]];<ref name=boles>{{Cite book| last1 = ...hat is saturated liquid.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wankat|first=Philip C.|title=Equilibrium Staged Separations|publisher=Prentice Hall|place=Upper Saddle River, New Je ...

...ons of a compound in two phases of a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium. ...

...the system (which must be equal to that of the surroundings for mechanical equilibrium). ...with respect to the reaction coordinate of the system then vanishes at the equilibrium point. As such, a reduction in <math>G</math> is necessary for a reaction t ...

...nstant. At constant temperature, the Helmholtz free energy is minimized at equilibrium. ...ost commonly used as a measure of thermodynamic potential (especially in [[chemistry]]) when it is convenient for applications that occur at constant ''pressure ...

...on, at constant temperature and pressure, hence its utility to [[Solution (chemistry)|solution]]-[[phase (matter)|phase]] chemists, including biochemists. ...e Helmholtz free energy, denoted by {{mvar|A}} (or {{mvar|F}}), while in [[chemistry]], ''free energy'' most often refers to the Gibbs free energy. The values o ...

...stress and surface free energy of liquid–gas or liquid–liquid [[Interface (chemistry)|interface]] are the same, they are very different in solid–gas or solid–so ...surface is very different from in the bulk. Therefore, [[:wikt:equilibrium|equilibrium]] interatomic distance between surface atoms is different from bulk atoms. ...

...ariety of topics in [[science]] and [[engineering]], especially [[physical chemistry]], [[biochemistry]], [[chemical engineering]] and [[mechanical engineering] ...]]s, which are useful for determining conditions for [[Dynamic equilibrium|equilibrium]] and [[spontaneous process]]es. ...

...oplet could carry;<ref>{{cite journal| author=Rayleigh, L. |title = On the Equilibrium of Liquid Conducting Masses charged with Electricity | journal = [[Philosop ...on the right) when [[John Fenn (chemist)|John Fenn]] (2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) and others discovered electrospray ionization for [[mass spectrometry]]. ...

...nternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Physical and Biophysical Chemistry Division|isbn=978-1-84755-788-9|edition=3rd|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=232 ...cal mechanics)|microstates]]. In a system that is in thermodynamic contact equilibrium with a heat reservoir, each microstate has an energy <math>E_i</math> and i ...

According to [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]] (IUPAC), an '''intensive property''' or '''intensive quantity''' is one w ...uthor=Cohen, E. R. | author-link=Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry | year=2007 | location=Cambridge | pages=6 (20 of 250 in PDF file) | isbn=9 ...

{{About|physics and chemistry|other fields|Degrees of freedom}} In [[physics]] and [[chemistry]], a '''degree of freedom''' is an independent physical [[parameter]] in th ...

...auses reaction between incompatible ions and changes the thermodynamic and equilibrium state of the reservoir fluids. [[Supersaturation]] and subsequent depositio ...ificant pressure drops resulting in large CaCO₃ deposits as the equilibrium shifts to offset the pressure changes.<ref name=":0" /> ...

...tle=Theoretical and experimental investigations of the high-pressure phase equilibrium behavior of fluid mixtures for the expansion of the [[PSRK]] group contribu ...tical state''') is the end point of a phase [[Equilibrium (thermodynamics)|equilibrium]] curve. One example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the end point of t ...

...ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lange|first=Norbert A.|title=Lange's Handbook of Chemistry|publisher=[[McGraw Hill]]|year=1967|isbn=978-0-07-036261-1|edition=10th|loc ...as a small deviation from equilibrium which causes small variations of the equilibrium value of the density ρ. ...

...the number of [[mole (unit)|moles]] in the sample (as is sometimes done in chemistry), one gets the [[molar heat capacity]] (whose SI unit is joule per kelvin p ...ly means a longer time for the system to reach [[Thermodynamic equilibrium|equilibrium]]. ...

|title=A Textbook of Physical Chemistry |title=Physical Chemistry ...

...uminium system. The two metals depicted here are in complete thermodynamic equilibrium. However, the vacuum [[electrostatic potential]] {{math|''ϕ''}} is not flat ...ill have a built-in [[electric field]], when those conductors are in total equilibrium with each other (electrically shorted to each other, and with equal tempera ...

In chemistry, the standard [[enthalpy of reaction]] is the enthalpy change when reactant |title=Atkins' Physical Chemistry |edition=8th ...