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...sive) [[photon]]: it induces a "vector force", sometimes dubbed a "[[fifth force]]". The [[electromagnetic potential]] <math>A_\mu</math> emerges from an ex ...ke the graviton, it may provide a ''repulsive'' (as well as an attractive) force, and thus, in some technical sense, a type of [[anti-gravity]]. Under speci ...

...[magnetic field]]. Pedersen currents emerge in a material where the charge carriers collide with particles in the conductive material at approximately the same ...ge carriers and the conductive medium, mobility is very low and the charge carriers are basically stationary.<ref name=Coxon>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |last=Co ...

...and middle finger. Each finger is then assigned to a quantity (mechanical force, magnetic field and electric current). The right and left hand are used for * The direction of the mechanical force is the literal one ...

...tromagnetic field]]s. Such converters act on the fluid using the [[Lorentz force]] to operate in two possible ways: either as an [[electric generator]] call ...rm transverse magnetic field within the cavity of the channel. The Lorentz force then acts upon the trajectory of the incoming electrons and positive ions, ...

...ince its value depends on the type, number, and properties of the [[charge carriers]] that constitute the current. Wires carrying current in a magnetic field experience a [[mechanical force]] perpendicular to both the current and magnetic field. [[André-Marie Ampèr ...

...riers]] have been emitted from some region of a solid—the cloud of emitted carriers can form a space charge region if they are sufficiently spread out, or the ...of charge on a cycle is practically zero. However, a small fraction of the carriers can be trapped at levels{{what|reason=levels of what? depth in the substrat ...

...down on it. In order to stay afloat and avoid sinking there is an opposed force acting against the body known as the hydrostatic pressures. The forces acti ...equal to the mass of the water displaced by the body. This adds an upward force to the body by the amount of surface area times the area displaced in order ...

}}</ref> It is also the driving force for the coupling of heat and charge transport in [[Thermoelectric effect|th ...n electrical potential is driven by the entropy associated with the charge carriers. In the thermoelectric literature, the term ''band structure engineering'' ...

...><ref name=Taylor1965>{{cite journal|author=Taylor, G.|year=1965|title=The force exerted by an electric field on a long cylindrical conductor|journal=Procee ...ure. This field leads to liquid polarization: the negative/positive charge carriers migrate toward/away from the electrode where the voltage is applied. At vol ...

...]] concept effectively combines scanning atomic force microscopy ([[Atomic force microscope|AFM]]) with [[Nuclear magnetic resonance|magnetic resonance]] [[ ...the 2007 [[Nobel Prize]] for Physics – was the recognition that electrical carriers are characterized by both [[Electric charge|charge]] and [[Spin (physics)|s ...

...the momentum difference between entry and exit and any unbalanced pressure force between entry and exit, as explained in "Thrust calculation". ...ef>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/patents/US3675418|title=Jet engine force frame|publisher=}}</ref><ref>"747 Creating the world's first jumbo jet and ...

...cting others to go to another physical location, whether voluntarily or by force. ...such as pieces of [[furniture]], specialized less-than-truckload shipping carriers handle shipping furniture and other heavy goods from the manufacturer to a ...

...netic substances, the weak diamagnetic force is overcome by the attractive force of [[magnetic dipole]]s in the material. The [[Permeability (electromagneti ...hat forms when the electrons' trajectories are curved due to the [[Lorentz force]]. Landau diamagnetism, however, should be contrasted with [[Paramagnetism# ...

...he resistivity of a conductor in terms of the scattering of electrons (the carriers of electricity) by the relatively immobile ions in the metal that act like ...interpreted as holes (i.e. quasi-particles that behave as positive charge carriers) but at the time of Drude it was rather obscure why this was the case.<ref ...

...andomly]]. Therefore, on average there will be no overall motion of charge carriers in any particular direction over time. The two charge carriers, electrons and holes, will typically have different drift velocities for th ...

...density of the [[charge carrier|majority carrier]] (the number of majority carriers per unit area). From this the charge density and doping level can be found ...is perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field; in this case the force ...

...t artillery-carrying ships ever launched. They proved inferior to aircraft carriers and missile-carrying warships.]] ...r]] leading to the creation of strong [[trade union]]s as a countervailing force ...

...1=Smith|first1=Richard K|title=The Airships Akron & Macon: Flying Aircraft Carriers of the United States Navy|date=1965|publisher=United States Naval Institute .../Command-History/ |website=[[Naval Air Force Atlantic|Commander, Naval Air Force Atlantic]] |publisher=US Navy |access-date=8 March 2021}}</ref> ...

...other models. Again in the case of gravity, hypothesizing an instantaneous force between masses allows the return time of [[comets]] to be predicted as well ...m of a [[law of universal gravitation]]: any two bodies are attracted by a force proportional to their mass and inversely proportional to the square of the ...

...ty is critically important for [[Space exploration|space travel]], [[Armed force|military purposes]], [[anti-lock braking system]]s, medical equipment like ...ith other [[charge carrier]]s ''F_p'', toward the flow of charge carriers, is in the opposite direction of the electric field. In metallic conductors ...