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...rtant in this subject and also underestimated, for example, by more modern sociologists of science. Instead, it is worth emphasising the links that exist between b ...Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 178.</ref> It was popularized in the French-speaking world by Belgian philosopher [[Gilbert Hottois]] in the late 1970s ...

{{Short description|French sociologist, technology critic, and Christian anarchist}} ...l|uː|l}}; {{IPA-fr|ɛlyl|lang}}; January 6, 1912&nbsp;– May 19, 1994) was a French philosopher, sociologist, [[lay theologian]], and professor. Noted as a [[C ...

...e a choice regarding the outcome (autonomous technology). The 20th century French philosopher and social theorist [[Jacques Ellul]] could be said to be a har ...rm "deterministic" is a negative one for many social scientists and modern sociologists; in particular they often use the word as a term of abuse.<ref>{{citation | ...

...ces: via [[Middle French]] (''supernaturel'') and directly from the Middle French's term's ancestor, post-[[Classical Latin]] (''supernaturalis''). Post-clas ...]] are opposites. An alternative approach, associated with the [[sociology|sociologists]] [[Marcel Mauss]] and [[Emile Durkheim]], argues that magic takes place in ...

...16/mode/1up xi–xii]. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner from original 1962 French edition ''Propagandes''. Knopf, New York. {{ISBN|978-0-394-71874-3}} (1973 ...he earlier social and political transformations that occurred during the [[French Revolutionary period]] movement of 1789 to 1799 between the start and the m ...

...alter+Baily|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly identical to Baily’s apparatus, French electrical engineer [[Marcel Deprez]] in 1880 published a paper that identi ...carried on and through the circuits of colonial rule. Some historians and sociologists considered the interplay of colonial politics and the development of electr ...

The early 20th century brought calls, initially from [[sociology|sociologists]], for the creation of a new, empirically based [[science]] that would stud A dozen years later, Polish husband-and-wife sociologists [[Stanisław Ossowski]] and [[Maria Ossowska]] (the ''Ossowscy'') took up th ...

...e collaborative written works of French philosopher [[Gilles Deleuze]] and French psychoanalyst [[Félix Guattari]] refer occasionally to fuzzy sets in conjun A concept may be deliberately created by sociologists as an [[ideal type]] to understand something imaginatively, without any str ...

...is passed on to the subordinates. (The phrase {{lang|fr|laissez-faire}} is French and literally means "let them do"). Subordinates are given the right and po ...a means for achieving defined [[Goal|objectives]] has been referred to by sociologists as a ''formal organization''. Its design specifies how goals are subdivided ...