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{{Epistemology sidebar}} ...dal logic]] that is concerned with reasoning about [[knowledge]]. While [[epistemology]] has a long philosophical tradition dating back to [[Ancient Greece]], epi ...

A formula of a [[formal language]] is a valid formula if and only if it is true under every possibl .../02691729308578683 Validities: A Political Science Perspective]", ''Social Epistemology'' 7, 1 (1993): 85-105. ...

...th the theoretical understanding of a subject); and it can be more or less formal or systematic.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.arc ...ri'' knowledge]] &ndash; these terms are used with respect to reasoning ([[epistemology]]) to distinguish necessary conclusions from first premises... ...

...rror is not just due to the ''form'' of the argument, as is the case for [[formal fallacies]], but can also be due to their ''content'' and ''context''. Fall ...ustification_(epistemology)|epistemic justification]]. In the ''[[Bayesian epistemology|Bayesian]] approach'', the epistemic norms are given by the laws of probabi ...

{{Short description|Philosophical principle that perspectives and epistemology are always linked}} {{Epistemology sidebar}} ...

==Epistemology in Communication Theory== Communication theories vary substantially in their [[epistemology]], and articulating this philosophical commitment is part of the theorizing ...

=== Formal science === ...ased on observations in the real world, but instead with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules. ...

...ument is usually expressed not in [[natural language]] but in a symbolic [[formal language]], and it can be defined as any group of [[proposition]]s of which ...W.}}</ref> In both dialectic and rhetoric, arguments are used not through formal but through natural language. Since classical antiquity, philosophers and r ...

...e to faulty ideas about thought or language, and they properly belong to [[epistemology]].<ref name=SEP_Paradoxes>{{cite book |title=Paradoxes and Contemporary Lo * {{annotated link|Formal fallacy}} ...

...mately discarded the idea that argument premises take their soundness from formal philosophical systems. The field thus broadened.<ref>Bruce Gronbeck. "From ...to describe an approach to argument which is not reduced to application of formal rules of inference. Perelman's view of argumentation is much closer to a [[ ...

...d to have minimal overlap with any domain ontologies. Examples are [[Basic Formal Ontology]] and the [[Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engi ...topological representation of concepts must begin from some ontological, [[epistemology|epistemological]], linguistic, cultural, and ultimately pragmatic perspecti ...

Fallacies are commonly divided into "formal" and "informal." A [[formal fallacy]] is a flaw in the structure of a [[deductive reasoning|deductive]] ...l category of informal fallacies. Verbal fallacies may be placed in either formal or informal classifications: Compare [[equivocation]], which is a word- or ...

...nction between knowing-how and knowing-that was brought to prominence in [[epistemology]] by [[Gilbert Ryle]] who used it in his book ''[[The Concept of Mind]]''.< ...l knowledge is part of the prior knowledge of a student. In the context of formal education procedural knowledge is what is learned about learning strategies ...

...se there is some pattern of molecule movements that is isomorphic with the formal structure of WordStar. But if the wall is implementing WordStar, if it is a * [[Constructivist epistemology]] ...

{{Epistemology sidebar}}'''Truth''' or '''verity''' is the [[Property (philosophy)|propert ...uth", auth: [[Alan R. White]], pp. 130–31 (Macmillan, 1969)</ref> However, formal reasoners are content to contemplate [[independence (mathematical logic)|ax ...

...ation is kept as low as possible. Equipotency means that there is no prior formal filtering for participation, but rather that it is the immediate practice o ...l be located’, it assumes that ‘everybody’ can cooperate, and does not use formal rules in advance to determine its participating members. Participants are e ...

{{Epistemology sidebar}} ...ng="en" dir="ltr">logic</span> studies the ways in which humans can use '''formal reasoning'''<!--boldface per [[WP:R#PLA]]--> to produce [[Validity (logic)| ...

{{Epistemology sidebar}} ...] that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of [[Justification (epistemology)|justification]]. While there is wide agreement among philosophers that pro ...

...were as diverse as [[semantics]] and [[rhetoric]], to [[ontology]], and [[epistemology]]. Most sophists claimed to teach ''arete'' ("excellence" or "virtue") in t ...ty of subjects and advanced several philosophical ideas, particularly in [[epistemology]]. Some fragments of his works have survived. He is the author of the famou ...

...n=978-1-133-04975-3|location=Boston, MA|pages=12}}</ref> In the field of [[epistemology]], critical thinking is considered to be logically correct thinking, which ...y when it conforms to the procedures of informal (and, to a lesser extent, formal) logic and that the good thinker necessarily aims for styles of examination ...